臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

自動水質監測系統為一體積小重量輕，只需2至3人操作的自動儀器，透過自動無人船拖曳自動監測儀器，可於開放水域進行水質的監測，以物聯網方式透過4G上傳直接分析，將結果立即顯示於監控端，若能實際應用於大型水域之水質設測量，可以提供低人力和成本、即時及快速的監測方式。本研究透過自動水質監測系統，進行寶山水庫實場應用及水質分析，以確認實際應用情形之穩定性，以及界定水域的污染區域來原，了解非點源污然的重點區域，協助找出污染負荷時間分布狀況。
透過自動水質監測系統進行晴天和雨天的水質監測測試，並同時以人工方式搭乘小船，於定點採取水樣進行分析。根據研究結果顯示，晴天的鉀離子平均為3.56 mg/L、總磷平均為0.0124 mg/L、透明度平均為2.6m；雨天的鉀離子平均為9.89 mg/L、總磷平均為0.01546mg/L、透明度平均為2.2m，雨天的鉀離子濃度平均較晴天高出6 mg/L，雨天的總磷濃度較晴天高出0.003mg/L，晴天透明度較雨天高0.4m，因降雨導致大量營養鹽及泥沙沖刷進入庫區，靠近農田區的點位區域，鉀離子與總磷濃度上升最大，靠近排水的點位區域，水中有著較多的泥沙懸浮。透過自動水質監測系統，以即時監測的方式，可協助找出污染來源，界定出污染熱區。未來應持續進行長期的水質監測，以確認水質變化確定非點原污染熱區，以徹底改善水庫水質。

Automatic Water Quality Monitoring System (AWQMS), a system that integrated an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) with water quality monitoring sensors. The monitoring system uploads the data to the server by 4G mobile network in the Internet of Things(IoT). The server will analyse the data of water quality and display the results on the Water Quality Management System. If applied in water quality and volume monitoring in reservoir or lake, the system can provide a tool for efficient, economic and reliable monitoring. The objective of this study is to affirm AWQMS in the stability and accuracy of data in practical applications. Find out the key location where non-point sources are contaminated and understand the distribution of pollution hot spots.
In this study, we use the AWQMS to monitoring and sampling the reservoir in sunny and rainy days. According to the research results, the chlorophyll a data had a large fluctuation, and the rainy days was steady state. It might be that the rainfall in the rain diluted the concentration of chlorophyll a. Other sensors'' data stability and accuracy were in the normal range. Sensors can detect water quality differences between sunny and rainy days. For exemple the average concentrations of the potassium ion on sunny and rainy days were 3.56 mg/L and 9.89 mg/L. The rainy day’s concertration was higher than sunny day. The average concentrations of the total phosphorus on rainy day were also higher than sunny day. Because a large amount of nutrients was flushed into the reservoir area by the rainfall. Through the real time monitoring and analysing of the AWQMS can find out the source of pollution and the distribution of pollution hot spots. Continuous monitoring of water quality and identifying of nonpoint source pollution hot spots to improve the water quality of the reservoir in the future.

目錄
摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 III
圖目錄 VI
表目錄 X
第一章 前言1
1.1 研究背景1
1.2 研究目的3
1.3 研究架構4
第二章 文獻回顧.5
2.1 國內水庫5
2.1.1 國內水庫狀況5
2.1.2 國內水庫水質狀況6
2.1.3 優養化及優養化指標7
2.2 國內水質監測方式9
2.2.1 國內河川及水庫水質檢測方法9
2.3 水質監測技術12
2.3.1 浮標12
2.3.2 衛星遙感14
2.4 物聯網 15
2.4.1 物聯網概念15
2.4.2 物聯網的架構15
2.5 自動無人船18
2.6 寶山水庫狀況19
第三章 實驗與方法20
3.1 研究架構20
3.2 監測及採樣儀器22
3.2.1 MAX-RS485-多參數水質探測儀22
3.2.2 ARK-C 多參數水質監測浮標26
3.2.3 自動無人船28
3.2.4 水質監測管理系統30
3.2.5 自動水質監測系統36
3.2.6 水樣採集及透明度測量36
3.2.7 分析儀器37
3.2.8 實場介紹39
3.3 水質監測及採樣作業42
3.3.1 自動水質監測系統實地作業42
3.4 利用 GIS 分析監測數據48
3.5 採樣水質分析方法49
3.5.1 透明度分析方法49
3.5.2 總磷分析方法49
3.5.3 總氮分析方法50
3.5.4 氨氮分析方法50
第四章 結果與討論51
4.1 寶山水庫近年水質及水體狀況51
4.1.1 歷年水質狀況.51
4.1.2 近年水質狀況.54
4.1.3 優養化狀態60
4.2 監測測試64
4.2.1 室內測試64
4.2.2 室外測試64
4.3 實場測試評估.68
4.3.1 自動水質監測系統測值可行性及水質分析69
4.3.2 人工定點採樣檢測水質分析.100
4.3.3 優養化指數107
第五章 結論與建議.112
5.1 結論 112
5.2 建議 114
第六章 參考文獻115
附錄一 3/16 晴天監測.121
附錄二 3/20 雨天監測.128
附錄三 3/16 晴天寶山水庫檢測136
附錄四 3/20 雨天寶山水庫檢測.136
附錄五 3/16 晴天寶山水庫卡爾森指數137
附錄六 3/20 雨天寶山水庫卡爾森指數137


圖目錄
圖 1.1 研究架構圖4
圖 2.1 105、106 年各水庫優養化程度比較圖.8
圖 2.2 GPS、GNSS 氣象監測浮標14
圖 2.3 物聯網三層.17
圖 3.1 研究架構21
圖 3.2 水質監測儀器.24
圖 3.3 水質感測器.24
圖 3.4 監測浮標27
圖 3.5 浮標系統設定.27
圖 3.6 自動無人船.28
圖 3.7 自動無人船地面控制站.29
圖 3.8 自動無人船實時監控29
圖 3.9 即時監控系統介面31
圖 3.10 監測航跡記錄31
圖 3.11 網格分區圖.32
圖 3.12 原始數據.34
圖 3.13 平均數據查詢界面34
圖 3.14 數據查詢(依區域) .35
圖 3.15 數據查詢(依測項) .35
圖 3.16 沙棋盤及採樣裝備38
圖 3.17 分光光度計.38
圖 3.18 寶山水庫附近土地利用情況40
圖 3.19 寶山水庫開發圖40
圖 3.20 寶山水庫呈現綠色41
圖 3.21 寶山水庫周邊開發41
圖 3.22 寶山水庫位置43
圖 3.23 監測路徑圖.43
圖 3.24 定點採樣點位圖44
圖 3.25 實地監測流程46
圖 3.26 實地採樣作業47
圖 4.1 寶山水庫各測站位置圖.52
圖 4.2 歷年 CTSI52
圖 4.3 歷年四季 CTSI53
圖 4.4 歷年四測站 CTSI.53
圖 4.5 近十年寶山水庫各項變化56
圖 4.6 近十年测站四的各項變化57
圖 4.7 近十年各項各季節變化.58
圖 4.8 近十年第四測站四季各項變化59
圖 4.9 10 年透明度變化61
圖 4.10 10 年葉綠素 a 變化.62
圖 4.11 10 年總磷變化62
圖 4.12 10 年優養化變化63
圖 4.13 室內測試圖.65
圖 4.14 室內測試感測器資料.65
圖 4.15 室外測試圖.66
圖 4.16 定點測試點位66
圖 4.17 定點監測測試67
圖 4.18 自動監測及定點採樣位置.68
圖 4.19 晴天溫度分布圖72
圖 4.20 雨天溫度分布圖72
圖 4.21 晴雨監測溫度變化73
圖 4.22 晴天 pH 分布圖76
圖 4.23 雨天 pH 分布圖76
圖 4.24 晴雨監測 pH 變化.77
圖 4.25 晴天導電度分布圖80
圖 4.26 雨天導電度分布圖80
圖 4.27 晴雨監測導電度變化.81
圖 4.28 晴天溶氧分布圖84
圖 4.29 雨天溶氧分布圖84
圖 4.30 晴雨監測溶氧變化85
圖 4.31 晴天濁度分布圖88
圖 4.32 雨天濁度分布圖88
圖 4.33 晴雨監測濁度變化89
圖 4.34 晴天葉綠素 a 分布圖.92
圖 4.35 雨天葉綠素 a 分布圖.92
圖 4.36 晴雨監測葉綠素 a 變化93
圖 4.37 晴天鉀離子分布圖96
圖 4.38 雨天鉀離子分布圖96
圖 4.39 晴雨監測鉀離子變化.97
圖 4.40 晴雨天總磷比較102
圖 4.41 晴雨天總氮比較102
圖 4.42 晴雨天氨氮比較105
圖 4.43 晴雨天透明度比較105
圖 4.44 雨天卡爾森指數110
圖 4.45 晴天卡爾森指數110
圖 4.46 3.16 晴天 CTSI 分布.111
圖 4.47 3.20 雨天 CTSI 分布.111


表目錄
表 2.1 中台灣水庫優養指數概況8
表 2.2 河川水質檢測方法10
表 2.3 水庫水質檢測方法11
表 3.1 MAX-RS485-多參數水質探測儀感測器參數23
表 3.2 校正頻率及保存方式23
表 3.3 校正方式25
表 3.4 監測浮標設定參數26
表 3.5 水體標準32
表 3.6 檢測及保存方法37
表 3.7 監測點位45
表 3.8 定點採樣點位.45
表 4.1 寶山水庫歷年檢測資料.56
表 4.2 點位溫度73
表 4.3 點位 pH.77
表 4.4 點位導電度.81
表 4.5 點位溶氧85
表 4.6 點位濁度89
表 4.7 點位葉綠素 a 93
表 4.8 點位鉀離子.97
表 4.9 水體標準98
表 4.10 陸域地面水體.106
表 4.11 河川污染指數.106

Ahn, M.-S., R. Ahmad, J.-Y. Yoo and Y.-B. Hahn (2018). "Synthesis of manganese oxide nanorods and its application for potassium ion sensing in water." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 516: 364-370.

Apel, H., N. G. Hung, H. Thoss and T. Schöne (2012). "GPS buoys for stage monitoring of large rivers." Journal of Hydrology 412: 182-192.

Ardalan, A. A., I. Jazireeyan, N. Abdi and M.-H. Rezvani (2018). "Evaluation of SARAL/AltiKa performance using GNSS/IMU equipped buoy in Sajafi, Imam Hassan and Kangan Ports." Advances in Space Research.

Badr, E.-S. A., A. D. Tappin and E. P. Achterberg (2008). "Distributions and seasonal variability of dissolved organic nitrogen in two estuaries in SW England." Marine Chemistry 110(3): 153-164.

Blaich, M., S. Wirtensohn, M. Oswald, O. Hamburger and J. Reuter (2013). "Design of a Twin Hull Based USV with Enhanced Maneuverability." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 46(33): 1-6.

Burford, M. A., S. A. Johnson, A. J. Cook, T. V. Packer, B. M. Taylor and E. R. Townsley (2007). "Correlations between watershed and reservoir characteristics, and algal blooms in subtropical reservoirs." Water Research 41(18): 4105-4114.

Camargo, J. A., Á. Alonso and M. d. l. Puente (2005). "Eutrophication downstream from small reservoirs in mountain rivers of Central Spain." Water Research 39(14): 3376-3384.

Chu, H., F. Zhao, X. Tan, L. Yang, X. Zhou, J. Zhao and Y. Zhang (2016). "The impact of temperature on membrane fouling in algae harvesting." Algal Research 16: 458-464.

Coad, P., B. Cathers, J. E. Ball and R. Kadluczka (2014). "Proactive management of estuarine algal blooms using an automated monitoring buoy coupled with an artificial neural network." Environmental Modelling & Software 61: 393-409.

De Borba, B. M., R. F. Jack, J. S. Rohrer, J. Wirt and D. Wang (2014). "Simultaneous determination of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in environmental waters using alkaline persulfate digestion and ion chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1369: 131-137.

Dehua, W., L. Pan, L. U. Bo and G. Zeng (2012). "Water Quality Automatic Monitoring System Based on GPRS Data Communications." Procedia Engineering 28: 840-843.

Di Blasi, J. I. P., J. Martínez Torres, P. J. García Nieto, J. R. Alonso Fernández, C. Díaz Muñiz and J. Taboada (2013). "Analysis and detection of outliers in water quality parameters from different automated monitoring stations in the Miño river basin (NW Spain)." Ecological Engineering 60: 60-66.

Doxaran, D., J.-M. Froidefond and P. Castaing (2003). "Remote-sensing reflectance of turbid sediment-dominated waters. Reduction of sediment type variations and changing illumination conditions effects by use of reflectance ratios." Applied Optics 42(15): 2623-2634.

Eusofe, Z. and H. Evdorides (2017). "Assessment of road safety management at institutional level in Malaysia: A case study." IATSS Research 41(4): 172-181.

Giron-Sierra, J. M., F. Pereda, H. G. d. Marina and S. Cifuentes (2010). "Developing an Autonomous Surface Ship for Sea Demining: First Steps." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 43(20): 91-96.

Glasgow, H. B., J. M. Burkholder, R. E. Reed, A. J. Lewitus and J. E. Kleinman (2004). "Real-time remote monitoring of water quality: a review of current applications, and advancements in sensor, telemetry, and computing technologies." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 300(1): 409-448.

González García, C., D. Meana-Llorián, B. C. Pelayo G-Bustelo, J. M. Cueva Lovelle and N. Garcia-Fernandez (2017). "Midgar: Detection of people through computer vision in the Internet of Things scenarios to improve the security in Smart Cities, Smart Towns, and Smart Homes." Future Generation Computer Systems 76: 301-313.

Han, M., Z.-w. Zhao, W. Gao and F.-y. Cui (2013). "Study on the factors affecting simultaneous removal of ammonia and manganese by pilot-scale biological aerated filter (BAF) for drinking water pre-treatment." Bioresource Technology 145: 17-24.

Hou, X., L. Feng, H. Duan, X. Chen, D. Sun and K. Shi (2017). "Fifteen-year monitoring of the turbidity dynamics in large lakes and reservoirs in the middle and lower basin of the Yangtze River, China." Remote Sensing of Environment 190: 107-121.

Huang, C., L. Yunmei, G. Liu, Y. Guo, H. Yang, A. x. Zhu, T. Song, T. Huang, M. Zhang and K. Shi (2017). "Tracing high time-resolution fluctuations in dissolved organic carbon using satellite and buoy observations: Case study in Lake Taihu, China." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 62: 174-182.

Hui, T. K. L., R. S. Sherratt and D. D. Sánchez (2017). "Major requirements for building Smart Homes in Smart Cities based on Internet of Things technologies." Future Generation Computer Systems 76: 358-369.

Hulse, L. M., H. Xie and E. R. Galea (2018). "Perceptions of autonomous vehicles: Relationships with road users, risk, gender and age." Safety Science 102: 1-13.

Jani, J. and G. S. Toor (2018). "Composition, sources, and bioavailability of nitrogen in a longitudinal gradient from freshwater to estuarine waters." Water Research 137: 344-354.

Kang, M., S. Kwon, J. Park, T. Kim, J. Han, J. Wang, S. Hong, Y. Shim, S. Yoon, B. Yoo and J. Kim (2015). "Development of USV Autonomy for the 2014 Maritime RobotX Challenge." IFAC-PapersOnLine 48(16): 13-18.

Kolahchi, Z. and M. Jalali (2007). "Effect of water quality on the leaching of potassium from sandy soil." Journal of Arid Environments 68(4): 624-639.

Kuo, J.-T., W.-S. Lung, C.-P. Yang, W.-C. Liu, M.-D. Yang and T.-S. Tang (2006). "Eutrophication modelling of reservoirs in Taiwan." Environmental Modelling & Software 21(6): 829-844.

Larrazabal, J. M. and M. S. Peñas (2016). "Intelligent rudder control of an unmanned surface vessel." Expert Systems with Applications 55: 106-117.

Liu, W.-w., E. Zhao, Y.-M. Kuo and C.-S. Jang (2017). "Identifying the relationships between trophic states and their driving factors in the Shihmen Reservoir, Taiwan." Limnologica - Ecology and Management of Inland Waters 64: 38-45.

Liu, X., X. Lu and Y. Chen (2011). "The effects of temperature and nutrient ratios on Microcystis blooms in Lake Taihu, China: An 11-year investigation." Harmful Algae 10(3): 337-343.

Moore, T., K. Zhang, G. Close and R. Moore (2000). "Real-Time River Level Monitoring Using GPS Heighting." GPS Solutions 4(2): 63-67.

Pan, L., A.-B. Zhang, J. Sun, Y. Ye, X.-G. Chen and M.-S. Xia (2013). "Application of ocean manganese nodules for the adsorption of potassium ions from seawater." Minerals Engineering 49: 121-127.

Peng, Y., Y. Yang, J. Cui, X. Li, H. Pu, J. Gu, S. Xie and J. Luo (2017). "Development of the USV ‘JingHai-I’ and sea trials in the Southern Yellow Sea." Ocean Engineering 131: 186-196.

Rahman, H. and R. Rahmani (2018). "Enabling distributed intelligence assisted Future Internet of Things Controller (FITC)." Applied Computing and Informatics 14(1): 73-87.

Ray, P. P. (2016). "A survey on Internet of Things architectures." Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences.

Roberts, G. N. (2008). "Trends in marine control systems." Annual Reviews in Control 32(2): 263-269.

Schöne, T., W. Pandoe, I. Mudita, S. Roemer, J. Illigner, C. Zech and R. Galas (2011). "GPS water level measurements for Indonesia''s Tsunami Early Warning System." Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 11(3): 741-749.

Shipley, T. G. and A. Bowker (2014). Chapter 1 - Introduction to Internet Crime. Investigating Internet Crimes. Boston, Syngress: 1-19.

Smith, C. J., J. D. Oster and G. Sposito (2015). "Potassium and magnesium in irrigation water quality assessment." Agricultural Water Management 157: 59-64.

Smith, V. H., G. D. Tilman and J. C. Nekola (1999). "Eutrophication: impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems." Environmental Pollution 100(1): 179-196.

Stergiou, C., K. E. Psannis, B.-G. Kim and B. Gupta (2018). "Secure integration of IoT and Cloud Computing." Future Generation Computer Systems 78(Part 3): 964-975.

Tan, X., H. Chu, Y. Zhang, L. Yang, F. Zhao and X. Zhou (2014). "Chlorella pyrenoidosa cultivation using anaerobic digested starch processing wastewater in an airlift circulation photobioreactor." Bioresource Technology 170: 538-548.

Tang, P., R. Zhang, D. Liu, L. Huang, G. Liu and T. Deng (2015). "Local reactive obstacle avoidance approach for high-speed unmanned surface vehicle." Ocean Engineering 106: 128-140.

Tsay, F.-s. (2006). "Evaluation of eutrophication indicators for reservoir in Taiwan."

Valero, E., X. Álvarez, Á. Cancela and Á. Sánchez (2015). "Harvesting green algae from eutrophic reservoir by electroflocculation and post-use for biodiesel production." Bioresource Technology 187: 255-262.

Watson, C., R. Coleman, N. White, J. Church and R. Govind (2003). "Absolute Calibration of TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 Using GPS Buoys in Bass Strait, Australia Special Issue: Jason-1 Calibration/Validation." Marine Geodesy 26(3-4): 285-304.

Zhang, L., S. Thomas and W. J. Mitsch (2017). "Design of real-time and long-term hydrologic and water quality wetland monitoring stations in South Florida, USA." Ecological Engineering.

Zhao, L., F. Yu, J. Hou, P. Wang and T. Fan (2013). "The role of tsunami buoy played in tsunami warning and its application in South China Sea." Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letters 3(3): 032002.

马治国 and 孟梦 (2011). "物联网介绍." 移動通信 35(5): 57-60.

王昱翔 (2016). 氣象變化對進流河水水溫及離槽水庫水質之影響. 臺灣大學環境工程學研究所學位論文, 臺灣大學: 1-126.

代堂刚 (2009). "渔洞水库pH值超标的成因分析及其处理措施." 水資源研究 30(3): 37-38.

李小龙, 耿亚红, 李夜光 and 胡鸿钧 (2006). "从光合作用特性看铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的竞争优势." 植物科學學報 24(3): 225-230.

杜逸龍 (2015). "氣候變遷與臺灣水資源." 生態臺灣(49): 56-59.

汪中和 (2015). "氣候暖化與台灣的水資源." 鑛冶：中國鑛冶工程學會會刊(230): 11-15.

林芮菁, 曾宏正, 郭重言, 江凱偉, 林立青 and 鄭凱謙 (2013). "利用GPS浮標監測氣象海嘯." 國土測繪與空間資訊 1(2): 56-77.

徐悅珊 (2010). 自動水質監測系統實場應用評估試驗. 淡江大學水資源及環境工程學系碩士班學位論文, 淡江大學: 1-79.

張嘉玲, 林佑澤, 張緯臻 and 劉蔡偉 (2012). "應用地理資訊系統於水質測站適宜性分析─以台北水源特定區為例." 農業工程學報 58(1): 91-97.

梁文睿, 彭宗仁, 蔡修裕, 林娉婷, 黃秉益, 林毓雯, 黃群鈞 and 劉滄棽 (2017). "比較市售瓶裝飲用水之元素特徵." 台灣農業研究 66(1): 74-86.

游以德, 許文碩 and 呂適仲 (2004). "台灣水庫集水區永續經營評估模式之建立." 環境保護 27(2): 184-192.

黃昱倫, 林立青, 郭重言, 施巧慧, 江凱偉, 鄭凱謙, 楊三興 and 張瀚文 (2017). "利用低成本GNSS/IMU浮標監測海洋訊號." 國土測繪與空間資訊 5(2): 111-127.

楊哲宇 (2010). 人工濕地水文系統與水質淨化之研究-以麟洛 濕地公園為例. 屏東科技大學土木工程系所學位論文, 屏東科技大學: 1-0.

蔡同锋 and 张艳艳 (2010). "环境自动监测技术综述." 污染防治技術 23(3): 87-90.

環境保護署 (2016). "廢（污）水自動監測（視）及連線傳輸設置指引."

環境保護署 (2017). "民國105年 環境水質監測年報."