臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

文化詞的翻譯一直以來都是翻譯研究領域中常駐並廣受討論的議題，不僅因為它總是令譯者感到頭痛，更因為它也是跨文化之間交流在傳達高級且與文化相關語詞的重要過程，例如:文學翻譯、口譯和影視翻譯。誠如尤金•奈達(Eugene Nida)所言，譯者若想要在翻譯任務中達到完全正統的對等翻譯是不可能的，所以在兩個不同語言當中無法尋得百分之百對等的對等語詞也是再自然不過的事；而在本篇論文中，研究者將重點聚焦於中國古裝劇字幕的中進英翻譯之探討。由於目前學術界對於中國古裝劇之中文字幕翻譯研究尚為鮮少，該塊領域的議題相較之下也較為嶄新，本研究致力於提供更多相關資料分析與用以解決文化空缺問題策略之例證，以彰顯本研究之重要性。
美國版後宮甄嬛傳(Empresses in the Palace)源自於聲名大噪的中國古裝劇:後宮甄嬛傳，經過剪輯與翻譯後被整理成全集共六集的影集，並於2015年在美國Netflix上播出。有鑑於其獲得亞洲觀眾的高人氣支持以及出色的收視率表現，本研究最終選擇該劇作為研究探討的代表性素材，並運用其中、英文字幕進行語料分析，旨在探討字幕譯者在處理文化空缺挑戰時的翻譯策略。借鑑中國徐州工程學院之外語學院研究生針對文化空缺翻譯的研究，該研究將文化空缺障礙的種類區分為以下四類:詞彙空缺(Lexical vacancy)、假朋友(False friends)、缺乏文化意象(Loss of cultural image)以及缺乏聯想意涵(Loss of associative meaning)。
此外，本研究採用回譯(back translation)的方式來檢視目標語(英文)文本，將美國版後宮甄嬛傳的文化空缺問題聚焦於三大類別:妃嬪與皇族親貴成員頭銜、高級問候語和文化負載詞、以及中國成語、俗諺與古典詩詞。藉由將目標語言翻譯成來源語(中文)，能讓研究者在區分兩種語言的差異上獲得實質上的幫助；此外，在回譯的過程中，研究者能更清楚明瞭地探究字幕譯者所使用之翻譯策略，並且從而發現隱含在文化詞文本背後的問題。本篇論文參考中國徐州工程學院外語學院之研究生對於文化空缺的研究，將其提出的翻譯策略做為研究分析之參考依據，其策略有:字面翻譯(Literal translation)、音譯(Transliteration)、自由翻譯(Free translation)以及增補(amplification)、簡化(Simplification)與省略(Omission)策略。如此一來，本研究透過順利歸納文化空缺挑戰的種類、探究用以處理美國版後宮甄嬛傳裡的文化空缺挑戰之相對應翻譯策略，同時也能檢驗文化詞背後的文化意涵能否在目標語中被成功保留、傳達，藉以達成本研究之目的。

關鍵詞:影視翻譯、文化空缺、翻譯策略、後宮甄嬛傳、美國版後宮甄嬛傳

Translation for cultural loaded words has long been an everlasting and well-discussed issue in the study of translation field, not only because it is always challenging for translators to deal with, but also because it is a very critical and necessary procedure for intercultural interaction that aims at conveying upper-class or cultural bound concepts, such as literature translation, interpretation, and audiovisual translation. As Eugene Nida (1964) once suggested that it is impossible for translators to find fully official equivalent translation in their tasks, so it makes sense that there can be no absolute correspondence between two languages, and here, the current study put its focus on the investigation into Chinese-to-English translation of the subtitles in a Chinese historical drama. For the fact that studies toward the translation of Chinese historical is rather rare and new, the present research set its goal in ringing the significance by providing more data analysis and evidence of cultural vacancy solutions.
Empresses in the Palace, originates from the famous Chinese historical drama, Hou gong zhen huan chuan, also known as Legends of Zhen Huan, it is rearranged and cut into six episodes, and then broadcasted on Netflix in the U.S.A. in 2015 with English subtitles. In view of its popularity among the huge audience in Asia and the outstanding telecast rating it has created, the researcher of this present study chose it as the material for investigation, and utilized both the Chinese and English subtitles to do the analysis, aiming at exploring the strategies used by the subtitlers to cope with the idea of cultural vacancy. By applying the suggestions of a thesis submitted to Xuzhou Institute of Technology in 2015, the kinds of cultural barriers are sorted into four categories: Lexical vacancy, False friends, Loss of cultural image, and Loss of associative meaning.
In this present study, back translation is adopted to examine the target texts (English), focusing on three main categories of cultural vacancy cases: Titles of concubines and imperial members, upper-class greetings, and Chinese idioms and phrases. By translating the target language into the source language, it is substantially beneficial for researchers to tell the difference between two languages. In addition, through the procedure of back translation, the researcher is given a clearer image of exploring the strategies of the translators, also the problems hidden behind cultural loaded texts. In this research, the solutions given by Leung’s research (2015) are applied as the reference of analysis in this study; they are Literal translation, Transliteration, Transliteration, Free translation, and Other translation methods (amplification, simplification and omission). In that way, the purpose of the current study is fulfilled by classifying the cultural vacancy barriers, as well as identifying the strategies which were taken to solve them in this historical drama, seeing if the cultural implications are retained and successfully achieved in the target language.

Keywords: audiovisual translation, cultural vacancy, translation strategies, Hou gong zhen huan chuan, Empresses in the Palace

Abstract i
Acknowledgement v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix

Chapter 1 1
Introduction 1
1.1 Research Motivation 1
1.2 Research Background 3
1.3 Research Purposes and Research Questions 4
1.4 Significance of the Study 5

Chapter 2 6
Literature Review 6
2.1 Audiovisual Translation (AVT) 6
2.1.1 Subtitles in Audiovisual Translation 7
2.1.2 Types of Subtitling 8
2.1.3 Constraints of Subtitling Translation 8
2.2 Chinese Historical Dramas 9
2.3 Cultural Vacancy 10
2.3.1 Translation Challenges Aroused by Cultural Vacancy 11
2.3.2 Culture-bound Problems in Translation 13
2.4 Translation Theories and Strategies 14
2.4.1 Formal Equivalence and Dynamic Equivalence in Translation 15
2.4.2 Domestication and Foreignization 17
2.5 Translation Strategies for Cultural Vacancy 18
2.6 Theories and Definition on Back Translation 22

Chapter 3 24
Methodology 24
3.1 Research Design 24
3.2 Research Materials 25
3.3 Data Collection 25
3.3.1 Titles of Concubines and Imperial Members 26
3.3.2 Upper-class Greetings and Culturally-loaded Words 27
3.3.3 Chinese Idioms, Phrases, and Poems 28
3.4 Data Analysis 28
3.5 Examples for Data Analysis 30

Chapter 4 34
Results of the Study 34
4.1 Classification of Data 34
4.2 Classification of Cultural Vacancy Cases 35
4.2.1 Cultural Vacancy Problems for Titles of Concubines and Imperial Members 36
4.2.2 Cultural Vacancy Problems for Upper-class Greetings and Culturally-loaded Words 38
4.2.3 Cultural Vacancy Problems for Chinese Idioms, Phrases and Poems 40
4.3 Classification of Cultural Vacancy Translation Strategies 41
4.3.1 Translation Strategies of Titles of Concubines and Imperial Members 42
4.3.2 Translation Strategies of Upper-class Greetings and Culturally-loaded Words 45
4.3.3 Translation Strategies of Chinese Idioms, Phrases, and Poems 53

Chapter 5 60
Discussion and Conclusion 60
5.1 Summary of the Research Findings 60
5.2 Limitations of the Study 65
5.3 Suggestions for Future Research 67

References 68

Appendixes 72
Appendix A 72
Appendix B 81

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