臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究之目的乃在從團員的角度，探討GPT中具備玩興特質的領隊，是否更能讓遊客感受到較佳之參團樂趣？採用問卷調查412位參團團員，運用結構方程式進行假設驗證。研究結果顯示，當團員知覺領隊玩興愈明顯時，在參團過程中愈容易獲得樂趣知覺。在領隊玩興與團員樂趣各構面間關係顯示，領隊玩興中的「遊興帶領」、「樂在領團」、「領團創造力」與「領團熱忱」四構面，皆與樂趣中之「心理趣味」構面有顯著地關聯性。在團員樂趣知覺的「社交活力」構面，會明顯感受到領隊玩興的「遊興帶領」、「樂在領團」與「領團熱忱」三構面的影響；領隊玩興中的「領團創造力」構面與「心理趣味」、「情緒激發」之樂趣二構面有明顯關聯性；領隊玩興中的「領團熱忱」構面與「社交活力」、「心理趣味」、「心流」之樂趣三構面均有明顯關聯性。最後依據研究結果提出若干實務管理意涵，作為旅行社與領隊領團上之參考。

The purpose of this study is from the tour members point of view. Explore the package tour, if the tour leader with playfulness trait, it will be better for tour members to feel fun. The questionnaires were distributed to 412 tour members. Using structural equation modeling for hypothesis verification. The findings of the study revealed that more obvious tourists perceived tour leader playfulness, much easier to get fun on tour duration. The relationship between each dimensions of tour leader playfulness and tour member fun pointed out that four dimensions of tour leader playfulness including “playful guiding”, “enthusiastic guiding”, “creative guiding”, and “engagement guiding”, all significantly effect on “psychological zest” in fun. The dimension “social vigor” in tour member fun significantly effects on three dimensions “playful guiding”, “engagement guiding”, and “enthusiastic guiding” in tour leader playfulness. Furthermore, there is high correlation between “creative guiding” in tour leader playfulness and two dimensions “psychological zest” and “emotional spark” in fun. And “enthusiastic guiding” in tour leader playfulness highly connected to three dimensions “social vigor”, “psychological zest”, and “flow” in fun. As the result, this study proposed several management suggestions for travel agency and tour leader.

論文摘要： I
Abstract II
第一章 緒論 2
第一節 研究背景與動機 2
第二節 研究問題與目的 4
第三節 研究內容及流程 6
第二章 文獻回顧與假設建立 9
第一節 領隊人員 9
一、領隊人員之意涵 9
二、領隊人員之功能與角色 10
第二節 玩興 12
一、玩興之概念與定義 12
二、玩興之種類 15
三、玩興之衡量 16
四、玩興之研究回顧 20
第三節 樂趣 21
ㄧ、樂趣概念與定義 21
二、樂趣之衡量 23
三、樂趣之研究回顧 26
第四節 玩興與樂趣之關係 27
第三章 研究設計 30
第一節 研究架構 30
第二節 研究變數之操作型定義 31
第三節 問卷設計 32
一、玩興量表 32
二、樂趣量表 37
三、基本資料 39
第四節 資料蒐集方法 32
第五節 資料分析方法 39
一、敘述性統計分析 39
二、信度分析 40
三、驗證性因素分析 40
四、結構方程模型分析 40
第四章 研究結果與分析 42
第一節 描述性統計分析 42
一、 人口統計變項 42
二、 研究變數描述性統計分析 44
第二節 信效度分析 47
第三節 多元常態性假設檢定 48
第四節 研究變項之驗證性因素分析 49
第五節 整體模型分析 55
一、 整體模式說明 56
二、 整體模式配適度檢定 56
三、 模式參數估計值 58
四、 假說關係驗證 60
第五章 結論與建議 63
第一節 研究結論 64
第二節 理論意涵 65
第三節 管理意涵 66
第四節 研究限制與未來建議 67
參考文獻 68
附錄一：調查問卷 87

參考文獻
中文部分
交通部觀光局(2018)，2017年歷年來臺旅客統計，http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/statistics/year.aspx?no=134
王耀聰. (2005). 男, 女田徑選手知覺教練領導行為與運動樂趣來源之相關研究.大專體育學刊,7(3), 127-140.
余嬪, 吳靜吉, 林偉文, & 楊潔欣. (2003). 成人玩興量表與組織玩興氣氛量表之發展.測驗學刊,50(1), 73-110.
陳寬裕, 王正華, & 工業管理. (2010). 論文統計分析實務: SPSS 與 AMOS 的運用. 五南.
英文部分
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological bulletin, 103(3), 411.
Agrusa, J. (1994). Group tours in Hawaii. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(1),146-147.
Ahn, T., Ryu, S., & Han, I. (2007). The impact of Web quality and playfulness on user acceptance of online retailing. Information & management, 44(3), 263-275.
Ap, J., & Wong, K. K. F. (2001). Case study on tour guiding： professionalism, issues and problems. Tourism Management, 22(5), 551–563.
Athey, I. (1984). Contributions of play to development. Child's play： Developmental and applied, 9-28.
Babin, B. J., Darden, W. R., & Griffen, M. (1994). Work and/or fun： Measuring hedonic and utilitarian shopping value. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(March), 644–656.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 16(1), 74-94.
Baptiste, N. R. (2009). Fun and well-being： Insights from senior managers in a local authority. Employee Relations, 31, 600– 612.
Barnett, L. A. (1990) Playfulness： Definition, design, and measurement, Play & Culture, 3, 319–336.
Barnett, L. A. (1991). Characterizing playfulness： Correlates with individual attributes and personality traits. Play & Culture, 4(4), 371–393.
Barnett, L. A. (1998). The adaptive powers of being playful. Play and culture studies,1, 97-119.
Barnett, L. A. (2007). The nature of playfulness in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(4), 949–958.
Barnett, L. A. (2011a). How do playful people play? Gendered and racial leisure perspectives, motives, and preferences of college students. Leisure Sciences, 33(5), 382–401.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological bulletin, 107(2), 238.
Berk, L. E., Mann, T. D., & Ogan, A. T. (2006). Make-believe play： Wellspring for development of self-regulation. Play= learning： How play motivates and enhances children’s cognitive and social-emotional growth, 74-100.
Bollen, K. A. (1990). Overall fit in covariance structure models: Two types of sample size effects. Psychological bulletin, 107(2), 256.
Bowie, D., & Chang, J. C. (2005). Tourist satisfaction： A view from a mixed international guided package tour. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11(4), 303–322.
Boyer, W. A. R. (1997). Enhancing playfulness with sensorial stimulation. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 12, 78-87.
Bundy, A. (1997). Play and playfulness: What to look for. Play in occupational therapy for children, 52-66.
Campion, M., & Levita, L. (2014). Enhancing positive affect and divergent thinking abilities： Play some music and dance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(2), 137–145.
Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment： The BIS/BAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319–333.
Cattell, R. B. (1979) Personality and Learning Theory： The Structure of Personality in its Environment (vol. 1). New York： Springer
Chan, A., Hsu, C. H., & Baum, T. (2015). The impact of tour service performance on tourist satisfaction and behavioral intentions： A study of Chinese tourists in Hong Kong. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 32(1-2), 18-33.
Chang, J. C. (2009). Taiwanese tourists' perceptions of service quality on outbound guided package tours： A qualitative examination of the SERVQUAL dimensions. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 15(2), 165-178.
Chang, K. C. (2014). Examining the effect of tour guide performance, tourist trust, tourist satisfaction, and flow experience on tourists' shopping behavior.Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,19(2), 219-247.
Cheng, J. C., Chen, C. Y., Yen, C. H., & Teng, H. Y. (2017). Building customer satisfaction with tour leaders： The roles of customer trust, justice perception, and cooperation in group package tours. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,22(4), 395-407.
Cheng, T., Chen, M., & Hong, C. (2015). Fun in work： Tour guides' playfulness. In The 5th Advances in Hospitality & Tourism Marketing and Management (AHTMM) Conference, Beppu, Japan, 18-21 June 2015 (pp. 295-299). Washington State University.
Churchill Jr GA. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. J Mark Res 1979;16:64–73
Chiang, C. Y., & Chen, W. C. (2014). The impression management techniques of tour leaders in group package tour service encounters. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31(6), 747-762.
Cohen, E. (1985). The tourist guide ： The origins, structure and dynamics of a role. Annals of Tourism Research, 12(1), 5-29.

Cohen, E. H. (2011). Educational dark tourism at an in populo site： The Holocaust Museum in Jerusalem. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(1), 193–209.
Collins, V. R. (2000). Becoming a tour guide： Principles of guiding and site interpretation. Cengage Learning EMEA.
Costa, P. T., Jr, & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 13(6), 653–665.
Crick-Furman, D., & Prentice, R. (2000). Modeling tourists’ multiple values. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(1), 69-92.
De Grazia, S. (1964). Of time, work, and leisure. Anchor Books.
DeVellis, R.F. (1991) Scale Development. Theory and Applications. Sage, Newbury Park.
DeVellis, R. F. (2012). Scale development： Theory and Applications. Sage publications.
Doll, W. J., Xia, W., & Torkzadeh, G. (1994). A confirmatory factor analysis of the end-user computing satisfaction instrument. MIS quarterly, 453-461.
Ducoffe, R. H. (1996). Advertising value and advertising on the web. Journal of advertising research, 36(5), 21-21.
Ferguson, H. 1990. The science and pleasure, cosmos and psyche in the bourgeois world view. London： Routledge.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of marketing research, 382-388.
Fleming, P. (2005). Workers’ playtime? Boundaries and cynicism in a “culture of fun” program. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 41, 285–303.
Fluegge, E. R. (2008). Who put the fun in functional? Fun at work and its effects on job performance. University of Florida.
Fodness,D. (1994). Measuring tourist motivation. Annals of Tourism Researc 21(3),555-58 1.
Ford, R.C., McLaughlin, F.S. and Newstrom, J.W. (2003), “Questions and answers about fun at work”, Human Resource Planning, Vol. 26 No. 4, pp. 18-33.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of marketing research, 382-388.
Garn, A. C., & Cothran, D. J. (2006). The fun factor in physical education. Journal of teaching in physical education, 25(3), 281-297.
Glynn, M. A., & Webster, J. (1992). The adult playfulness scale： An initial assessment. Psychological reports, 71(1), 83-103.
Gordon, G. (2014). Well played： The origins and future of playfulness. American Journal of Play, 6(2), 234–266.
Griffin, M., Babin, B. J., & Modianos, D. (2000). Shopping values of Russian consumers： The impact of habituation in a developing economy. Journal of Retailing, 76(1), 33-52.
Guitard, P., Ferland, F., & Dutil, E. (2005). Toward a better understanding of playfulness in adults. OTJR：Occupation, Participation and Health, 25(1), 9–22.

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 207-219). Upper Saddle River, NJ： Prentice hall.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis 6th ed. Uppersaddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Harper, W. 1986. Freedom in the experience of leisure. Leisure Sciences 4(2)： 112-126.
Hayduk, L. A. (1987). Structural equation modeling with LISREL: Essentials and advances. Jhu Press.
Hemsath, D., & Yerkes, L. (1997). 301 ways to have fun at work. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Henry, J. W., & Stone, R. W. (1994). A structural equation model of end-user satisfaction with a computer-based medical information system. Information Resources Management Journal (IRMJ), 7(3), 21-33.
Heung, V. C. S. (2008). Effects of tour leader's service quality on agency's reputation and customers' word-of-mouth. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 14(4), 305-315.
Hinkin, T. R., Tracey, J. B., & Enz, C. A. (1997). Scale construction: Developing reliable and valid measurement instruments. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 21(1), 100-120.
Holbrook, M. B., & Hirschman, E. C. (1982). The experiential aspects of consumption： Consumer fantasies, feelings, and fun. Journal of Consumer Research, 9(2), 132-140.
Holloway, J. C. (1981). The guided tour a sociological approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 8(3), 377-402.
Howard, D. R., & Madrigal, R. (1990). Who makes the decision： The parent or the child? The perceived influence of parents and children on the purchase of recreation services. Journal of Leisure Research, 22(3), 244-258.
Howard, J., Smith, B., & Thwaites, R. (2001). Investigating the role of the indigenous tour guide. Journal of Tourism Studies, 12(2), 32.
Hsu, C. L., Chang, K. C., & Chen, M. C. (2012). The impact of website quality on customer satisfaction and purchase intention： Perceived playfulness and perceived flow as mediators. Information Systems and E-Business Management,10(4), 549-570.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55.
Huang, S. S., Weiler, B., & Assaker, G. (2015). Effects of interpretive guiding outcomes on tourist satisfaction and behavioral intention. Journal of Travel Research, 54(3), 344-358.
Huang, S., Hsu, C. H., & Chan, A. (2010). Tour guide performance and tourist satisfaction： A study of the package tours in Shanghai. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 34(1), 3-33.
Hyers, Conrad (1991), “Education as Play,” in Adult Play： A Reversal Theory Approach, John H. Kerr and Michael J. Apter, eds., Amsterdam： Swets & Zeitlinger, 131–140.
Izard, C. E. (1991). The Psychology of Emotions. Springer Science & Business Media.
Johnson, M. D., & Nilsson, L. (2003). The importance of reliability and customization from goods to services. Quality Management Journal, 10(1), 8-19.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1996). PRELIS 2 user's reference guide: A program for multivariate data screening and data summarization: A preprocessor for LISREL. Scientific Software International.
Kang, M., & Gretzel, U. (2012). Effects of podcast tours on tourist experiences in a national park. Tourism Management, 33(2), 440-455.
Karl, K. A., Peluchette, J. V., & Hall, L. M. (2008). Give them something to smile about： A marketing strategy for recruiting and retaining volunteers. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 20(1), 71-96.
Karl, K. A., Peluchette, J. V., & Harland, L. (2007). Is fun for everyone. Personality differences.
Karl, K. A., Peluchette, J. V., & Harland, L. (2007). Is fun for everyone? Personality differences in healthcare providers'attitudes toward fun. Journal of health and human services administration, 409-447.
Kelly, J. (1987) Freedom to Be. A New Sociology of Leisure, Macmillan, New York.
Kheiry, B., & Alirezapour, M. (2012). The effect of satisfaction, trust and switching barriers service provider on customer loyalty (Mobile phone users of Iran cell campany In Iran). Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(12), 52–60.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Convergence of structural equation modeling and multilevel modeling. na.
Koufaris, M., 2002. Applying the technology acceptance model and flow theory to online consumer behavior. Information Systems Research 13(2), 205–223.
Kuo, N. T., Chang, K. C., Cheng, Y. S., & Lin, J. C. (2016). Effects of tour guide interpretation and tourist satisfaction on destination loyalty in Taiwan’s Kinmen Battlefield Tourism： Perceived playfulness and perceived flow as moderators.Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing,33(sup1), 103-122.
Lamm, E., & Meeks, M. D. (2009). Workplace fun： The moderating effects of generational differences. Employee relations, 31(6), 613-631.
Leclerc, D., & Martin, J. N. (2004). Tour guide communication competence： French, German and American tourists' perceptions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28(3), 181-200.
Lieberman, J. N. (1965). Playfulness and Divergent Thinking： An Investigation of their Relationship at the Kindergarten Level. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 107(2), 219–224.
Lieberman, J. N. (2014). Playfulness： Its relationship to imagination and creativity. Academic Press.
Lin, C. S., Wu, S., & Tsai, R. J. (2005). Integrating perceived playfulness into expectation-confirmation model for web portal context. Information & Management, 42(5), 683–693.
Lin, L. H., Lin, W. H. E., Wu, C. Y., & Ho, Y. L. (2014). Creativity, And Innovation At Workplace： The Moderating Role Of Playfulness Climate. International Journal of Art Humanity Science.
Lin, Y. C., Lin, M. L., & Chen, Y. C. (2017). How Tour Guides’ Professional Competencies Influence on Service Quality of Tour Guiding and Tourist Satisfaction： An Exploratory Research. International Journal of Human Resource Studies,7(1), 1-19.
Lundin, S. (2001). Go fish. Training and Development, 55(8), 70-73.
Luoh, H. F., & Tsaur, S. H. (2014). The effects of age stereotypes on tour leader roles.Journal of Travel Research,53(1), 111-123.
Ma, J., Campos, A. C., Li, S., Gardiner, S., & Scott, N. (2016). Attention, emotion and hedonic service experiences： Managing and delivering services in the Asian Century. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 8(1), 53-60.
Mancini, M. (2001). Conducting tours (3rd ed). USA:Delmar Thomson Learning.
MacCallum, R. C., & Hong, S. (1997). Power analysis in covariance structure modeling using GFI and AGFI. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 32(2), 193-210.
McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M. H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological methods, 7(1), 64.
Mardia, K. V., & Foster, K. (1983). Omnibus tests of multinormality based on skewness and kurtosis. Communications in Statistics-theory and methods, 12(2), 207-221.
Martin, B. (2011). On being a happy academic.
Mauss, I. B., Shallcross, A. J., Troy, A. S., John, O. P., Ferrer, E., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Don’t hide your happiness! Positive emotion dissociation, social connectedness, and psychological functioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 738–748.
McDowell, T. (2004). Fun at work： Scale development, confirmatory factor analysis, and links to organizational outcomes.
McCarthy, P. J., & Jones, M. V. (2007). A qualitative study of sport enjoyment in the sampling years. The sport psychologist, 21(4), 400-416.
Metalka, C. J. (1990). The Dictionary of hospitality, travel and tourism. (3rd ed.). New York： Delmar Publishers.
Min, J. C. (2012). A short-form measure for assessment of emotional intelligence for tour guides： Development and evaluation. Tourism Management, 33(1), 155-167.
Moon, J.-W., & Kim, Y.-G. (2001). Extending the TAM for a World-Wide-Web context. Information & Management, 38(4), 217–230.
Mossberg, L. L. (1995). Tour leaders and their importance in charter tours. Tourism Management, 16(6), 437-445.
Mulaik, S. A., James, L. R., Van Alstine, J., Bennett, N., Lind, S., & Stilwell, C. D. (1989). Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Psychological bulletin, 105(3), 430.
Oh, H., Fiore, A. M., & Jeoung, M. (2007). Measuring experience economy concepts： Tourism applications. Journal of travel research, 46(2), 119-132.
Oh, H., Jeong, M., & Baloglu, S. (2013). Tourists' adoption of self-service technologies at resort hotels. Journal of Business Research, 66(6), 692-699.
Partridge, E. D., & Mooney, C. M. (1941). Time out for living.
Pearce, P. L. (2009). Now that is funny： Humour in tourism settings. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(4), 627-644.
Peluchette, J., & Karl, K. A. (2005). Attitudes toward incorporating fun into the health care workplace. The health care manager, 24(3), 268-275.
Perry, M., & Rachovides, D. (2007). Entertaining situated messaging at home. Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 16(2), 99-128.
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues： A handbook and classification. Oxford： Oxford University Press.

Plester, B., & Hutchison, A. (2016). Fun times： The relationship between fun and workplace engagement. Employee Relations, 38(3), 332-350.
Podilchak, W. (1991). Distinctions of fun, enjoyment and leisure. Leisure Studies, 10(2), 133-148.
Poris, M. (2006). Understanding what fun means to today’s kids. Young Consumers, 7(1), 14-22.
Poynter, J. M. (1993). Tour design, marketing, and management. Regents/Prentice Hall.
Prebensen, N. K. & Foss, L. (2011). Coping and co-creating in tourist experiences. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13(1), 54-67.
Proyer, R. T. (2012). A psycho-linguistic study on adult playfulness： Its hierarchical structure and theoretical considerations. Journal of Adult Development, 19(3), 141-149.
Proyer, R. T. (2012a). A psycho-linguistic study on adult playfulness： Its hierarchical structure and theoretical considerations. Journal of Adult Development, 12, 141–149.
Proyer, R. T. (2013). The well-being of playful adults： Adult playfulness, subjective well-being, physical well-being, and the pursuit of enjoyable activities. European Journal of Humour Research, 1, 84–98.
Proyer, R. T. (2014). Playfulness over the lifespan and its relation to happiness. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 47(6), 508-512.
Proyer, R. T. (2017). A new structural model for the study of adult playfulness： Assessment and exploration of an understudied individual differences variable. Personality and Individual Differences, 108, 113-122.
Proyer, R. T., & Jehle, N. (2013). The basic components of adult playfulness and their relation with personality： The hierarchical factor structure of seventeen instruments. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 811–816.
Pugh, S. D. (2001). Service with a smile： Emotional contagion in the service encounter. Academy of management journal, 44(5), 1018-1027.
Qian, X. L., & Yarnal, C. (2011). The role of playfulness in the leisure stress-coping process among emerging adults： An SEM analysis. Leisure/Loisir,35(2), 191-209.
Quiroga, I. (1990). Characteristics of package tours in Europe. Annals of tourism research, 17(2), 185-207.
Rokeach, Milton. 1973. The Nature of Human Values. New York： Free Press.
Scanlan, T. K., & Lewthwaite, R. (1986). Social psychological aspects of competition for male youth sport participants： IV. Predictors of enjoyment. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8(1), 25–35.
Scarpi, D., Pizzi, G., & Visentin, M. (2014). Shopping for fun or shopping to buy： Is it different online and offline?. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 21(3), 258-267.
Schaefer, C., & Greenberg, R. (1997). Measurement of playfulness： A neglected therapist variable. International Journal of Play Therapy, 6(2), 21.
Schmidt, C. J. (1979). The guided tour: Insulated adventure. Urban Life, 7(4), 441–467.
Shen, X. S., Chick, G., & Zinn, H. (2014). Playfulness in Adulthood as a Personality Trait： A Reconceptualization and a New Measurement. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(1).
Simoni, V. (2014). From tourist to person： The value of intimacy in touristic Cuba. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 12(3), 280–292.
Singer, D. L., & Rummo, J. (1973). Ideational creativity and behavioral style in kindergarten-age children.Developmental psychology,8(2), 154.
Singer, J. L., & Singer, D. G. (1998). Barney & Friends as entertainment and education： Evaluating the quality and effectiveness of a television series for preschool children.
Son, J. S., Kerstetter, D. L., Yarnal, C. M., & Baker, B. L. (2007). Promoting older women’s health and well-being through social leisure environments： What we have learned from the Red Hat society. Journal of Women and Aging, 19(3–4), 89–104.
Sörensson, E. (2012). Providing fun in the ‘world of tourism’： Servicing backpackers in Indonesia. Gender, Place & Culture, 19(5), 670-685.
Staempfli, M. B. (2007). Adolescent playfulness, stress perception, coping and well being. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(3), 393-412.
Starbuck, W. H., & Webster, J. (1991). When is play productive? Accounting, Management and Information Technologies, 1(1), 71–90.
Stern, G., & Borcia, Y. (1999). Motivation strategy. Executive Excellence, 16(7), 17-18.
Supaporn, S., & Griffi n, L. L. (1998). Undergraduate students report their meaning and experiences of having fun in physical education. Physical Educator, 55, 57-70.
Sutton-Smith, Brian (1977), “Toward an Anthropology of Play,” in Studies in the Anthropology of Play, Phillips Stevens, Jr., ed., West Point, NY： Leisure Press, 305–321.
Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Osterlind, S. J. (2001). Using multivariate statistics Google Scholar.
Tasci, A. D., & Ko, Y. J. (2016). A fun-scale for understanding the hedonic value of a product： The destination context. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(2), 162-183.
Tews, M. J., Michel, J. W., & Allen, D. G. (2014). Fun and friends： The impact of workplace fun and constituent attachment on turnover in a hospitality context. human relations, 67(8), 923-946.
Tews, M. J., Michel, J. W., & Bartlett, A. (2012). The Fun damental Role of Workplace Fun in Applicant Attraction. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 19(1), 105-114.
Tews, M. J., Michel, J. W., & Noe, R. A. (2017). Does fun promote learning? The relationship between fun in the workplace and informal learning. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 98, 46-55.
Tews, M. J., Michel, J. W., & Stafford, K. (2013). Does fun pay? The impact of workplace fun on employee turnover and performance. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 54(4), 370-382.
Tsaur, S. H., & Lin, W. R. (2014). Selection criteria of an overseas travel intermediary for group package tours： Application of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 38(3), 283–303.
Tsaur, S. H., & Teng, H. Y. (2017). Exploring tour guiding styles： The perspective of tour leader roles.Tourism Management,59, 438-448.
Wang, K. C., Hsieh, A. T., & Chen, W. Y. (2002). Is the tour leader an effective endorser for group package tour brochures?. Tourism Management, 23(5), 489-498.
Wang, K. C., Hsieh, A. T., & Huan, T. C. (2000). Critical service features in group package tour： An exploratory research. Tourism Management,21(2), 177-189.
Wang, K. C., Hsieh, A. T., Chou, S. H., & Lin, Y. S. (2007). GPTCCC： An instrument for measuring group package tour service. Tourism Management, 28(2), 361-376.
Wang, K. C., Ma, A. P., Hsu, M. T., Jao, P. C., & Lin, C. W. (2013). Seniors' perceptions of service features on outbound group package tours. Journal of Business Research, 66(8), 1021-1027.
Webster, J., & Martocchoio, J. J. (1992). Microcomputer playfulness： Development of a measure with workplace implications. MIS quarterly, 201-226.
Weiler, B., & Black, R. (2014). Tour guiding research： Insights, issues and implications (Vol. 62). Channel View Publications.
Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. F. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological methodology, 8, 84-136.
Williams, L. J., & Hazer, J. T. (1986). Antecedents and consequences of satisfaction and commitment in turnover models: A reanalysis using latent variable structural equation methods. Journal of applied psychology, 71(2), 219.
Wolfinbarger, M., & Gilly, M. (2014). Shopping online for freedom, control and fun.Retrieved_from_http：//j.pelet.free.fr/publications/comparaison_brick_%26_mortar_ecommerce/Shopping_online_for_freedom_control_and_fun_WOLFINBARGER.pdf
Wong, C. K. S., & Kwong, W. Y. Y. (2004). Outbound tourists’ selection criteria for choosing all-inclusive package tours. Tourism management, 25(5), 581-592.
Wong, J. Y., & Lee, W. H. (2012). Leadership through service： An exploratory study of the leadership styles of tour leaders. Tourism Management, 33(5), 1112-1121.
Wong, J.-Y., & Wang, C.-H. (2009). Emotional labor of the tour leaders： An exploratory study. Tourism Management, 30(2), 249-259.
Woszczynski, A. B., Roth, P. L., & Segars, A. H. (2002). Exploring the theoretical foundations of playfulness in computer interactions. Computers in Human Behavior, 18(4), 369-388.
Yan, L., & Ho, H. K. (2017). Impression management of tour leaders. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(4), 422-435.
Yerkes, L. (2007). Fun works： Creating places where people love to work. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Yu, P., Wu, G. G., Lin, W. W., & Young, G. S. (2003). The development of adult playfulness scale and organizational playfulness climate questionnaire. Psychological Testing of Chinese Association of Psychological Testing, 50, 73-110.
Yu, P., Wu, J. J., Chen, I. H., & Lin, Y. T. (2007). Is playfulness a benefit to work? Empirical evidence of professionals in Taiwan. International Journal of Technology Management, 39(3/4), 412-429.