跳到主要內容

臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

(44.211.24.175) 您好!臺灣時間:2024/11/05 18:04
字體大小: 字級放大   字級縮小   預設字形  
回查詢結果 :::

詳目顯示

我願授權國圖
: 
twitterline
研究生:黃俞臻
研究生(外文):Huang, Yu-Chen
論文名稱:應用國產禾豆混合芻料於肉用山羊生產之研究
論文名稱(外文):Study of domestic grass-legume mixture forage application on meat goat production
指導教授:吳錫勳吳錫勳引用關係
指導教授(外文):Wu, Hsi-Hsun
口試委員:邱文石陳嘉昇吳建平余祺
口試委員(外文):Chiou, Peter Wen-ShygChen, Chia-ShengWu, Chean-PingYu, Chi
口試日期:2018-07-13
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立屏東科技大學
系所名稱:動物科學與畜產系所
學門:農業科學學門
學類:畜牧學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2018
畢業學年度:106
語文別:中文
論文頁數:72
中文關鍵詞:乾草半乾青貯肉羊
外文關鍵詞:hayhaylagemeat goat
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:1
  • 點閱點閱:210
  • 評分評分:
  • 下載下載:0
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:0
熱帶與亞熱帶之肉用反芻動物飼養大多利用在地生產之牧草及農作物之副產物以降低飼養成本,然而,這些草料含有較低之粗蛋白(crude protein, CP)與較高之粗纖維,通常消化率也較低。利用國產芻料之小農最常面臨之問題為冬季生產不足而春夏盛產季節又因為多雨而無法在適割期調製乾草,青貯或半乾青貯調製方法可以克服此氣候因素,讓盛產期牧草適當保存到冬季使用,穩定全年之供應。盤固草為常見之熱帶牧草,惟其粗蛋白質含量不及豆科牧草,如於盤固草地混合豆科牧草,不僅可提高收穫之牧草品質,也可利用豆科植物之固氮作用減少氮肥之施用。透過適當時期之收穫並妥善保存,具穩定國產牧草供應及降低反芻動物飼養成本之潛力。故本報告旨在探討,應用國產芻料於肉用山羊之可行性。本試驗使用27頭4月齡之努比亞(Nubian)與波爾(Boer)雜交之女羊隨機分配至餵以不同芻料的3個組別,分別為:對照組(進口百慕達草稈與苜蓿粒)、盤固草與苜蓿混合之半乾青貯(haylage)組、盤固草與苜蓿混合之乾草(hay)組,進行10週之生長試驗(第1週為適應期),羊隻於試驗期間每兩週秤重一次,每日記錄採食量。結果顯示,國產之禾豆混合草之芻料品質優於進口之百慕達草稈,依體外發酵產氣動力學試驗顯示,其調配之飼糧不可溶潛在可降解量與累積氣體量皆高於百慕達草稈搭配苜蓿粒之飼糧。生長期羊隻餵以國產之禾豆混合半乾青貯草與乾草,其最終體重、總增重、平均日增重及總乾物質採食量均顯著高於對照組,且本試驗中以國產盤固草與苜蓿混合乾草之飼料成本為最低。綜上所述,國產之盤固草與苜蓿混合草具有取代進口之百慕達草稈與苜蓿粒餵飼生長期羊隻之潛力,不僅可提高其生長性能,且可降低飼養成本。
Most of meat ruminant livestock in tropics and sub-tropics utilizes locally produced by-products of pasture and crops to reduce feeding costs. However, these feed resources contain lower crude protein (CP) and higher fiber which is usually accompany with lower digestibility. The smallholders feeding domestic forages usually face problems of producing shortage in winter and unavailability of drying abounding hay during rainy season in spring and summer. Therefore, to overcome this problem and maintain adequate feed supply was to conserve hay into silage or haylage until winter to stabilize the supply throughout the year. Pangola grass is a popular tropical forage, but with lower content of CP than legume forage. Thus, we planted Pangola with legume forage; not only to improve the quality of forage, but also utilized the characteristics of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legume to reduce the usage of nitrogen fertilizers. Coupled with proper harvesting period and storage, it showed the potential of stabilizing supply of domestic forage and decreasing the feeding cost of ruminants. As a result, the study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of applying domestic grass-legume mixture forage on meat goat production. Twenty-seven 4-month old Nubian cross Boer female goats were randomly divided into three groups. Goats in each group were assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments fed with different forage (control: Bermuda straw and alfalfa pellet, Pangola-alfalfa mixture haylage, and Pangola-alfalfa mixture hay). The experiment lasted for 10 weeks, first week for adaptation. Feed intake was recorded daily, body weight was meseared every two weeks throughout the experiment. The results showed that the quality of domestic grass-legume mixture was better than import Bermuda straw. According to in vitro gas production kinetics, the insoluble potential degradable fraction and cumulated gas production volume of the grass-legume mixture diet were greater than the diet of Bermuda straw and alfalfa pellet. Both of the treatments were significantly higher than control group on final body weight, total weight gain, average daily gain and total dry matter intake. In conclusion, domestic pangola-alfalfa mixture grass showed potential to replace import Bermuda straw and alfalfa pellet for feeding growing goats, not only increase growth performance but also decrease the feeding cost.
摘要 I
Abstract II
謝誌 IV
圖表目錄 VII
壹、 前言 1
貳、 文獻回顧 2
一、本土芻料時代來臨 2
(一) 全球氣候變遷 2
(二) 人口增加與資源枯竭之挑戰 2
(三)進口牧草產量大減與價格暴漲 3
二、 農業汙染、氮肥利用、植物固氮作用 4
(一) 農業環境汙染 4
(二) 根瘤菌與豆科植物之共生關係 4
三、國內芻料生產及利用情況 6
(一) 台灣常用禾本科與豆科牧草 7
(二) 國產芻料品質與利用技術之改善 10
(三) 影響牧草品質因素 10
(四) 牧草適口性對反芻動物攝食量之影響 13
(五) 禾豆混合乾草優勢 16
四、台灣羊隻飼養模式 18
(一) 禾豆混合草對羊生長性能之影響 18
(二) 禾豆混合草對羊體內消化率及體外產氣量之影響 19
參、 材料與方法 25
一、試驗動物 25
二、試驗飼糧與試驗設計 25
三、疫苗計畫 25
四、測定項目與分析方法 25
(一)試驗飼糧採樣: 25
(二)一般化學組成分分析: 26
五、體外瘤胃消化試驗 34
(一) 體外乾物質消化率(in vitro dry matter digestibility, IVDMD) 34
(二) 體外氣體生成系統(in vitro gas production system technique, IVGPT) 36
六、資料分析與統計 40
肆、 結果與討論 42
一、不同芻料品質評估、體外消化率及發酵產氣動力學之影響 42
二、不同芻料對山羊生長性能及血液生化值之影響 48
伍、 結論 55
陸、 參考文獻 56
作者簡介 72
卜瑞雄。1996。土壤水分含量對盤固草產量與成分之影響。畜產研究29:123–128。
王紓愍、陳嘉昇、游翠凰、劉信宏。2010。豆科牧草與綠肥作物之氮產量與季節性變動。畜產研究43:339–350。
王紓愍、陳嘉昇。2005。青割玉米非結構性泰水化合物含量變化之研究。畜產研究 38(1):1–9。
王紓愍、陳嘉昇。2013。豆科芻料的供氮能力研究II:豆科植體的土中分解研究。畜產研究46(1):1–10。
王紓愍、陳嘉昇。2015。不同禾豆科組合之青貯料品質及營養成分。畜產研究 48(2):100-106。
白火城、黃森源、林仁壽編譯。1996。家畜臨床血液生化學。立宇出版社,台南市。
成游貴。1984。苜蓿之生產與結實性狀之研究。臺灣農業47–52。
行政院農業委員會。2017。主要禽畜產品生產成本與收益分析(105年)。行政院農業委員會,臺北。
行政院農業委員會。2017。農業統計年報(105年)。行政院農業委員會,臺北。
呂禮佳。2012。推動國產芻料作物契作之成果。農政與農情238:56-58。
李宜欣。2015。不同處理之青貯稻稈對羊隻原位降解率、體外氣體生成、羊隻生長性狀及血液參數之影響。碩士論文。國立嘉義大學。嘉義。
李春芳、陳吉斌。1999。盤固草與百慕達草對荷蘭種泌乳牛飼養價值比較。畜產研究32(4):353–364。
沈永紹編著、周世認修訂。2014。獸醫實驗診斷提要,第八版。華香園,臺北市。
林文傑、李蓮生編輯。2014。國際重要農情資訊。農政與農情267:112–118。
金文蔚。1998。本省牧草混植研究。芻料作物研究研討會論文集。畜產試驗所專輯第53號91–102。
洪國源、許福星、張世融。2001。中耕培土及切頭處理對狼尾草生長之影響。畜產研究 34(3):241–249。
胡同嘉、陳嘉昇、王翰聰、陳嫚嫻、徐濟泰。2012。反芻動物替代飼料資源。中畜會誌41(1):33–46。
馬俊賢。2004。人工長光照對乳用山羊繁殖性狀與血液成分之影響。碩士論文。國立中興大學。台中。
梁世祥、朱明宏、蕭振文。2016。臺灣北部地區盤固草地冬季混植禾豆類牧草增產之分析。畜產研究49(4):285–289。
陳嘉昇。2001。談牧草的「品質」、「營養價值」與「攝食量」。畜產專訊38:5–6。
陳嘉昇。2014。迎接國產芻料時代的來臨。第34、39、41–43頁。行政院農業委員會。臺北市。
陳嘉昇、王紓愍、游翠凰、劉信宏。2010a。低投入的有機芻料生產研究-指草屬(Digitaria spp.)與花生屬(Arachis spp.)混植。畜產研究43:167–179。
陳嘉昇、王紓愍、游翠凰、劉信宏。2010b。低投入的有機芻料生產研究-指草屬(Digitaria)牧草與苜蓿(Medicago sativa)混植。畜產研究44:37–50。
陳嘉昇、顏素芬、王紓愍、成游貴。2000。盤固草酸洗纖維、中洗纖維及粗蛋白質含量的預測。畜產研究33(1):25–36。
游翠凰、王紓愍、劉信宏、陳嘉昇。2012。青貯菌劑的篩選及對苜蓿半乾青貯品質的影響。畜產研究45(3):209-216。
童禕珊、張永達責任編輯。2009。固氮作用。科學Online高瞻自然科學教學資源平台。2018年6月5日,取自:http://highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw/wordpress/?p=884
楊秋忠。2016。豆科根瘤菌及其應用(上)。專題討論。農業知識入口網-小知識串成的大力量-農業與生活。2018年6月26日,取自:http://kmweb.coa.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1238023&ctNode=1581&mp=1&kpi=0&rowId=
農委會牧草館。2009。禾本科牧草與豆科牧草有什麼差別?草地郎開講-牧草服務台。2018年4月15日,取自: https://kmweb.coa.gov.tw/subject/ct.asp?xItem=212133&ctNode=6070&mp=322&kpi=0&hashid=
農政與農情。2008。全球環境與農業面臨之挑戰。行政院農業委員會188:67–80。
酪協月刊。2017。牧草行情參考表。物資行情資訊226:7。
蕭素碧、林正斌、金文蔚、陳文、陳玉燕、張溪泉、顏素芬。2002。尼羅草臺畜草一號之育成。畜產研究 35:91-100。
蕭素碧、林正斌、許進德。2003。台灣引進豆科牧草產量與品質之評估。畜產研究36(1):45–52.
蕭素碧。2015。我吃羊 羊吃什麼?國產芻料品種介紹。農業知識入口網-小知識串成的大力量-農業與生活。2018年6月18日,取自: http://kmweb.coa.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1142095&ctNode=1581&mp=1&kpi=0&rowId=&hashid=
賴力瑋。2000。仔羊、懷孕及泌乳母羊之血液成分變化。碩士論文。國立中興大學。台中。
Ajayi, F.T., 2011. Effects of feeding ensiled mixtures of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) with three grain legume plants on digestibility and nitrogen balance of West African Dwarf goats. Livest. Sci. 142: 80–44.
ANKOM, T. 2012. Operator’s manual (for ANKOMRF Gas Production System). ANKOM Technology, Macedon, NY.
ANKOM, T. 2015. Operator’s manual (for ANKOM2000 Fiber Analyzer). ANKOM Technology, Macedon, NY.
AOAC. 1990. Official methods of analysis. 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
Arave, C.W., Temple, W., Kilgour, R., Matthews, L.R., Walters, J.L., 1983. Effect on heifer feeding preference of adding flavor or pelleting a dairy meal. J. Dairy Sci. 66: 107–112.
Archimède, H., M. Eugène, C. Marie Magdeleine, M. Boval, C. Martin, D. P. Morgavi, P. Lecomte, and M. Doreau. 2011. Comparison of methane production between C3 and C4 grasses and legumes. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 166–167: 59–64.
Arnold, G.W., E. S. de Boer, C. A. P. Boundy. 1980. The influence of odour and taste on the food preferences and food intake of sheep. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 31: 571–587.
Assoumaya, C., M. Boval, D. Sauvant, A. Xandé, C. Poncet, and H. Archimède, 2007. Intake and digestive processes in the rumen of rams fed withDigitaria decumbens harvested at four stages of grass regrowth age.Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 20: 925–932.
Bachmanov A. A. and G.K. Beauchamp. 2007. Taste receptor genes. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2: 389–414.
Bai, Y., Wu, J., Clark, C.M., Naeem, S., Pan, Q., Huang, J., Zhang, L., Han, X., 2010. Tradeoffs and thresholds in the effects of nitrogen addition on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: evidence from inner Mongolia Grasslands. Glob. Chang. Biol. 16, 358–372.
Baraza, E., Villalba, J.J., Provenza, F.D., 2005. Nutritional context influences preferences of lambs for foods with plant secondary metabolites. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 92, 293–305.
Barbano MF, Cador M. 2007. Opioids for hedonic experience and dopamine to get ready for it. Psychopharmacology 191:497–506.
Bartolom´e, J., French, J., Plaixats, J., Selegman, N.J., 1998. Diet selection by sheep and goats on Mediterranean heath-woodland range. J. Range Manage. 51, 383–391.
Baumont R, Seguier N, Dulphy JP. 1990.Rumen fill, forage palatability and alimentary behaviour in sheep. J. Agr. Sci. 115:277–84.
Baumont, R., Barlet, A., Jamot, J., 1996. L’effet d’encombrement ruminal des fourrages: sa relation avec l’ingestibilite´ et e´tude de sa pre´vision au laboratoire. Renc. Rech. Ruminants 3: 313–316.
Baumont, R., Dulphy, J.P., Jailler, M., 1997. Dynamic of voluntary intake, feeding behaviour and rumen function in sheep fed three contrasting types of hay. Ann. Zootech. 46, 231–244.
Baumont, R., Prache, S., Meuret, M., Morand-Fehr, P., 2000. How forage characteristics influence behaviour and intake in small ruminants: a review. Livest. Prod. Sci 64, 15–28.
Belesky, D. P., J. M. Fedders, J. M. Ruckle, and K. E. Turner. 2002. Bermudagrass-white clover-bluegrass sward production and botanical dynamics. Agron. J. 94: 575–584.
Belovsky, G.E. 1978. Diet optimization in a generalist herbivore: the moose. Theor. Popul. Biol. 14: 105–134.
Bergero et al., D. Bergero, N. Miraglia, C. Abba, M. Polidori. 2004. Apparent digestibility of Mediterranean forages determined by total collection of faeces and acid-insoluble ash as internal marker. Livest. Prod. Sci., 85: 235-238.
Bergero, D., Peiretti, P.G., 2011. Intake and apparent digestibility of permanent meadow hay and haylage in pones. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 31, 67–71.
Blaser, B. C., J. W. Singer, and L. R. Gibson. 2007. Winter cereal, seeding rate, and intercrop seeding rate effect on red clover yield and quality. Agron. J. 99: 723–729.
Bullock, D.J., 1985. Annual diets of hill sheep and feral goats in southern Scotland. J. Appl. Ecol. 22, 423–433.
Bruning, B. and Rozema, J., 2013. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes: perspectives for saline agriculture. Environ. Exp. Bot. 92: 134–143.
Burrit, E. A. and F. D. Provenza. 1992. Lambs form preferences for non-nutritive flavours paired with glucose. J. Anim. Sci. 70, 1133–1136.
Burritt, E.A., and F. D. Provenza. 2000. Role of toxins in intake of varied diets by sheep. J. Chem. Ecol. 26: 1991–2005.
Canfield, D.E., Glazer, A.N., Falkowski, P.G., 2010. The evolution and future of earth’s nitrogen cycle. Science 330, 192–196.
Carlsson, G and K. Huss-Danell. 2003. Nitrogen fixation in perennial forage legumes in the field. Plant and Soil 253: 353–372.
Catanese, F., Distel, R.A., Fernández, P. & Villalba, J.J. 2016. How the foraging decisions of a small ruminant are influenced by past feeding experiences with low-quality food. Behavioural Processes 126, 12–20.
Ceacero, F., T. Landete-Castillejos, A. J. García, J. A. Estévez, and L. Gallego. 2010. Can Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) discriminate among essential minerals in their diet? Br. J. Nutr. 103: 617–626.
Cheng, K. J., C. S. Stewart, D. Dinsdale, and J. W. Costerton. 1984. Electron microscopy of bacteria involved in the digestion of plant cell walls. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 10:93-120.
Cherney, D. J. R., J. H. Cherney, pand R. F. Lucey. 1993. In vitro digestion kinetics and quality of perennial grasses as influenced by forage maturity. J. Dairy Sci. 76:790–799.
Clark, C.M., Tilman, D., 2008. Loss of plant species after chronic low-level nitrogen deposition to prairie grasslands. Nature 451, 712–715.
Climate ChangeMitigation of Climate Change Summary for Policymakers (2007)、Working Group III Contribution to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Retrieved April 16, 2018. https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4_wg3_full_report.pdf
Coleman et al., S.W. Coleman, S.P. Hart, T. Sahlu. 2003. Relationships among forage chemistry, rumination and retention time with intake and digestibility of hay by goats. Small Rumin. Res., 50: 129-140.
Cone, J. W. and A. H. Van Gelder. 1999. Influence of protein fermentation on gas production profiles. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 76:251–264.
Cooper, S. D. B., I. Kyriazakis, J. V. Nolan. 1995. Diet selection in sheep: the role of the rumen environment in the selection of a diet from two feeds that differ in their energy density. Br. J. Nutr. 74: 39–54.
Dal Pizzol, J. G., H. M. N. Ribeiro-Filho, A. Quereuil, A. Le Morvan, and V. Niderkorn. 2017. Complementarities between grasses and forage legumes from temperate and subtropical areas on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 228: 178–185.
Dawson, T. P., A. H. Perryman, and T. M. Osborne. 2016. Modelling impacts of climate change on global food security. Climatic Change 134(3):429-440.
De Rosa, G., Moio, L., Napolitano, F., Grasso, F., Gubitosi, L., Bordi, A., 2002. Influence of flavor on goat feeding preferences. J. Chem. Ecol. 28: 269–281.
Dinesh, R., S. G. Chaudhuri, T. E. Sheeja1 and K. N. Shiva. 2009. Soil microbial activity and biomass is stimulated by leguminous cover crops. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 172: 288–296.
Distel, R.A., Rodríguez Iglesias, R.M., Arroquy, J., Merino, J., 2007. A note on increased intake in lambs through diversity in food flavor. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 105: 232–237.
Dumont, B., Dutronc, A., Petit, M., 1998. How readily will sheep walk for a preferred forage? J. Anim. Sci. 76: 965–971.
Duncan, A.J., and I. J. Gordon. 1999. Habitat selection according to the ability of animals to eat, digest and detoxify foods. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 58: 799–805.
Emlen, J.M. 1968. Optimal choice in animals. Am. Nat. 102: 385–389.
Evanylo, G., C. Sherony, J. Spargo, D. Starner, M. Brosius, and K. Haering. 2008. Soil and water environmental effects of fertilizer-, manure-, and compost-based fertility practices in an organic vegetable cropping system. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 127: 50–58.
FAO, 2017, The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2017, Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome. Available at http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/en/ (last accessed on 6/18/18).
Filya, I., R. E. Muck and F. E. Contreras-Govea. 2007. Inoculant effects on alfalfa silage: fermentation products and nutritive value. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 5108-5114.
Flores, E.R., Provenza, F.D., Balph, D.F., 1989. Role of experience in the development of foraging skills of lambs browsing the shrub serviceberry. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 23: 271–278.
Fornara, D., Tilman, D., 2008. Plant functional composition influences rates of soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation. J. Ecol. 96, 314–322.
Freidin, E., Catanese, F., Cuello, M.I., Distel, R.A., 2012. Induction of low-nutritious food intake by subsequent nutrient supplementation in sheep (Ovis aries). Animal 6, 1307–1315.
Freidin, E., Catanese, F., Didoné, N., Distel, R.A., 2011. Mechanisms of intake induction of a low-nutritious food in sheep (Ovies aries). Behav. Process. 87,246–252.
Getachew, G., M. Blmmel, H. P. S. Makkar, and K. Becker. 1998. In vitro gas measuring techniques for assessment of nutritional quality of feeds: a review. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 72: 261-281.
Ginane C., R. Baumont, and A. Favreau-Peigné. 2011. Perception and hedonic value of basic tastes in domestic ruminants. Physiology and Behavior 104, 666–674.
Godfray, H. C. J., J. R. Beddington, I. R. Crute, L. Haddad, D. Lawrence, J. F. Muir, J. Pretty, S. Robinson, S. M. Thomas, C. and Toulmin. 2010. Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 327, 812–818.
Goering, H. K. and P. J. Van Soest. 1970, Forage fiber analysis (apparatus, reagents, procedures and some applications), Agricultural Handbook No. 379 ARS-USDA, Washington, DC.
Görgülü, M., H. R. Kutlu, E. Demir, O. Öztürkcan, J. M. Forbes. 1996. Nutritional consequences among ingredients of free-choice feeding Awassi lambs. Small Rumin. Res. 20, 23–29.
Gregory P. H., M. E. Lacry, G. N. Festenstein, F. A. Siner. 1963. Microbial and biochemical changes during the moulding of hay. J Gen Microbiol 33:147–174.
Grenet, E., Demarquilly, C., 1987. Rappels sur la digestion des fourrages dans le rumen (parois) et ses conse´quences. In: Demarquilly, C. (Ed.), Les Fourrages Secs: Re´colte, Traitement, Utilisation, INRA Editions, Paris, pp. 141–162.
Hammond, A. C., W. E. Kunkle, P. C. Genho, S. A. Moore, C. E. Crosby, and K. H. Ramsay. 1994. Use of blood urea nitrogen concentration to determine time and level of protein supplementation in wintering cows. Professional Animal Scientist Journal. 10: 24-31.
Hassen, A., D. G. Talore, E. H. Tesfamariam, M. A. Friend, and T. D. E. Mpanza. 2017. Potential use of forage-legume intercropping technologies to adapt to climate-change impacts on mixed crop-livestock systems in Africa: a review. Reg. Environ. Chang. 73 (10).
Hiltbrunner, J., M. Liedgens, L. Bloch, P. Stamp, and B. Streit. 2007. Legume cover crops as living mulches for winter wheat: Components of biomass and the control of weeds. Eur. J. Agron. 26: 21–29.
Holmquist, S. and C. E. Müller. 2002. Problems related to feeding forages to horses. In: Gechie, L.M., Thomas, C. (Eds.), Proceedings of the XIII International Silage Conference. Auchincruive, Scotland, UK, pp. 152–153.
Huisden, C. M., A. T. Adesogen, S. C. Kim, and T. Ososanya. 2009. Effect ofapplying molasses or inoculants containing homofermentative or het-erofermentative bacteria at two rates on the fermentation and aerobicstability of corn silage. J. Dairy Sci. 92: 690–697.
Ibrahim, M. A. and L. T. Manneje. 1998. Compatibility, persistence and productivity of grass-legume mixtures in the humid tropics of Costa Rica. 1. Dry matter yield, nitrogen yield and botanical composition. Trop. Grasslands. 32:96–104.
Kaneko, J. J., J. W. Harvey and M. L. Bruss. 1997. Clinical biochemistry of XCVII domestic animals. 5th ed. Academic Press. San Diego, London, Boston, New York, Sydney, Tokyo and Toronto.
Kaneko, J. J., J. W. Harvey, and M. L. Bruss. 2008. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 6th ed. Academic Press. N. Y., USA.
Kenney, P. A. and J. L. Black. 1984. Factors affecting diet selection by sheep. I. Potential intake rate and acceptability of feed. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 35: 551–563.
Kyriazakis, I. and J. D. Oldham. 1993. Diet selection in sheep: the ability of growing lambs to select a diet that meets their crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25) requirements. Brit. J. Nutr. 69: 617–629.
Kyriazakis, I., D. H. Anderson, and A. J. Duncan. 1998. Conditioned flavour aversions in sheep: the relationship between the dose rate of a secondary plant compound and the acquisition and persistence of aversions. Br. J. Nutr. 79: 55–62.
Kyriazakis, I., J. D. Oldham, R. L. Coop, and F. J. Jackson. 1994. The effect of subclinical nematode infection on the diet selection of growing sheep. Brit. J. Nutr. 72: 665–677.
Ladha, J. K., D. K. Kundu, M. G. Angelo, M. B. Peoples, V. R. Carangal, and P. J. Dart. 1996. Legume productivity and soil nitrogen dynamics in island rice-based cropping systems. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 60: 183–192.
Li Q., P. J. Yu, G.D. Li, and D.W. Zhou. 2016. Grass-legume ratio can change soil carbon and nitrogen storage in a temperate steppe grassland. Soil Tillage Res. 157:23–31.
Lithourgidis, A. S., D. N. Vlachostergios, C. A. Dordas, and C. A. Damalas. 2011. Dry matter yield, nitrogen content, and competition in pea-cereal intercropping systems. Eur. J. Agron. 34: 287–294.
Lithourgidis, A. S., I. B. Vasilakoglou, K. V. Dhima, C. A. Dordas, and M. D. Yiakoulaki. 2006. Forage yield and quality of common vetch mixtures with oat and triticale in two seeding ratios. Field Crops Res. 99: 106–113.
Lobell, D. B., W. Schlenker, and J. Costa-Roberts. 2011. Climate trends and global crop production since 1980. Sci. 333: 616–620.
Luscher A, I. Mueller-Harvey, J. F. Soussana, R. M. Rees, and J. L. Peyraud. 2014. Potential of legume-based grassland-livestock systems in Europe: a review. Grass Forage Sci. 69: 201–228.
Mabjeesh, S. J., M. Cohen, and A. Arieli. 2000. In vitro methods for measuring the dry matter digestibility of ruminant feedstuffs: comparison of methods and inoculum source. J. Dairy Sci. 83: 2289–2294.
MacArthur, R.H. and E. R. Pianka. 1966. On optimal use of a patchy environment. Am. Nat. 100: 603–609.
Malhia, S. S., M. Nyborgb, and J. T. Harapiak. 1998. Effects of long-term N fertilizer-induced acidification and liming on micronutrients in soil and in bromegrass hay. Soil and Tillage Res. 48: 91–101.
Manaye, T., A. Tolera, and T. Zewdu. 2009. Feed intake, digestibility and body weight gain of sheep fed napier grass mixed with different level of Sesbania sesban. Livest. Sci. 122: 24–29.
Mao, H. L., H. L. Mao, J. K. Wang, J. X. Liu, and I. Yoon. 2013. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on in vitro fermentation and microbial communities of low-quality forages and mixed diets. J. Anim Sci. 91: 3291–3298.
McDonald, P., R. A. Edwards, J. F. D. Greenhalgh, and C. A. Morgan. 2002. Animal Nutrition, sixth ed. Pearson Education Limited, Harlow, UK.
McDougall, E. I. 1948. Studies on ruminant saliva. 1. The composition and output of sheep's saliva. Biochem. J. 43: 99–109.
Menke, K. H., and H. Steingass. 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Feed Sci. Tecnol. 28: 91–97.
Morand-Fehr, P. 2005. Recent developments in goat nutrition and application: A review. Small Rumin. Res. 60: 25–43.
Mortenson, M.C., G. E. Schuman, and L. J. Ingram. 2004. Carbon sequestration in rangelands interseeded with yellow-flowering alfalfa (Medicago sativa ssp. falcata). Environ. Manage. 33: 475–481.
Muck, R. E. 1987. Dry matter level effects on alfalfa silage quality: I. Nitrogen transformations. Trans. ASAE 30: 7–14
Muck, R. E. 1990. Dry matter level effects on alfalfa silage quality. II. Fermentation products and starch hydrolysis. Trans. ASAE 33: 373–381.
Müller, C. E. and P. Udén. 2007. Preference of horses for grass conserved as hay, haylage or silage. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 132: 66–78.
Nakamoto, T. and M. Tsukamoto. 2006. Abundance and activity of soil organisms in fields of maize grown with a white clover living mulch. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 115: 34–42.
Nakhone, L. N. and M. A. Tabatabai. 2008. Nitrogen mineralization of leguminous crops in soils. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 171: 231–241.
NRC. 2007. Nutrient requirements of small ruminants: sheep, goats, cervids, and new world cmelids. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 281–282pp.
O’Reagain, P. J. and E. A. Grau. 1995. Sequence of species selection by cattle and sheep on South African sourveld. J. Range Manage. 48: 314–321.
Olafadehan, O.A., S. A. Okunade, and A. A. Njidda. 2014. Evaluation of bovine rumen contents as a feed for lambs. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 46: 939–945.
Oliveira, B. A. D. de, P. de S. Faria, S. M. Souto, A. M. Carneior, J. Dobereiner and S. Aronovich. 1973. Identification of tropical grasses with the C4 pathway of photosynthesis from leaf anatomy. Peaquisa Agrope Cuaria Brasileira, Agronomia 8(8):267–271.
Ørskov, E. R., and I. McDonald. 1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according rate of passage, J. Agric. Sci. 92: 499–503.
Pande, R. S., P. D. Kemp, and J. Hodgson, 2002. Preference of goats and sheep for browse species under field conditions. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 45: 97–102.
Peoples, M. B., D. F. Herridge, and J. K. Ladha. 1995. Biological nitrogen fixation: An efficient source of nitrogen for sustainable agricultural production? Plant and Soil. 174: 3–28.
Provenza, F. D. 1995. Postingestive feedback as an elementary determinant of food preference and intake in ruminants. J. Range Manage. 48: 2–17.
Provenza, F. D. and D. F. Balph. 1987. Diet learning by domestic ruminants: theory, evidence and practical implications. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 18: 211–232.
Provenza, F. D. and J. C. Malechek. 1984. Diet selection by domestic goats in relation to blackbrush twig chemistry. J. Appl. Ecol. 21:831–841.
Provenza, F. D. and R. P. Cincotta. 1993. Foraging as a self-organizational learning process: accepting adaptability at the expense of predictability. In: Hughes, R. N. (Ed.), Diet Selection. An Interdisciplinary Approach to Foraging Behavior. Blackwell Scientific Publishing, Oxford, UK. pp. 78–101.
Provenza, F.D., and D. F. Balph. 1990. Applicability of five diet-selection models to various foraging challenges ruminants encounter. In: Hughes, R.N. (Ed.), Behavioural Mechanisms of Food Selection, NATO ASI Series, Series G: Ecological Sciences. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp.423–459.
Provenza, F.D., C. B. Scott, T. S. Phy, J. J. Lynch. 1996. Preference of sheep for foods varying in flavors and nutrients. J. Anim. Sci. 74: 2355–2361.
Pyke, G. H., H. R. Pulliam, and E. L. Charnov. 1977. Optimal foraging: a selective review of theory and tests. Q. Rev. Biol. 52: 137–154.
Rahman, M. M., Y. Ishii, M. Niimi, and O. Kawamura. 2009. Effect of clippinginterval and nitrogen fertilization on oxalate content in pot-grownnapier grass (Pennisetum purpureum). Trop. Grassl. 43: 73–78.
Rasse, D. P., A. J. M. Smucker, and O. Schabenberger. 1999. Modifications of soil nitrogen pools in response to alfalfa root systems and shoot mulch. Agron. J. 91: 471–477.
Robert, F. N. and A. Debra. 1991. Cutting interval and irrigation timing in alfalfa: Yellow foxtail invasion and economic analysis. Agron. J. 83: 552–558.
Robertson, E., I. J. Gordon, and F. J. Pérez-Barbería. 2006. Preferences of sheep and goats for straw pellets treated with different food-flavouring agents. Small Rumin. Res. 63: 50–57.
Sclafani, A. 1995. How food preferences are learned: laboratory animal models. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 54: 419–427.
Sleugh, B., K. J. Moore, J. R. George, and E. C. Brummer. 2000. Binary legume - grass mixtures improve forage yield, quality, and seasonal distribution. Agron. J. 92: 24–29.
Smith, M. C. and D. M. Sherman. 1994. Goat medicine. Lea & Febiger. USA.
Solomon, M. 2001. Evaluation of selected multi-purpose trees as feed supplements in tef (Eragrostis tef) straw based feeding of Menze sheep. Ph. D Thesis, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
Soussan J. and G. Lemaire. 2014. Coupling carbon and nitrogen cycles for environmentally sustainable intensification of grasslands and crop-livestock systems. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 190: 9–17.
Sprent J. I., W. O. David, and D. Felix. 2010. African legumes: a vital but under-utilized resource. J. Exp. Bot. 61: 1257–1265.
Springer, T. L., G. E. Aiken, and R. W. McNew. 2001. Combining ability of binary mixtures of native, warm-season grasses and legumes. Crop Sci. 41: 818–823.
Suding, K.N., S. L. Collins, L. Gough, C. Clark, E. E. Cleland, K. L. Gross, D. G. Milchunas, and S. Pennings. 2005. Functional-and abundance-based mechanisms explain diversity loss due to N fertilization. PNAS. 102: 4387–4392.
Sumberg J. 2002. The logic of fodder legumes in Africa. Food Policy. 27: 285–300.
Tang, S. X., G. O. Tayo, Z. L. Tan, Z. H. Sun, M. Wang, G. P. Ren, and X. F. Han. 2008. Use of in vitro gas production technique to investigate interactions between rice straw, wheat strawmaize stover and alfalfa or clover. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 21: 1278–1285.
The Royal Society Reaping the Benefits, 2009. Science and Sustainable Intensification of Global Agriculture. RS Policy Document 11/09. The Royal Society, London.
Thiputen, S. and K. Sommart. 2012. Prediction equations of metabolisableenergy content in beef cattle diets. KKU. Res. J. 17: 35–44.
Thomas, R. J. 1995. Role of legumes in providing N for sustainable tropical pasture systems. Plant and Soil. 174: 103–118.
Tikam, K., C. Phatsara, C. Sorachakula, T. Vearasilp, S. Samiprem, A. Cherdthong, K. Gerlach, and K.-H. Südekum. 2015. In vitro gas production, in vivo nutrient digestibilities, and metabolisable energy concentrations for sheep of fresh and conserved pangola grass. Small Rumin. Res. 128: 34–40.
Tilly, J. M. and R. A. Terry. 1963. A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. J. Br. Grassl. Soc. 18: 104–11.
Tilman, D., P. B. Reich, J. Knops, D. Wedin, T. Mielke, and C. Lehman. 2001. Diversity and productivity in long-term grassland experiment. Sci. 26: 843–845.
Tracy, B. F. and M. A. Sanderson. 2004. Productivity and stability relationships in mowed pasture communities of varying species composition. Crop Sci. 44: 2180–2186.
Trannin, W. S., S. Urquiaga, G. Guerra, J. Ibijbijen, and G. Cadisch. 2000. Interspecies competition and N transfer in a tropical grass-legume mixture. Biol. Fertil. Soils 32: 441–448.
Valentim, J. F. and C. M. S. Andrade. 2004. Perspectives of grass-legume pastures for sustainable animal production in the tropics. 41st Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Society of Animal Science. Camop Grande, Mato Grossodo Sul, Brazil.
Van Soest, P. J. 1994. Nutritional ecology of the ruminants. 2nd edition. Cornell University Press. pp. 476.
Vandenput S., D. H. Duvivier, D. Votion, T. Art, and P. Lekeux. 1998. Environmental control to maintain stabled COPD horses in clinical remission: effects on pulmonary function. Equine Vet. J. 30: 93–96.
Venkateswarlu, B., C. Srinivasarao, G. Ramesh, S. Venkateswarlu, and J. C. Katyal. 2007. Effects of long-term legume cover crop incorporation on soil organic carbon, microbial biomass, nutrient build-up and grain yields of sorghum/sunflower under rain-fed conditions. Soil Use Manage. 23: 100–107.
Villalba, J. J. and F. D. Provenza. 1999. Effects of food structure and nutritional quality and animal nutritional state on intake behavior and food preferences of sheep. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 63: 145–163.
Villalba, J. J., F. D. Provenza, J. O. Hall, L. D. Lisonbee. 2010. Selection of tannins by sheep in response to gastrontestinal nematode infection. J. Anim. Sci. 88: 2189–2198.
Villalba, J. J., F. D. Provenza. 2007. Self-medication and homeostatic behaviour in herbivores: learning about the benefits of nature’s pharmacy. Anim. 1: 1360–1370.
Whittaker A. G., K. J. Hughes, T. D. H. Parkin, S. Love. 2009. Concentrations of dust and endotoxin in equine stabling. Vet. Rec. 165: 293–295.
Woods P. S. A., N. E. Robinson, M. C. Saanson, C. E. Reid, R. V. Broadstone, and F. J. Derksen. 1993. Airborne dust and aeroallergen concentration in a horse stable under two different management systems. Equine Vet. Med. 25: 208–213.
Yeomans M. R., J. E. Blundell, and M. Leshem. 2004. Palatability: response to nutritional need or need-free stimulation of appetite? Br. J. Nutr. 92: S3–S14.
Zhang, F. and C. Hui. 2014. Recent experience-driven behaviour optimizes foraging. Anim. Behav. 88: 13–19.
連結至畢業學校之論文網頁點我開啟連結
註: 此連結為研究生畢業學校所提供,不一定有電子全文可供下載,若連結有誤,請點選上方之〝勘誤回報〞功能,我們會盡快修正,謝謝!
QRCODE
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top