臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

生物藉由改變分布範圍以因應氣候暖化影響，然而不同生物之間可能因為生物特徵差異，導致改變方向與程度不一致。臺灣為多山島嶼，留鳥因應暖化方式主要是往高海拔移動，但森林儼然成為低海拔非森林鳥類移動的障蔽，可能造成森林與非森林鳥類分布改變的差異。本研究以群聚指數概念比較北臺灣2001與2013年鳥類群聚結構差異。結果顯示森林與非森林鳥類均能沿海拔梯度向上移動，不受棲地限制。棲地利用較廣泛且體重較大的森林鳥類的適應能力較佳，而棲地利用較專一的非森林鳥類，則有較佳的適應能力。森林鳥類的食性結構發生改變，但有待未來研究釐清各別食性鳥類的反應。

Range shifts of many species have been documented as a response to climate warming. Species differ greatly in the directions and rates at which their range boundaries were shifting, and the reasons for these variations may related to biological traits. In Taiwan, the breeding birds were mainly upslope shifts as a response to climate warming because the mountainous environment. However, high percentage of forest coverage on mountain area may be a barrier for low-altitude unused forest birds(UNFBs) that shift to upslope, and therefore might cause differences in range shifts between use forest birds(FBs) and UNFBs. I compare the structures of bird communities between two avian datasets surveyed in spring 2001 and 2013 respectively, using a Community-Weighted Means approach. Results suggest that both FBs and UNFBs could shift upslope, freeing from habitat constraints. FBs with both wider habitat utilization and larger body mass have better ability to adapt warming. On the other hand, UNFBs with narrower habitat utilization tend to replace the birds with wider one. The feeding structure of FBs has changed, pending future researches to clarify the responses of birds with different dietary preference.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
謝辭 iii
目錄 iv
表目錄 vi
圖目錄 vii
壹、前言 1
貳、材料與方法 7
鳥類資料 7
氣候資料 8
物種特徵 8
資料分析 10
参、結果 12
溫度趨勢 12
物種結構 12
群聚指數 12
鳥類特徵之間的相關性 13
肆、討論 14
溫度趨勢 14
物種結構與溫度指數 14
溫度耐受範圍指數 15
棲地指數 16
食性指數 17
體重指數與翼負載指數 18
研究限制 19
伍、結論 20
陸、參考文獻 21
表 31
圖 41
附錄1、98種繁殖鳥類的特徵資料 60

Aagaard, K., J. Lockwood, and R. Duncan. 2014. Exotic birds show lags in population growth. Diversity and Distributions 20:547-554.
Amano, T. and Y. Yamaura. 2007. Ecological and life-history traits related to range contractions among breeding birds in Japan. Biological Conservation 137:271-282.
Angert, A. L., L. G. Crozier, L. J. Rissler, S. E. Gilman, J. J. Tewksbury, and A. J. Chunco. 2011. Do species' traits predict recent shifts at expanding range edges? Ecology Letters 14:677-689.
Auer, S. K. and D. I. King. 2014. Ecological and life-history traits explain recent boundary shifts in elevation and latitude of western North American songbirds. Global Ecology and Biogeography 23:867-875.
Bertrand, R., G. Riofrio-Dillon, J. Lenoir, J. Drapier, P. de Ruffray, J. C. Gegout, and M. Loreau. 2016. Ecological constraints increase the climatic debt in forests. Nature communications 7:12643.
Betzholtz, P. E., L. B. Pettersson, N. Ryrholm, and M. Franzen. 2013. With that diet, you will go far: trait-based analysis reveals a link between rapid range expansion and a nitrogen-favoured diet. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 280:20122305.
Bonebrake, T. C. and C. A. Deutsch. 2012. Climate heterogeneity modulates impact of warming on tropical insects. Ecology 93:449-455.
Bonebrake, T. C., E. J. Pickett, T. P. N. Tsang, C. Y. Tak, M. Q. Vu, and L. V. Vu. 2016. Warming threat compounds habitat degradation impacts on a tropical butterfly community in Vietnam. Global Ecology and Conservation 8:203-211.
Chamberlain, D. E., M. Negro, E. Caprio, and A. Rolando. 2013. Assessing the sensitivity of alpine birds to potential future changes in habitat and climate to inform management strategies. Biological Conservation 167:127-135.
Chen, I. C., H. J. Shiu, S. Benedick, J. D. Holloway, V. K. Chey, H. S. Barlow, J. K. Hill, and C. D. Thomas. 2009. Elevation increases in moth assemblages over 42 years on a tropical mountain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:1479-1483.
Chen, I.-C., J. K. Hill, R. Ohlemüller, D. B. Roy, and C. D. Thomas. 2011. Rapid Range Shifts of Species Associated with High Levels of Climate Warming. Science 333:1024-1026.
Clavel, J., R. Julliard, and V. Devictor. 2011. Worldwide decline of specialist species: toward a global functional homogenization? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9:222-228.
Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood. 2016. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2016. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist
Colwell, R. K., G. Brehm, C. L. Cardelús, A. C. Gilman, and J. T. Longino. 2008. Global Warming, Elevational Range Shifts, and Lowland Biotic Attrition in the Wet Tropics. Science 322:258-261.
Davey, C. M., D. E. Chamberlain, S. E. Newson, D. G. Noble, and A. Johnston. 2012. Rise of the generalists: evidence for climate driven homogenization in avian communities. Global Ecology and Biogeography 21:568-578.
De Frenne, P., F. Rodriguez-Sanchez, D. A. Coomes, L. Baeten, G. Verstraeten, M. Vellend, M. Bernhardt-Romermann, C. D. Brown, J. Brunet, J. Cornelis, G. M. Decocq, H. Dierschke, O. Eriksson, F. S. Gilliam, R. Hedl, T. Heinken, M. Hermy, P. Hommel, M. A. Jenkins, D. L. Kelly, K. J. Kirby, F. J. Mitchell, T. Naaf, M. Newman, G. Peterken, P. Petrik, J. Schultz, G. Sonnier, H. Van Calster, D. M. Waller, G. R. Walther, P. S. White, K. D. Woods, M. Wulf, B. J. Graae, and K. Verheyen. 2013. Microclimate moderates plant responses to macroclimate warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110:18561-18565.
Debouk, H., F. de Bello, and M. T. Sebastia. 2015. Functional Trait Changes, Productivity Shifts and Vegetation Stability in Mountain Grasslands during a Short-Term Warming. PLoS One 10:e0141899.
Deutsch, C. A., J. J. Tewksbury, R. B. Huey, K. S. Sheldon, C. K. Ghalambor, D. C. Haak, and P. R. Martin. 2008. Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105:6668-6672.
Devictor, V., C. van Swaay, T. Brereton, L. Brotons, D. Chamberlain, J. Heliola, S. Herrando, R. Julliard, M. Kuussaari, A. Lindstrom, J. Reif, D. B. Roy, O. Schweiger, J. Settele, C. Stefanescu, A. Van Strien, C. Van Turnhout, Z. Vermouzek, M. WallisDeVries, I. Wynhoff, and F. Jiguet. 2012. Differences in the climatic debts of birds and butterflies at a continental scale. Nature Climate Change 2:121-124.
Devictor, V., R. Julliard, and F. Jiguet. 2008c. Distribution of specialist and generalist species along spatial gradients of habitat disturbance and fragmentation. Oikos 117:507-514.
Devictor, V., R. Julliard, D. Couvet, and F. Jiguet. 2008a. Birds are tracking climate warming, but not fast enough. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 275:2743-2748.
Devictor, V., R. Julliard, J. Clavel, F. Jiguet, A. Lee, and D. Couvet. 2008b. Functional biotic homogenization of bird communities in disturbed landscapes. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17:252-261.
Dulle, H. I., S. W. Ferger, N. J. Cordeiro, K. M. Howell, M. Schleuning, K. Böhning-Gaese, C. Hof, and J. Beggs. 2016. Changes in abundances of forest understorey birds on Africa's highest mountain suggest subtle effects of climate change. Diversity and Distributions 22:288-299.
Estrada, A., I. Morales-Castilla, P. Caplat, and R. Early. 2016. Usefulness of Species Traits in Predicting Range Shifts. Trends Ecol Evol 31:190-203.
Feeley, K. J., J. Hurtado, S. Saatchi, M. R. Silman, and D. B. Clark. 2013. Compositional shifts in Costa Rican forests due to climate-driven species migrations. Global Change Biology 19:3472-3480.
Flousek, J., T. Telensky, J. Hanzelka, and J. Reif. 2015. Population Trends of Central European Montane Birds Provide Evidence for Adverse Impacts of Climate Change on High-Altitude Species. PLoS One 10:e0139465.
Forero-Medina, G., J. Terborgh, S. J. Socolar, and S. L. Pimm. 2011. Elevational Ranges of Birds on a Tropical Montane Gradient Lag behind Warming Temperatures. PLoS One 6:e28535.
Freeman, B. G. and A. M. C. Freeman. 2014. Rapid upslope shifts in New Guinean birds illustrate strong distributional responses of tropical montane species to global warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111:4490–4494.
Gauzere, P., F. Jiguet, and V. Devictor. 2015. Rapid adjustment of bird community compositions to local climatic variations and its functional consequences. Global Change Biology 21:3367-3378.
Gauzere, P., K. Prince, and V. Devictor. 2016. Where do they go? The effects of topography and habitat diversity on reducing climatic debt in birds. Global Change Biology 23:2218-2229.
IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.
Jiguet, F. d. r., A.-S. Gadot, R. Julliard, S. E. Newson, and D. Couvet. 2007. Climate envelope, life history traits and the resilience of birds facing global change. Global Change Biology 13:1672-1684.
Jiguet, F. d. r., R. Julliard, C. D. Thomas, O. Dehorter, S. E. Newson, and D. Couvet. 2006. Thermal range predicts bird population resilience to extreme high temperatures. Ecology Letters 9:1321-1330.
Jiguet, F., L. Brotons, and V. Devictor. 2011. Community responses to extreme climatic conditions. Current Zoology 57:406-413.
Jiguet, F., V. Devictor, R. Ottvall, C. Van Turnhout, H. Van der Jeugd, and A. Lindstrom. 2010. Bird population trends are linearly affected by climate change along species thermal ranges. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 277:3601-3608.
Julliard, R., J. Clavel, V. Devictor, F. Jiguet, and D. Couvet. 2006. Spatial segregation of specialists and generalists in bird communities. Ecology Letters 9:1237-1244.
Khaliq, I., C. Hof, R. Prinzinger, K. Bohning-Gaese, and M. Pfenninger. 2014. Global variation in thermal tolerances and vulnerability of endotherms to climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 281:20141097.
Koleček, J., T. Albrecht, and J. Reif. 2014. Predictors of extinction risk of passerine birds in a Central European country. Animal Conservation 17:498-506.
Koschová, M., F. Kuda, D. Hořák, and J. Reif. 2014. Species’ ecological traits correlate with predicted climatically-induced shifts of European breeding ranges in birds. Community Ecology 15:139-146.
Laiolo, P., F. Dondero, E. Ciliento, and A. Rolando. 2004. Consequences of pastoral abandonment for the structure and diversity of the alpine avifaun. Journal of Applied Ecology 41:294-304.
Le Viol, I., F. Jiguet, L. Brotons, S. Herrando, A. Lindstrom, J. W. Pearce-Higgins, J. Reif, C. Van Turnhout, and V. Devictor. 2012. More and more generalists: two decades of changes in the European avifauna. Biology Letters 8:780-782.
Lee, P.-F., T.-S. Ding, and H.-J. Shiu. 1998. Relationship between body mass and body length of resident bird species in Taiwan. Acta Zoological Taiwanica 9:67-79.
Lenoir, J. and J. C. Svenning. 2015. Climate-related range shifts - a global multidimensional synthesis and new research directions. Ecography 38:15-28.
Lin, R.-S. 2001. The occurrence, distribution and relative abundance of exotic starlings and mynas in Taiwan. Endemic Species Research 3:13-23
Lindström, Å., M. Green, G. Paulson, H. G. Smith, and V. Devictor. 2013. Rapid changes in bird community composition at multiple temporal and spatial scales in response to recent climate change. Ecography 36:313-322.
Maclean, I. M. D., J. J. Hopkins, J. Bennie, C. R. Lawson, and R. J. Wilson. 2015. Microclimates buffer the responses of plant communities to climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography 24:1340-1350.
Massimino, D., A. Johnston, and J. W. Pearce-Higgins. 2015. The geographical range of British birds expands during 15 years of warming. Bird Study 62:523-534.
McDonald, K. W., C. J. McClure, B. W. Rolek, and G. E. Hill. 2012. Diversity of birds in eastern North America shifts north with global warming. Ecology and Evolution 2:3052-3060.
Nieto-Sánchez, S., D. Gutiérrez, R. J. Wilson, and G. Stevens. 2015. Long-term change and spatial variation in butterfly communities over an elevational gradient: driven by climate, buffered by habitat. Diversity and Distributions 21:950-961.
Ockendon, N., D. J. Baker, J. A. Carr, E. C. White, R. E. Almond, T. Amano, E. Bertram, R. B. Bradbury, C. Bradley, S. H. Butchart, N. Doswald, W. Foden, D. J. Gill, R. E. Green, W. J. Sutherland, E. V. Tanner, and J. W. Pearce-Higgins. 2014. Mechanisms underpinning climatic impacts on natural populations: altered species interactions are more important than direct effects. Global Change Biology 20:2221-2229.
Oliver, T. H., M. S. Heard, N. J. Isaac, D. B. Roy, D. Procter, F. Eigenbrod, R. Freckleton, A. Hector, C. D. Orme, O. L. Petchey, V. Proenca, D. Raffaelli, K. B. Suttle, G. M. Mace, B. Martin-Lopez, B. A. Woodcock, and J. M. Bullock. 2015. Biodiversity and Resilience of Ecosystem Functions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 30:673-684.
Parmesan, C. 2006. Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Chang. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 37:637-669.
Ploquin, E. F., J. M. Herrera, and J. R. Obeso. 2013. Bumblebee community homogenization after uphill shifts in montane areas of northern Spain. Oecologia 173:1649-1660.
Powney, G. D., S. S. Cham, D. Smallshire, and N. J. Isaac. 2015. Trait correlates of distribution trends in the Odonata of Britain and Ireland. PeerJ 3:e1410.
PÖyry, J., M. Luoto, R. K. Heikkinen, M. Kuussaari, and K. Saarinen. 2009. Species traits explain recent range shifts of Finnish butterflies. Global Change Biology 15:732-743.
Prince, K. and B. Zuckerberg. 2015. Climate change in our backyards: the reshuffling of North America's winter bird communities. Global Change Biology 21:572-585.
Reif, J. í. and J. í. Flousek. 2012. The role of species’ ecological traits in climatically driven altitudinal range shifts of central European birds. Oikos 121:1053-1060.
Reif, J., K. Prylová, A. L. Šizling, Z. Vermouzek, K. Šťastný, and V. Bejček. 2013. Changes in bird community composition in the Czech Republic from 1982 to 2004: increasing biotic homogenization, impacts of warming climate, but no trend in species richness. Journal of Ornithology 154:359-370.
Reif, J., P. Voříšek, K. Št'astný, M. Koschová, and V. Bejček. 2008. The impact of climate change on long-term population trends of birds in a central European country. Animal Conservation 11:412-421.
Reif, J., Z. Vermouzek, P. Vorisek, K. Stastny, V. Bejcek, and J. Flousek. 2010. Population changes in Czech passerines are predicted by their life-history and ecological traits. Ibis 152:610-621.
Renwick, K. M. and M. E. Rocca. 2015. Temporal context affects the observed rate of climate-driven range shifts in tree species. Global Ecology and Biogeography 24:44-51.
Root, T. 1988. Environmental factors associated with avian distributional boundaries. Journal of Biogeography 15:489-505.
Sakai, A. K., F. W. Allendorf, J. S. Holt, D. M. Lodge, J. Molofsky, K. A. With, Syndallas, Baughman, R. J. Cabin, J. E. Cohen, N. C. Ellstrand, D. E. McCauley, P. O'Neil, I. M. Parker, J. N. Thompson, and S. G. Weller. 2001. The Population Biology of Invasive Species. Annual review of ecology and systematics 32:305-332.
Savage, J. and M. Vellend. 2014. Elevational shifts, biotic homogenization and time lags in vegetation change during 40 years of climate warming. Ecography 38:546-555.
Scheffers, B. R., L. De Meester, T. C. Bridge, A. A. Hoffmann, J. M. Pandolfi, R. T. Corlett, S. H. Butchart, P. Pearce-Kelly, K. M. Kovacs, D. Dudgeon, M. Pacifici, C. Rondinini, W. B. Foden, T. G. Martin, C. Mora, D. Bickford, and J. E. Watson. 2016. The broad footprint of climate change from genes to biomes to people. Science 354:aaf7671.
Selmants, P. C., K. L. Adair, C. M. Litton, C. P. Giardina, and E. Schwartz. 2016. Increases in mean annual temperature do not alter soil bacterial community structure in tropical montane wet forests. Ecosphere 7:e01296.
Sheridan, J. A. and D. Bickford. 2011. Shrinking body size as an ecological response to climate change. Nature Climate Change 1:401-406.
Shiu, H.-J., T.-S. Ding, J.-E. Sheu, R.-S. Lin, C.-N. Koh, and P.-F. Lee. 2005. Morphological Characters of Bird Species in Taiwan. Taiwania 50:80-92.
Sullivan, B. L., C. L. Wood, M. J. Iliff, R. E. Bonney, D. Fink, and S. Kelling. 2009. eBird: A citizen-based bird observation network in the biological sciences. Biological Conservation 142:2282-2292.
Sullivan, M. J. P., S. E. Newson, and J. W. Pearce-Higgins. 2015. Using habitat-specific population trends to evaluate the consistency of the effect of species traits on bird population change. Biological Conservation 192:343-352.
Sundqvist, M. K., N. J. Sanders, and D. A. Wardle. 2013. Community and Ecosystem Responses to Elevational Gradients: Processes, Mechanisms, and Insights for Global Change. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 44:261-280.
Tayleur, C. M., V. Devictor, P. Gaüzère, N. Jonzén, H. G. Smith, Å. Lindström, and G. Midgley. 2016. Regional variation in climate change winners and losers highlights the rapid loss of cold-dwelling species. Diversity and Distributions 22:468-480.
Thomsen, P. F., P. S. Jorgensen, H. H. Bruun, J. Pedersen, T. Riis-Nielsen, K. Jonko, I. Slowinska, C. Rahbek, and O. Karsholt. 2015. Resource specialists lead local insect community turnover associated with temperature - analysis of an 18-year full-seasonal record of moths and beetles. Journal of Animal Ecology 85:251-261.
Traill, L. W., M. L. Lim, N. S. Sodhi, and C. J. Bradshaw. 2010. Mechanisms driving change: altered species interactions and ecosystem function through global warming. Journal of Animal Ecology 79:937-947.
Van Turnhout, C. A. M., R. P. B. Foppen, R. S. E. W. Leuven, A. Van Strien, and H. Siepel. 2010. Life-history and ecological correlates of population change in Dutch breeding birds. Biological Conservation 143:173-181.
Virkkala, R. and A. Lehikoinen. 2014. Patterns of climate-induced density shifts of species: poleward shifts faster in northern boreal birds than in southern birds. Global Change Biology 20:2995-3003.
Viscor, G. and J. F. Fuster. 1987. Relationships between morphological parameters in birds with different flying habits. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 87(2):231-249.
Walther, G. R. 2010. Community and ecosystem responses to recent climate change. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 365:2019-2024.
Walther, G. R., A. Roques, P. E. Hulme, M. T. Sykes, P. Pysek, I. Kuhn, M. Zobel, S. Bacher, Z. Botta-Dukat, H. Bugmann, B. Czucz, J. Dauber, T. Hickler, V. Jarosik, M. Kenis, S. Klotz, D. Minchin, M. Moora, W. Nentwig, J. Ott, V. E. Panov, B. Reineking, C. Robinet, V. Semenchenko, W. Solarz, W. Thuiller, M. Vila, K. Vohland, and J. Settele. 2009. Alien species in a warmer world: risks and opportunities. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24:686-693.
Walther, G.-R., E. Post, P. Convey, A. Menzel, C. Parmesank, T. J. C. Beebee, J.-M. Fromentin, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, and F. Bairlein. 2002. Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature Climate Change 416:389-395.
Wilson, R. J., D. GutiÉRrez, J. GutiÉRrez, and V. J. Monserrat. 2007. An elevational shift in butterfly species richness and composition accompanying recent climate change. Global Change Biology 13:1873-1887.
Zografou, K., V. Kati, A. Grill, R. J. Wilson, E. Tzirkalli, L. N. Pamperis, and J. M. Halley. 2014. Signals of Climate Change in Butterfly Communities in a Mediterranean Protected Area. PLoS One 9:e87245.
丁宗蘇、李培芬、廖煥彰、柯智仁、黃正宇、徐郁華。2012。玉山國家公園高山草原鳥類之族群數量及棲地評估。玉山國家公園管理處。
吳忠慧。2014。暖化下物種海拔分布變遷與物種內體型變化對尺蛾群聚體型結構的影響。國立臺灣大學生態學與演化生物學研究所碩士論文。
李培芬、柯佳吟、柯智仁。2010。氣候變遷對台灣鳥類分布之影響。第8屆兩岸三院資訊技術交流與數位資源共享研討會聚焦主題報告:生態研究。
林瑞興。2004。希區考克的黑色恐懼─台灣入侵鳥種現況。自然保育季刊。48: 38-43。
林瑞興。2012。臺灣鳥類生產力與存活率監測2012工作手冊。行政院農業委員會特有生物研究保育中心，南投。
柯智仁、吳采諭、楊子欣、陳宛均、蔡沛宏、范孟雯。2012。臺灣繁殖鳥類大調查(BBS Taiwan)工作手冊。行政院農業委員會特有生物研究保育中心，南投。
范孟雯、林瑞興、黃雅倫、林德恩。2006。台灣外來種陸域脊椎動物風險評估系 統。特有生物研究 8:7-22。
孫元勳、林惠珊。2010。雪山地區高山生態系整合研究-鳥類群聚與生態研究。雪霸國家公園管理處。
許皓捷。2016。臺灣環境因子GIS資料庫_2016年版。未發表資料。
許晃雄、陳正達、盧孟明、陳永明、周佳、吳宜昭。2011。臺灣氣候變遷科學報告2011。臺灣氣候變遷推估與資訊平台計畫辦公室。
楊玉祥。2011。2010高雄市入侵外來種八哥科鳥種調查結果。飛羽世界 301:7-12。
葛兆年、李培芬。2003。台灣北部繁殖鳥類之海拔分布型態。台灣林業科學 18:349-361。
臺灣氣候變遷推估與資訊平台(TAIWAN Climate Change Projection and Information Platform, TCCIP http://tccip.ncdr.nat.gov.tw/v2/index.aspx)
趙容。2015。以玉山重複調查及公民科學資料探討臺灣繁殖鳥類海拔分布變遷。國立臺灣大學森林環境暨資源學研究所碩士論文。
劉小如、丁宗蘇、方偉宏、林文宏、蔡牧起、顏重威。2012。臺灣鳥類誌第二版。 行政院農業委員會林務局。臺北，臺灣。
潘致遠、丁宗蘇、吳森雄、阮錦松、林瑞興、楊玉祥、蔡乙榮。2017。2017年台灣鳥類名錄。中華民國野鳥學會。臺北，臺灣。
謝東佑。2016。氣候變遷對物種、生態系統影響及其管理策略之探討。台灣林業科學 31:227-255。