臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

背景與目的:
多環芳香烴碳氫化合物 ( Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs ) 主要是經由不完全燃燒狀態下產生。於焚化廠不完全燃燒垃圾過程會生成PAHs，多數會直接排放至大氣中，易造成附近民眾健康之危害。過去研究已證實人體無論經由吸入、食用或皮膚暴露PAHs均會造成癌症之風險。因此，本研究是利用尿中PAHs之生物偵測指標，探討台中市某焚化爐附近民眾暴露PAHs與其產生氧化性傷害之相關性，以作為台中市環保局管制焚化爐排放空氣汙染物之參考。
材料與方法:
本研究為橫斷式研究，研究對象暴露組選自台中市某焚化廠鄰近的兩所國小，對照組尋找距離十公里外之國小之，同時收集學童與其家長尿液和問卷，總共收集276個樣本與問卷。選擇Pyrene及Benzo(a)pyrene之主要代謝物1-Hydroxypyrene ( 1-OHP ) 和3-HydroxyBenzo(a)pyrene ( 3-OHBaP ) 作為暴露PAHs生物偵測的指標，使用HPLC-FLD進行分析。另以HPLC-UV測定代表脂質過氧化反應的產物丙二醛 ( Malondialdehyde，MDA ) ，評估人體其氧化壓力反應。
結果:
除兩組家長年齡與學童母親教育程度有顯著性之差異外，兩組研究對象之基本屬性皆為相似。在學童與家長尿中3-OHBaP檢出率分別為69%與59%。學童尿中1-OHP與3-OHBaP平均濃度經由Creatinine校正後，得知暴露組為0.395 μmol/mol cre.與0.436 μmol/mol cre.均高於對照組為0.312 μmol/mol cre.與0.359 μmol/mol cre.。但在家長對照組1-OHP與3-OHBaP的平均濃度 ( 1.114 μmol/mol cre.與3.509 μmol/mol cre. ) 卻顯著性高於暴露組 ( 0.363 μmol/mol cre.與1.254 μmol/mol cre. ) 。雖然兩組學童與家長在尿中MDA濃度在學童均無顯著性之差異，但家長與學童尿中的1-OHP濃度均與MDA濃度均有正相關( r=0.185，p<0.05及 r=0.304，p<0.01 ) ，經由線性複迴歸模式得知，暴露組學童尿中1-OHP與3-OHBaP濃度經對數 ( Log ) 轉換後皆高於對照組學童，但對照組家長3-OHBaP濃度卻高於暴露組家長。同時，在學童與家長尿中3-OHBaP 濃度與MDA濃度皆有顯著性之相關。
結論:
暴露組學童尿中1-OHP與3-OHBaP濃度顯著性高於對照組，但在家長結果則為之相反，此可能與居住焚化爐附近學童有較高風險暴露到焚燒後排放之PAHs有關，另外，學童尿中1-OHP與3-OHBaP濃度均與MDA氧化性傷害呈現正相關性，對其未來健康有不利之影響。因此，建議環保機關仍應持續加強焚化爐排放空氣汙染物之管制。

Background and Objective: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ), composited of harmful PAHs isomers in the environment, frequently emits into air by incomplete combustion in incinerator. Previous studies have demonstrated the exposure to PAHs cause cancer risk through various pathways with inhalation, food or skin. Therefore, our study is to assess the urinary biological monitors of PAHs and oxidative damage among residents living nearby an incinerator in Taichung and our findings will be taken as a reference for environmental protection agency ( EPA ) to control emissions of air pollutants from the incinerator.
Methods: In crosssectional study was conducted in Taichung city. Exposure group from two elementary schools were enrolled from residents living near the incinerators compared to the control group of one school from living in 10 Km the distance with incinerator. 276 samples from child and their parents were collected questionnaires and spot urine. 1-Hydroxypyrene ( 1-OHP ) and 3-HydroxyBenzo(a)pyrene ( 3-OHBaP ) from metabolites of Pyrene and Benzo(a)pyrene were used as exposure to PAHs and analyzed using the HPLC-FLD. Urinary MDA ( Malondialdehyde, MDA ) metabolites of lipid peroxidation acted as oxidative stress, was determined by HPLC-UV.
Results: Except for age and education levels of adults, there are comparable demography in two groups. Detection rates of urinary 3-OHBaP levels in school children and adults were 69% and 59%, respectively. Average levels of 1-OHP and 3-OHBaP in urine among students in the exposed group were 0.395 μmol/mol and 0.436 μmol/mol cre. higher than those of with 0.312 μmol/mol cre. and 0.359 μmol/mol cre. in the control group, respectively. On contrary for adults, urinary 1-OHP and 3-OHBaP levels in the control group with 1.114 μmol/mol cre. and 3.509 μmol/mol cre. were consistently high than those of in the exposed group with 0.363 μmol/mol cre. And 1.254 μmol/mol cre., respectively. Althouth there are no significant differences on urinary MDA levels in schoolchildren and adults, urinary 1-OHP concentration positively correlated with urinary MDA levels in schoolchildren ( r=0.185, p<0.05 ) and in adults ( r=0.304, p<0.01 ). Using linear regression models adjusted for covariates, urinary 1-OHP levels among children in expsoed group were significantly higher control groups, but not found in adults. Urinary MDA levels postively correlated urinary 1-OHP and 3-OHBaP levels, but only significant correlated with urinary 3-OHBaP levels.
Conclusion and Suggestion: Whereas urinary 1-OHP and 3-OHBaP levels among children was considerably high in the expsoed group, but not found in adults, indicating schoolchildren long-term living near the incinerator possible exposed to high PAHs levels emitted from incineration. Moreover, urinary 1-OHP and 3-OHBaP levels in schoolchiledren positively correlated with oxidative stress, indicating possibly results in adverse health effects. Therefore, it is recommended that EPA should strengthen to regulate the emissions of air pollutants from the incinerator.

致謝 i
中文摘要 ii
Abstract iv
目錄 vi
表目錄 viii
第一章 前言 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
第一節 焚化廠與多環芳香烴形成來源之相關性 3
第二節 多環芳香烴碳氫化合物定義及特性 5
第三節 多環芳香烴碳氫化合物代謝途徑、產物與生物指標 9
第四節 多環芳香烴碳氫化合物與氧化壓力關係 15
第五節 多環芳香烴碳氫化合物對人體健康的影響 17
第六節 小結 18
第三章 材料與方法 20
第一節 研究設計與架構 20
第二節 研究對象 21
第三節 問卷資料收集 21
第四節 尿液收集 21
第五節 分析方法 22
第六節 資料整理與統計分析 31
第四章 結果 32
第一節 家長與學童問卷調查及生物偵測 32
第二節 家長與學童問卷調查生物偵測之影響因子 33
第三節 影響家長與學童尿中1-OHP、3-OHBaP及MDA之線性複迴歸分析 36
第四節 影響學童與家長尿中1-OHP、3-OHBaP及MDA之邏輯式迴歸分析 40
第五章 討論 42
第一節 研究對象及尿液樣本代表性 42
第二節 研究對象尿中 1-OHP及3-OHBaP濃度變化與影響因素 44
第三節 研究對象尿中 1-OHP及3-OHBaP與氧化性指標MDA之相關性 52
第四節 研究限制及未來方向 54
第六章 結論與建議 57
第一節 結論 57
第二節 建議 58
第七章 參考文獻 59
附件一 居民對臺中市文山焚化爐的風險認知問卷調查表(暴露組) 107
附件二 居民對臺中市文山焚化爐的風險認知問卷調查表(對照組) 113
附件三 台中垃圾處理場附近學童健康問卷調查表 118

表目錄
Table 1. 兩組家長基本資料之比較 76
Table 2. 兩組學童基本資料之比較 77
Table 3. 兩組學童的活動時間量表 (hour) 之分析 78
Table 4. 分析尿中1-OHP與3-OHBaP的檢出率 79
Table 5. 暴露組與對照組之家長尿液中1-OHP與3-OHBaP濃度之比較 80
Table 6. 暴露組與對照組之學童尿液中1-OHP與3-OHBaP濃度之比較 81
Table 7. 暴露組與對照組之學童與其家長尿液中MDA濃度之比較 82
Table 8. 影響家長尿中MDA濃度之單變項分析 83
Table 9. 影響學童尿中MDA濃度之單變項分析 84
Table 10. 影響家長尿中1-OHP濃度之單變項分析 85
Table 11. 影響學童尿中1-OHP濃度之單變項分析 86
Table 12. 影響家長尿中3-OHBaP濃度之單變項分析 87
Table 13. 影響學童尿中3-OHBaP濃度之單變項分析 88
Table 14. 學童與家長尿液中1-OHP、3-OBaP與MDA濃度 (µmol/mol cre.) 之相關性 89
Table 15. 影響學童尿中1-OHP濃度線性複迴歸分析，控制性別、父親教育程度 90
Table 16. 影響學童尿中3-OHBaP濃度線性複迴歸分析，控制性別、父親教育程度 91
Table 17. 影響學童尿中MDA濃度之線性複迴歸分析，控制性別、父親教育程度 92
Table 18. 影響學童尿中1-OHP濃度之線性複迴歸分析，控制性別、父親教育程度 93
Table 19. 影響學童尿中3-OHBaP濃度之線性多變量迴歸分析，控制性別、父親教育程度 94
Table 20. 影響學童尿中MDA濃度之線性複迴歸分析，分析控制性別、父親教育程度 95
Table 21. 影響家長尿中1-OHP濃度之線性複迴歸分析，控制性別、年齡與教育程度 96
Table 22. 影響家長尿中3-OHBaP濃度之線性複迴歸分析，控制性別、年齡與教育程度 97
Table 23. 影響家長尿中MDA濃度之線性複迴歸分析控制性別、年齡與教育程度 98
Table 24. 影響家長尿中 1-OHP濃度之線性複迴歸分析，控制性別、年齡與教育程度 99
Table 25. 影響家長尿中3-OHBaP濃度之線性複迴歸分析，控制性別、年齡與教育程度 100
Table 26. 影響家長尿中MDA濃度之線性複迴歸分析，控制性別、年齡與教育程度 101
Table 27. 學童與家長尿中MDA濃度線性複迴歸分析控制其他干擾因素 102
Table 28. 影響學童與家長尿中MDA濃度 (µmol/mol cre.) 之邏輯式複迴歸分析 103
Table 29. 影響學童尿中1-OHP 、3-OHBaP濃度之邏輯式複迴歸分析，控制性別與父親教育程度 104
Table 30. 影響家長尿中1-OHP、3-OHBaP濃度之邏輯式複迴歸分析，控制性別、年齡與教育程度 105
Table 31. 影響家長與學童尿中MDA (µmol/mol cre.) 之邏輯式複迴歸分析 106

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