在本論文中，我們研究了雷射照射奈米材料所產生的動力學和操控現象，並探討、解釋和總結新的雷射捕捉現象和所伴隨的分子重排及沈積現象。

我們通過連續波雷射捕捉單一雙極性向列型液晶微滴證明了重新排序的可能。當雷射功率高於某一閾值時，液晶分子會在焦點處被重新排列，並從焦點區域傳播到液滴表面。在觀測重新排列動態時發現閾值功率取決於液滴大小和雷射偏振型式。這些結果可用夫瑞德利克兹轉換(Fréedericksz transition)來解釋。

關於奈米尺度的操控上，我們研究了金屬在石墨烯上的沉積和式樣化。通過雷射光激發單層石墨烯表面所產生的高能電子來還原金屬離子。金屬奈米粒子會成核並被固定在雷射照射的單層石墨烯位置上。這些金奈米粒子被聚集在石墨烯上並進行沉積和式樣化。這種沉積方式所製造的奈米結構可應用在元件上並取代傳統半導體元件製造製程中的光刻步驟。

通過飛秒雷射的瞬時力(temporal force)、峰值功率和非線性光學效應，我們探討新的雷射捕捉現象。在介電奈米粒子的溶液中，我們發現奈米粒子會以垂直雷射偏振的方向交替噴射。這種現象從未在連續波雷射捕捉中被觀察到，我們也實驗測試了不同雷射參數、不同介電奈米粒子和表面化學修飾的奈米粒子來瞭解這種新的雷射捕捉和噴射現象。

我們從理論上來解釋飛秒雷射捕捉聚苯乙烯奈米粒子所產生的捕捉和定向噴射現象，同時也對雷射脈衝寬度、極化和重複率的變化進行了實驗檢驗。我們提出定向噴射的原因在於焦點處形成奈米粒子的暫態聚集。考慮三維的光學力場，交替噴射的原因為對稱電場和非對稱暫態聚集之間的相互作用產生的不對稱力。這結果提供了聚焦脈衝雷射對雷利粒子的動態光學捕捉的重要實驗數據。

我們也試驗了飛秒雷射捕捉二氧化矽奈米粒子，但卻沒有觀察到噴射現象。由於粒子間相互作用較弱，我們在其表面上修飾了烷基矽烷來改變二氧化矽奈米粒子的表面特性。我們可在所製備的疏水性二氧化矽奈米粒子中觀察到噴射行為。通過增加表面修飾的厚度，我們成功地直接觀測到了奈米粒子的單一暫態聚集體，並分析了其形成和衰變動力學。我們用苝苯亞醯胺衍生物螢光分子修飾在二氧化矽奈米粒子表面來做分子層面對暫態聚集的研究。在捕捉螢光粒子時會測到聚集體的螢生光譜訊號，這顯示奈米粒子在雷射焦點處會形成高緊密度的聚集體。

脈衝雷射捕捉和操控可用在研究奈米級的粒子上。脈衝雷射取代傳統的連續波雷射可產生非線性光學效應來提高光學捕捉效率。我們利用2.7奈米的碲化鎘量子點的雙光子吸收來產生非線性光學效應。通過探測雷利散射和雙光子發光的光強度變化來研究捕捉行為。雷利散射影像顯示雙光子吸收提高了量子點的捕捉效率，而雙光子誘發的發光與入射激光強度的非線性增加也證實了雙光子吸收過程的存在。

In this thesis, dynamics and manipulation of nanoscale materials induced by laser irradiation are studied. New laser trapping phenomena and accompanying molecular reordering and deposition phenomena are explored, interpreted and summarized.

We experimentally demonstrated reordering throughout an individual bipolar nematic liquid crystal microdroplet trapped by a continuous-wave (cw) laser. When the laser power is above a certain threshold, molecular reorientation is induced at the focus and propagates from the focal area to the droplet surface. We sequentially monitored the reordering dynamics of liquid crystal microdroplet and found that the threshold power is dependent on the droplet size and laser polarization. These results are explained based on the finite size approximation.

Concerning nanoscale manipulation, we demonstrated deposition and patterning of metal on graphene. Through reduction of metal ions by photo-generated high energy electrons from single graphene layer, the nucleation of gold metal nanoparticles is induced while they are immobilized at the irradiated position of a single layer of graphene. Collecting these gold nanoparticles, the deposition and patterning on graphene proceeded. The applications of such deposited nanostructures toward devices are demonstrated to be comparable to those of the conventional lithography method.

Based on temporal force, impulsive peak power and nonlinear optical effect, we explored new trapping phenomena by using a femtosecond (fs) laser. In solutions containing dielectric nanoparticles, we found alternatively switched ejection of nanoparticles perpendicular to laser polarization. This observation has never been realized in cw laser trapping, and all laser parameters as well as different dielectric nanoparticles and chemically modified nanoparticle surfaces were examined to unravel the trapping and ejection behavior.

We considered theoretically the trapping and directional ejection by fs laser trapping of polystyrene nanoparticles. Their dependences on laser pulse width, polarization and repetition rate were also experimentally examined. We proposed that the directional ejection could be attributed to the formation of a transient assembly of nanoparticles at the focal spot. Being associated with three-dimensional optical force, the alternative directional ejection was attributed to the asymmetric force generated by interaction between the symmetric electric field and asymmetric assembly. This provides important information about the dynamic optical trapping of Rayleigh particles by highly focused ultrashort laser pulses.

Silica nanoparticles were also examined under fs laser trapping, but no ejection was observed. As the interparticle interaction is weak, we modified the surface of silica nanoparticles by coating alkyl silane on their surface. Then, the ejection behavior was observed for the prepared hydrophobic silica nanoparticles. Through increasing the thickness of the coated layer, we succeeded in directly detecting a single transient assembly of the modified nanoparticles and we analyzed its formation and decay dynamics. For molecular level understanding of the assembly formation, the silica nanoparticles were coated with fluorescent perylene diimide (PDI) derivatives. During trapping of the latter nanoparticles, aggregate emission of PDI was sometimes observed, which suggests that the strong packing of the nanoparticles is realized at the focal spot.

The developments in pulsed laser trapping and manipulation allowed one to study the particles at the nanometer scale. Nonlinear optical effect are considered to increase the optical trapping efficiency. Substituting the conventional cw lasers with a pulsed laser of high repetition rate, we evaluated two-photon absorption (TPA) in optical trapping of CdTe quantum dots (QDs) with a size of 2.7 nm. We studied the trapping behavior by probing the dependence on laser intensity using both Rayleigh scattering and two-photon induced luminescence. Rayleigh scattering imaging indicates that the TPA process enhances trapping efficiency of the QDs, while a nonlinear increase of the two-photon-induced luminescence with the incident laser intensity also confirms the existence of the TPA process.

摘要 i
Abstract iii
Acknowledgement vi
Table of contents viii
List of figures x
Symbols xx
Chapter 1 1
General introduction 1
References 9
Chapter 2 13
Reconfiguration dynamics in individual liquid crystal microdroplets by cw laser irradiation 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Experimental 15
2.3 Laser polarization dependence of reconfiguration behavior 16
2.4 Threshold consideration of reconfiguration behavior 18
2.5 Conclusion 22
2.6 References 23
Chapter 3 27
Deposition and patterning of metal nanoparticles on graphene by cw laser irradiation 27
3.1 Introduction 27
3.2 Experimental 29
3.3 Deposition of gold nanostructure on graphene 31
3.3.1 Nucleation process of gold metal nanoparticle 32
3.3.2 Growth process of gold metal nanoparticle 36
3.4 Deposition of several metal nanostructures on graphene 39
3.5 Device application of metal nanostructures on graphene 41
3.6 Conclusion 45
3.7 References 45
Chapter 4 49
Femtosecond laser trapping dynamics of dielectric nanoparticles 49
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 Experimental 51
4.3 Femtosecond laser trapping of polystyrene nanoparticles inducing their directional ejection 52
4.3.1 Femtosecond trapping and ejection behavior of polystyrene nanoparticles 52
4.3.2 Laser polarization dependence of directional ejection of polystyrene nanoparticles 56
4.4 Theoretical consideration on femtosecond laser trapping of nanoparticles 58
4.4.1 Mechanism of directional ejection. 58
4.4.2 Optical trapping with ultrashort laser pulses 60
4.4.3 Force maps 60
4.5 Mechanism of femtosecond laser trapping and ejection of polystyrene nanoparticles 61
4.5.1 Pulse width dependence 62
4.5.2 Repetition rate dependence 65
4.5.3 Particle density dependence 67
4.5.4 Solvent viscosity dependence 69
4.6 Femtosecond laser trapping of silica nanoparticles inducing their directional ejection 75
4.6.1 Preparation of silane-coated silica nanoparticles 75
4.6.2 Trapping and directional ejection of bare and silane-coated silica nanoparticles 77
4.6.3 Trapping and directional ejection dynamics of silane-coated silica nanoparticles with different thickness 81
4.6.4 Direct observation of a transient assembly of silane-coated silica nanoparticles 84
4.6.5 Formation and dissociation dynamics of a transient assembly and its asymmetric structure 87
4.6.6 Preparation and fs laser trapping dynamics of dye-coated silica nanoparticles 90
4.7 Conclusion 97
4.8 References 99
Chapter 5 105
Femtosecond laser trapping dynamics of quantum dots 105
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Experimental 108
5.3 Rayleigh scattering analysis of trapping behavior 111
5.4 Two-photon fluorescence analysis of trapping behavior 113
5.5 Conclusion 118
5.6 References 118
Chapter 6 125
General conclusion and future outlook 125
References 129
Appendix 133

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