臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

2016年ML6.6美濃地震對臺灣西南部地區造成嚴重的災害，而在過去幾年內，2010年ML6.4甲仙地震與2012年ML6.4霧臺地震，也發生在相鄰的30公里區域內，並且造成不小的災情。前人研究指出，由震源機制解及餘震序列分布推測這些地震應由盲斷層所引起，和附近已知活動斷層無關，暗示此區域地質的複雜性。為了更瞭解臺灣西南部強地動特性及提供地震災害潛勢評估資訊，本研究利用經驗格林函數法(Empirical Green’s Function method, EGFM)可以免去速度構造等假設的優點，對近期發生在臺灣西南部的三個中尺度盲斷層地震進行模擬，建立最佳震源破裂模型，如：破裂方向性、強地動產生區(strong motion generation area, SMGA)及應力降。
將本研究的分析結果與前人逆推反演得到的有限斷層錯動量分布模型相比，可以發現SMGA面積小於破裂強區(asperity)，僅對應到破裂強區中滑移量最高的區域。而此現象在Wen et al. (2017)研究1993年與2013年8個ML>6的南投地區地震時也被提出。另一方面，相比於Miyake et al. (2003)研究中大型地震後所提出的地震矩與揚起時間之尺度關係式，2012年霧臺地震之揚起時間符合尺度關係式，但2010甲仙地震及2016美濃地震則展現較低值的揚起時間；而在地震矩與SMGA的尺度關係式中，這三個地震皆偏向較高應力降的尺度關係式，暗示這三個事件皆有較高的應力降。由應力降分析結果可知，2016年美濃地震的應力降為7.6 MPa，介於Yen and Ma (2011)調查臺灣中大型地震的應力降約為1 MPa – 10 MPa的範圍內，然而2010年甲仙地震及2012年霧臺地震的應力降(14.6 MPa及11.5 MPa)則相對較高。在破裂方向性的分析中，2010年甲仙地震由震源往西破裂，而2012年霧臺地震則沒有明顯的破裂方向，2016年美濃地震由震源往西北破裂，此方向性分析結果與三個地震各自的PGA、PGV及餘震分布的大致相符。整體而言，這三個事件發生的時間與空間都相近，但不論是破裂方向性與應力降皆有不同的展現，呼應此地區的異質性。

In the past decade, the 2010 ML6.4 Jiashian earthquake, the 2012 ML6.4 Wutai earthquake and the 2016 ML6.6 Meinong earthquake struck southwestern Taiwan and caused damage to a few buildings and some casualties. Although these three adjacent earthquakes are surrounded by some well-known NS-trending faults, according to previous studies, these three events were caused by blind-fault structures, which indicates the complex fault structures in this region. Considering the potential seismic hazard of southwestern Taiwan, we applied the empirical Green’s function method (EGFM) to investigate the strong ground motion characteristics for these severe earthquakes. From the rupture model constructed in this study, we would obtain some important parameters, including rupture directivity, strong motion generation area (SMGA) and stress drop.
Our results show that the SMGA of these three events are equivalent to the largest slip area of the asperity derived from the waveform inversion results of previous studies. This phenomenon is also found by the previous study for investigating the eight moderate blind-fault events that struck the Nantou area in 1999 and 2013. In addition, comparing the SMGA versus the seismic moment of our results to the scaling relationship proposed by previous studies, these three events could have higher stress drop. The estimated stress drop of 2016 Meinong event is 7.6 MPa, which is consistent with the average stress drop of moderate earthquakes in Taiwan (1 MPa - 10 MPa ). The estimated stress drops of 2010 Jiashian event and 2012 Wutai event, however, are higher with the values of 14.6 MPa and 11.5 MPa, respectively. The variance in the rupture behavior and stress drop of these three adjacent events again reveal the stress heterogeneity and structure complexity of southwestern Taiwan.

誌謝 i
中文摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 v
表目錄 xi
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機與目的 1
1.2 地質背景 5
1.3 歷史地震 11
1.4 文獻回顧 20
1.4.1 地震動模擬研究回顧 20
1.4.2 經驗格林函數法在臺灣之應用 21
第二章 研究方法 23
2.1 經驗格林函數法 23
2.2 震源頻譜擬合法 27
第三章 地震資料選取、處理及分析 30
3.1 資料來源 30
3.2 資料處理與分析流程 31
第四章 地震動模擬結果 34
4.1 2010年甲仙地震之模擬 35
4.2 2012年霧臺地震之模擬 51
4.3 2016年美濃地震之模擬 67
第五章 討論 83
5.1 強地動產生區與破裂強區的關係 83
5.2 破裂方向性分析 86
5.3 2016年美濃地震之經驗格林函數法模擬比較 94
5.4 強地動模型經驗關係式 98
5.5 靜態應力降之估算 101
第六章 結論 104
參考文獻 105
附錄A 112

Aki, K. (1967). Scaling law of seismic spectrum. Journal of Geophysical Research, 72(4), 1217-1231. doi:10.1029/JZ072i004p01217
Boatwright, J. (1988). The seismic radiation from composite models of faulting. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 78(2), 489-508.
Brune. (1971). Correction [to “Tectonic stress and the spectra, of seismic shear waves from earthquakes”]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 76(20), 5002-5002. doi:10.1029/JB076i020p05002
Brune, J. N. (1970). Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic shear waves from earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 75(26), 4997-5009. doi:10.1029/JB075i026p04997
Carena, S., Suppe, J., & Kao, H. (2002). Active detachment of Taiwan illuminated by small earthquakes and its control of first-order topography. Geology, 30(10), 935. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0935:ADOTIB>2.0.CO;2
Chen, C. H., Huang, H. H., Chao, W. A., Wu, Y. M., & Chang, C. H. (2013). Re-Examining Source Parameters of the 2012 Wutai, Taiwan Earthquake. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 24(5), 827. doi:10.3319/TAO.2013.05.30.01(T)
Chen, C. T., Chang, S. C., & Wen, K. L. (2017). Stochastic ground motion simulation of the 2016 Meinong, Taiwan earthquake. EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE, 69. doi:10.1186/s40623-017-0645-z
Chiang, P. H., Hsu, Y. J., & Chang, W. L. (2015). Fault modeling of the 2012 Wutai, Taiwan earthquake and its tectonic implications. Tectonophysics, 666, 66-75. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2015.10.015
Ching, K. E., Johnson, K. M., Rau, R. J., Chuang, R. Y., Kuo, L. C., & Leu, P. L. (2011). Inferred fault geometry and slip distribution of the 2010 Jiashian, Taiwan, earthquake is consistent with a thick-skinned deformation model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 301(1-2), 78-86. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.10.021
Hartzell, S. H. (1978). Earthquake aftershocks as Green’s functions. Geophysical Research Letters, 5(1), 1-4. doi:10.1029/GL005i001p00001
Hartzell, S. H., & Heaton, T. H. (1983). Inversion of strong ground motion and teleseismic waveform data for the fault rupture history of the 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 73(6A), 1553-1583.
Hsu, Y. J., Yu, S. B., Kuo, L. C., Tsai, Y. C., & Chen, H. Y. (2011). Coseismic deformation of the 2010 Jiashian, Taiwan earthquake and implications for fault activities in southwestern Taiwan. Tectonophysics, 502(3-4), 328-335. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.02.005
Huang, H. H., Wu, Y. M., Lin, T. L., Chao, W. A., Shyu, J. B. H., Chan, C. H., & Chang, C. H. (2011). The Preliminary Study of the 4 March 2010 Mw 6.3 Jiasian, Taiwan Earthquake Sequence. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 22(3), 283. doi:10.3319/TAO.2010.12.13.01(T)
Huang, M. H., Tung, H., Fielding, E. J., Huang, H. H., Liang, C., Huang, C., & Hu, J. C. (2016). Multiple fault slip triggered above the 2016 M-w 6.4 MeiNong earthquake in Taiwan. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 43(14), 7459-7467. doi:10.1002/2016GL069351
Hwang, R. D. (2012). Estimating the Radiated Seismic Energy of the 2010 ML 6.4 JiaSian, Taiwan, Earthquake Using Multiple-Event Analysis. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 23(4), 459. doi:10.3319/TAO.2012.03.30.01(T)
Irikura, K., & Kamae, K. (1994). Estimation of strong ground motion in broad-frequency band based on a seismic source scaling model and an empirical Green’s function technique. Annals of Geophysics, (6). doi:10.4401/ag-4137
Irikura, Kojiro. (1983). Semi-EmpiricalEstimation of Strong Ground Motions During Large Earthquakes, 42.
Irikura, Kojiro. (1986). Prediction of strong acceleration motions using empirical Green’s function. The 7th Japan Earthquake Engineering Symposium, 151-156.
Irikura, Kojiro, Kagawa, T., & Sekiguchi, H. (1997). Revision of the empirical Green’s function method. In Program and abstracts of the seismological society of Japan (Vol. 2).
Irikura, Kojiro, & Miyake, H. (2011). Recipe for Predicting Strong Ground Motion from Crustal Earthquake Scenarios. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 168(1-2), 85-104. doi:10.1007/s00024-010-0150-9
Kanamori, H. (1979). A semi-empirical approach to prediction of long-period ground motions from great earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 69(6), 1645-1670.
Kanamori, H., & Anderson, D. L. (1975). Theoretical basis of some empirical relations in seismology. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 65(5), 1073-1095.
Kanamori, H., Ye, L., Huang, B. S., Huang, H. H., Lee, S. J., Liang, W. T., Lin, Y. Y., Ma, K. F., Wu, Y. M., & Yeh, T. Y. (2017). A strong-motion hot spot of the 2016 Meinong, Taiwan, earthquake (M-w=6.4). TERRESTRIAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC SCIENCES, 28(5), 637-650. doi:10.3319/TAO.2016.10.07.01
Kuo-Chen, H., Wu, F. T., & Roecker, S. W. (2012). Three-dimensional P velocity structures of the lithosphere beneath Taiwan from the analysis of TAIGER and related seismic data sets: 3D VP STRUCTURES FROM TAIGER PROJECT. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 117(B6), n/a-n/a. doi:10.1029/2011JB009108
Lee, S. J., Mozziconacci, L., Liang, W. T., Hsu, Y. J., Huang, W. G., & Huang, B. S. (2013). Source complexity of the 4 March 2010 Jiashian, Taiwan, Earthquake determined by joint inversion of teleseismic and near field data. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 64, 14-26. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.11.018
Lee, S. J., Yeh, T. Y., & Lin, Y. Y. (2016). Anomalously Large Ground Motion in the 2016 M-L 6.6 Meinong, Taiwan, Earthquake: A Synergy Effect of Source Rupture and Site Amplification. SEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 87(6), 1319-1326. doi:10.1785/0220160082
Madariaga, R. (1979). On the relation between seismic moment and stress drop in the presence of stress and strength heterogeneity. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84(B5), 2243. doi:10.1029/JB084iB05p02243
Miyake, H., Iwata, T., & Irikura, K. (1999). Strong Ground Motion Simulation and Source Modeling of the Kagoshima-ken Hokuseibu Earthquakes of March 26 (MJMA6.5) and May 13(MJMA6.3), 1997, Using Empirical Green’s Function Method. Zisin (Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan. 2nd Ser.), 51(4), 431-442. doi:10.4294/zisin1948.51.4_431
Miyake, H., Iwata, T., & Irikura, K. (2001). Estimation of rupture propagation direction and strong motion generation area from azimuth and distance dependence of source amplitude spectra. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(14), 2727-2730. doi:10.1029/2000GL011669
Miyake, H., Iwata, T., & Irikura, K. (2003). Source Characterization for Broadband Ground-Motion Simulation: Kinematic Heterogeneous Source Model and Strong Motion Generation Area. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 93(6), 2531-2545. doi:10.1785/0120020183
Miyake, H., Tomotaka, I., & Irikura, K. (2003). Source Characterization for Broadband Ground-Motion Simulation: Kinematic Heterogeneous Source Model and Strong Motion Generation Area. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 93(6), 2531-2545. doi:10.1785/0120020183
Rau, R. J., Lee, J. C., Ching, K. E., Lee, Y. H., Byrne, T. B., & Chen, R. Y. (2012). Subduction-continent collision in southwestern Taiwan and the 2010 Jiashian earthquake sequence. Tectonophysics, 578, 107-116. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.09.013
Somerville, P., Irikura, K., Graves, R., Sawada, S., Wald, D., Abrahamson, N., Iwasaki, Y., Kagawa, T., Smith, N., & Kowada, A. (1999). Characterizing Crustal Earthquake Slip Models for the Prediction of Strong Ground Motion. Seismological Research Letters, 70(1), 59-80. doi:10.1785/gssrl.70.1.59
Wen, Yi-Ying. (2018). Source Characteristics of the Northern Longitudinal Valley, Taiwan Derived from Broadband Strong-Motion Simulation. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 175(2), 587-596. doi:10.1007/s00024-017-1693-9
Wen, Yi-Ying, Chao, S. Y., Yen, Y. T., & Wen, S. (2017). Source characteristics of moderate-to-strong earthquakes in the Nantou area, Taiwan: insight from strong ground motion simulations. Earth, Planets and Space, 69(1). doi:10.1186/s40623-017-0720-5
Wen, Yi-Ying, Ma, K. F., & Oglesby, D. D. (2012). Variations in rupture speed, slip amplitude and slip direction during the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake: Variations during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Geophysical Journal International, 190(1), 379-390. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05476.x
Wen, Yi-Ying, Yen, Y. T., Wen, S., Lee, S. J., Kuo, C. H., & Lin, Y. Y. (2016). Hybrid Ground Motion Simulation for the 2013 ML 6.4 Ruisui, Taiwan Earthquake. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 27(3), 407. doi:10.3319/TAO.2015.10.30.01(TEM)
Wen, Y.-Y., Miyake, H., Yen, Y. T., Irikura, K., & Ching, K. E. (2014). Rupture Directivity Effect and Stress Heterogeneity of the 2013 Nantou Blind-Thrust Earthquakes, Taiwan. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 104(6), 2933-2942. doi:10.1785/0120140109
Wu, Yih-Min, Liang, W. T., Mittal, H., Chao, W. A., Lin, C. H., Huang, B. S., & Lin, C. M. (2016). Performance of a Low-Cost Earthquake Early Warning System (P-Alert) during the 2016 M-L 6.4 Meinong (Taiwan) Earthquake. SEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 87(5), 1050-1059. doi:10.1785/0220160058
Wu, Y.-M., Lin, T. L., Chao, W. A., Huang, H. H., Hsiao, N. C., & Chang, C. H. (2011). Faster Short-Distance Earthquake Early Warning Using Continued Monitoring of Filtered Vertical Displacement: A Case Study for the 2010 Jiasian, Taiwan, Earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 101(2), 701-709. doi:10.1785/0120100153
Yen, Y. T., & Ma, K. F. (2011). Source-Scaling Relationship for M 4.6-8.9 Earthquakes, Specifically for Earthquakes in the Collision Zone of Taiwan (Vol. 101). doi:10.1785/0120100046
Zhu, S. (2018). Why did the most severe seismic hazard occur in the Beichuan area in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China? Insight from finite element modelling. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 281, 79-91. doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2018.05.005
林正洪、李憲忠(2012)，地震震源資訊成果彙整與孕震成因研判及震源破裂時空模擬(II)（交通部中央氣象局 委託研究計畫期末成果報告）。中華民國地球物理學會。
林俊宇(2010)，利用經驗格林函數法探討震源破裂模型（碩士論文）。國立中正大學。
林啟文、陳文山、劉彥求、陳柏村(2009)，臺灣東部與南部的活動斷層-二萬五千分之一活動斷層條帶圖說明書。經濟部中央地質調查所特刊第二十三號。
林啟文、盧詩丁、石同生、劉彥求、林偉雄、林燕慧(2007)，臺灣西南部的活動斷層-二萬五千分之一活動斷層條帶圖說明書。經濟部中央地質調查所特刊第十七號。
陳英琪(2019)，以經驗格林函數法探討震源特性及以赫氏方法估算場址效應（博士論文）。國立中正大學。
楊世緯(2012)，利用經驗格林函數法探討板塊介面及內部地震對台灣北部地區強地動之影響（碩士論文）。國立中央大學。
趙神佑(2016)，1999年集集地震之六大餘震強地動特性分析（碩士論文）。國立中正大學。
鄭世楠、葉永田、徐明同、辛在勤(1999)，台灣十大災害地震圖集。中央氣象局與中央研究院地球科學研究所。
顏銀桐(2011)，臺灣地區有限斷層錯動量分佈尺度分析及模擬（博士論文）。國立中央大學。
顏銀桐、林柏伸、邵國士、鄭錦桐、吳元傑、李憲忠(2014)，地震波模擬技術發展與應用。中興工程季刊，123期，13頁-22頁。