臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

有機-無機鹵化鈣鈦礦太陽能電池具備低溫溶液態製程、高光電轉換效率、可撓曲等多重優勢，近年來受到廣泛的關注。欲成功實現高效率、高穩定度元件，界面修飾技術之開發至關重要。傳統元件多採用含稀有金屬銦之高成本的氧化銦錫（Indium tin oxide, ITO）做為電極，其存在薄膜電阻高與無法撓曲等缺失。本研究將聚焦於介紹利用超薄Ag來取代ITO，成功提升鈣鈦礦太陽能電池之元件效率、穩定度以及大面積製程實用性。有別於現已開發之超薄Ag電極大多面臨島狀成長導致薄膜電阻普遍偏高的關鍵議題。本研究選用兩種帶有硫醇官能基的自組裝單分子層（Self-assembled monolayers, SAMs）3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane（MPTMS）及(11-mercaptoundecyl) trimethylammonium bromide（MUTAB）分別做為透明超薄Ag電極之成核誘導層（Seed layer）和陰極界面修飾層（Cathode buffer layer, CBL）。研究結果顯示，MPTMS SAM的硫醇官能基容易與Ag產生交互作用來改善Ag的成核，從而將Ag的臨界厚度降低至8 nm，使超薄Ag達到低薄膜電阻（6 Ω/sq）與高穿透率（78%）。另一方面， MUTAB的硫醇官能基可以與Ag產生共價鍵形成SAM，使另一端的銨陽離子於PC61BM/Ag界面形成良好的偶極矩，有效修飾Ag電極之功函數，達到良好載子收集效果與穩定性。將上述實驗結果運用於大面積元件（1.2 cm2），光電轉換效率可達~16%，為目前鈣鈦礦太陽能電池相似有效面積之最高效率值，並且不需要經過嚴密的封裝即可具有良好的環境穩定性。本研究證實以原子級的界面修飾對超薄Ag做為透明電極的鈣鈦礦太陽能電池具有顯著的影響。

We report a novel protocol for achieving highly efficient and stable indium-tin-oxide (ITO)-free large-area perovskite solar cells (PeSCs) by introducing thiol-functionalized self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to modify the interfacial properties of the devices. Two SAM molecules, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and (11-mercaptoundecyl) trimethylammonium bromide (MUTAB), are employed as the seed layer for an ultrathin Ag transparent electrode and cathode buffer layer (CBL), respectively. Our results indicate that both SAMs can afford admirable interfacial properties. The thiol groups on the MPTMS SAM can interact with the incident Ag atoms, thereby lowering the percolation thickness of the Ag film to 8 nm. The resulting ultrathin Ag film provides several remarkable features for use as the transparent electrode in PeSCs, including a low resistance of ∼6 Ω/sq, high average transmittance up to ∼78%, and high robustness against solvents and mechanical deformation. In addition to using the MPTMS SAM as the seed layer, the double-end functionalized MUTAB can not only covalently bond to the Ag surface for SAM formation, but also induce the formation of favorable interfacial dipoles to turn a high work-function (WF) Ag electrode into an efficient low-WF electrode. With this SAMs-modified Ag electrode, a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 16% can be secured for large-area devices (1.2 cm2), which represents the highest PCE ever reported for PeSCs with similar active areas. More significantly, the resulting devices also possess good ambient stability without the need for rigorous encapsulation.

第一章 緒論 1
1.1　前言 1
1.2　研究動機與目的 7
第二章 文獻回顧 8
2.1　太陽能電池發展簡介 8
2.1.1　第一代太陽能電池 9
2.1.2　第二代太陽能電池 10
2.1.3　第三代太陽能電池 10
2.2　鈣鈦礦太陽能電池發展 11
2.3　鈣鈦礦太陽能電池工作機制 15
2.4　陰極界面修飾層 16
2.5　超薄金屬電極與成核誘導層 20
2.6　太陽能電池之性能分析 23
2.6.1　串聯電阻（Series resistance, Rs）與並聯電阻（Shunt resistance, Rsh） 23
2.6.2　開路電壓（Open Circuit Voltage, Voc） 24
2.6.3　短路電流密度（Short Circuit Current Density, Jsc） 24
2.6.4　填充因子（Fill Factor, FF） 25
2.6.5　能量轉換效率（Power Conversion Efficiency, PCE） 25
第三章 實驗步驟與分析 27
3.1　實驗設計 27
3.2　元件製備 28
3.2.1　材料準備 28
3.2.2　基板清洗流程 28
3.2.3　製備氧化鋯（ZrOx）薄膜 29
3.2.4　製備利用SAMs修飾的薄Ag 29
3.2.5　太陽能電池製備 29
3.2.6　太陽能元件分析與量測 30
第四章 結果與討論 31
4.1　鈣鈦礦主動層相關分析 31
4.2　成核誘導層之修飾效果 32
4.2.1　MPTMS SAM表面分析 32
4.2.2　MPTMS SAM修飾之超薄Ag特性分析 34
4.2.4　超薄Ag電極鈣鈦礦太陽能電池光電特性分析 41
4.3　陰極界面修飾層之修飾效果 43
4.4　鈣鈦礦太陽能電池光電特性分析 46
4.4.1　MAPbI3鈣鈦礦太陽能電池光電特性分析 46
4.4.2　FAPbI3鈣鈦礦太陽能電池光電特性分析 50
4.4.3　大面積FAPbI3鈣鈦礦太陽能電池光電特性分析 55
第五章 結論 58
參考文獻 59

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