臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文在一個室內超寬頻系統環境下做兩種模擬，其一是發射端同時傳送相同訊號於群體廣播系統中，其二是發射端同時傳送不同訊號於多用戶多輸入多輸出的系統中；過程中，先將發射與接收天線做環型陣列的擺設，利用射線彈跳追蹤法計算出任意給定室內無線環境之脈衝響應，在發射端與接受端均使用波束合成的技術，使能量聚焦，減少通道之間的多路徑效應干擾。發射端和接收端同時利用自我適應之動態差異型演化法來調整天線的激發電流及饋入線長度，並以降低傳輸位元錯誤率作為目標函數，所搜尋到的天線輻射場型能滿足良好的通訊品質。
根據室內超寬頻的環境裡，在兩組系統的模擬結果顯示，對於群體廣播系統中，在接收端使用波束合成的技術、提高演算法的搜尋粒子族群大小，與增加環型陣列裡的天線元件數目從8根提升為16根，能使發射與接收天線合成出更具指向性的輻射場型，降低位元錯誤率。對於多用戶多輸入多輸出的系統，利用自我適應之動態差異型演化法調整天線輻射場型，降低不同訊號間的干擾，將對應的訊號傳送給其對應的用戶。

In this thesis, the Ultra Wideband Circle Antenna Array (UCAA) with beamforming techniques combining Self-Adaptive Dynamic Differential Evolution (SADDE) to minimize the multi-path effect of the channel and Bit Error Rate (BER) for Multicasting and Multi-user MIMO in indoor ultra-wideband (UWB) communication system is proposed. The UWB impulse responses of the indoor channel for any transmitter-receiver location are computed by SBR/Image techniques, inverse fast Fourier transform and Hermitian processing. By using the impulse response of multipath channel, the BER performance of binary pulse amplitude modulation (B-PAM) impulse radio (IR) UWB system with circular antenna array can be calculated. Based on the topography of the antenna and the BER formular, the array pattern synthesis problem can be reformulated into an optimization problem and solved by SADDE. The approach is not only choosing BER as the fitness function, but also practicely considering the excitation amplitude and feed length of each array element. Numerical results show that using beamforming techniques, changing the number of transmitter and receiver antennas from 8 to 16 and increasing SADDE particle size can be apparently synthesize the radiation pattern of the directional UCAA to reduce the BER for Multicasting and Multi-user MIMO.

目錄
第一章 概論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究動機 5
1.3 各章內容簡述 6
1.4 研究貢獻 7
第二章 智慧型天線系統 8
2.1 基本定義與工作原理 8
2.2 智慧型天線優點 10
第三章 超寬頻天線陣列系統 14
3.1 系統概述 14
3.2 環形陣列 16
3.3 超寬頻環型天線陣列 20
第四章 傳輸通道系統描述 24
4.1 無線電波傳播通道分析 24
4.2 通道模型計算分析 25
4.2.1 射線彈跳追蹤法流程分析 25
4.2.2 利用射線追蹤法計算出頻域響應 28
4.2.3 利用何米特法與快速反傅立葉轉換計算出時域響應 31
4.3 訊號傳輸之系統架構 33
4.3.1 發射訊號波型 34
4.3.2 群體廣播之位元錯誤率計算 36
4.3.3 多用戶多輸入多輸出之位元錯誤率計算 42
第五章 演算法 49
5.1 自我適應之動態差異型演化法(Self-Adaptive Dynamic Differential Evolution) 49
5.2 自我適應之動態差異型演化法於合成輻射場型應用 56
第六章 數值模擬結果 58
6.1 模擬環境與參數設定 58
6.2 模擬結果分析與比較 60
6.2.1 接收端使用波束合成技術 61
6.2.2 群體廣播Case1 66
6.2.3 群體廣播Case2 72
6.2.4 多用戶多輸入多輸出 77
第七章 結論 81
參考文獻 84

圖目錄
圖2.1 智慧型天線同時服務三個同頻道之用戶端示意圖 8
圖2.2 空間分隔多工系統方塊圖 9
圖3.1 智慧型超寬頻天線陣列系統架構圖 14
圖3.2 超寬頻偶極天線圖 15
圖3.3 超寬頻偶極天線的反射損耗圖 15
圖3.4 含N個天線元件組成的環型陣列示意圖 17
圖3.5 超寬頻環型天線陣列示意圖 21
圖4.1 SBR/Image 程式流程圖 27
圖4.2 信號經過何米特程序與快速反傅立葉轉換處理後之結果 31
圖4.3 何米特程序的信號處理步驟與快速反傅立葉轉換過程 32
圖4.4 群體廣播的示意圖 33
圖4.5 多用戶多輸入多輸出的示意圖 34
圖4.6 二位元脈衝振幅調變位元錯誤率系統架構圖 35
圖4.7 當發射訊號為1時接受訊號的機率分布圖 39
圖4.8 當發射訊號為-1時接受訊號的機率分布圖 40
圖4.9 當發射訊號為1時接受訊號的機率分布圖 45
圖4.10 當發射訊號為-1時接受訊號的機率分布圖 46
圖5.1 自我適應之動態差異型演化法流程圖 50
圖5.2 自我適應之動態差異型進化法中突變方法一的示意圖 52
圖5.3 自我適應之動態差異型進化法中突變方法二的示意圖 53
圖5.4 自我適應之動態差異型進化法中的交配向量於一個二維目標函數 等位線圖描述的示意圖 55
圖6.1 模擬環境平面圖 58
圖6.2 SADDE搜尋適應值的過程趨勢圖 61
圖6.3在3GHz之下X-Y平面輻射場型圖 63
圖6.4在3GHz之下X-Y平面輻射場型圖 63
圖6.5在3GHz之下X-Y平面輻射場型圖 64
圖6.6 Tx-Rx1位元錯誤率(Rx1 with BF v.s. Rx1 without BF) 65
圖6.7 SADDE的Popsize=80,120,160搜尋適應值的過程趨勢圖 66
圖6.8 Popsize=80 Tx,Rx1,Rx2在3GHz的X-Y平面輻射場型圖 68
圖6.9 Popsize=120 Tx,Rx1,Rx2在3GHz的X-Y平面輻射場型圖 69
圖6.10 Popsize=160 Tx,Rx1,Rx2在3GHz的X-Y平面輻射場型圖 70
圖6.11 Popsize=80,120,160時Tx-Rx1的位元錯誤率 71
圖6.12 Popsize=80,120,160時Tx-Rx2的位元錯誤率 72
圖6.13 天線為8根與16根時適應值的過程趨勢圖 73
圖6.14 Popsize=160 Tx,Rx1,Rx2在3GHz的X-Y平面輻射場型圖 74
圖6.15 天線為8根與16根時Tx-Rx1的位元錯誤率 76
圖6.16 天線為8根與16根時Tx-Rx2的位元錯誤率 76
圖6.17 SADDE的Popsize=120搜尋適應值的過程趨勢圖 77
圖6.18 Tx,Rx1,Rx2在3GHz的X-Y平面輻射場型圖 79
圖6.19 Tx-Rx1與Tx-Rx2的位元錯誤率 80

表目錄
表6.1 Rx1 with BF最佳適應值的天線饋入線長度與激發電流值 62
表6.2 Rx1 without BF最佳適應值的天線饋入線長度與激發電流值 62
表6.3 Popsize=80最佳適應值的天線饋入線長度 68
表6.4 Popsize=120最佳適應值的天線饋入線長度 69
表6.5 Popsize=160最佳適應值的天線饋入線長度 70
表6.6 天線為16根時最佳適應值的天線饋入線長度 73
表6.7 最佳適應值的天線饋入線長度 78
表A.1 混泥土的材質係數 82
表A.2 合成纖維板的材質係數 82
表A.3 木材的材質係數 83
表A.4 鐵的材質係數 83

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