臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

由於世界各國隧道火災災例帶來的警示，隧道火災的重要性備受關注，而在我國2012年也同樣發生隧道死亡火災在雪山隧道，因此為建立有利的避難及救援環境，特別做此研究。
本研究主要係利用FDS (Fire Dynamic Simulation) 模擬堵車模式下撒水系統對點排式通風之影響，探討「雙孔單向」隧道車輛火災在不同的熱釋率、不同堵車面積及長度、點排式通風系統及撒水條件下，對隧道火災危害因子之影響，分析隧道火災環境之差異性，並以台灣及荷蘭危害因子驗證指標評估隧道用路人避難安全性、消防救援可及性及火勢延燒，最後再將評估結果以色標可視化，凸顯隧道火害情境之變化。
研究結果顯示，隧道火災在撒水及點排未動作下，會導致隧道結構不安全及不利用路人避難；在不同堵車情境下，當撒水及點排正常動作下，可以有效將火災危害侷限於排煙區劃內，使排煙區劃外用路人避難環境及消防救援可及性受到保護，在大客車堵塞情境下易使火源上游水蒸氣宣洩路徑受阻，導致下游排煙區劃內煙層下降影響用路人避難安全及消防救援可及性；在特殊情境中，特別以排煙系統故障之模擬結果最為嚴重，在400秒時已導致全隧道能見度低於用路人避難安全指標。最後比較台灣及荷蘭評估指標可視化後之隧道火災危害顯示，撒水及點排的正確動作均可以將火害侷限，確保排煙區劃外用路人避難安全性、隧道結構安全性、消防救援可及性及防止火勢延燒，荷蘭評估圖亦凸顯距火源較遠處的危害大多是受到可視度的影響。

The importance of tunnel fires has received much attention due to the warnings from tunnel fire disasters in different countries around the world. The Hsuehshan Tunnel fire occurred in 2012 and caused life casualties in Taiwan. Therefore, this study is especially do this research and establish a better evacuation and rescue environment.
The aim of this study is to use FDS to simulate the installation of a fixed fire fighting system in a blockage tunnel with point-extraction ventilation, in order to investigate the effects of tunnel fire hazard factors in “two tube single-way” tunnels with different heat release rates, tunnel blockage area and length, point-extraction ventilation systems, and sprinkler systems. Analyzing of the different conditions and evaluating the occupancy’s evacuate safety, rescue accessibility and fire spread possibility by using Taiwan’s and the Netherlands’ indicators presented in a data-based and color-coded manner, so that we can quickly and conceptually understand the impact on different conditions of the tunnel fire.
The results show that when the point-extraction ventilation systems and sprinkler systems are not work, it will cause the tunnel and the occupant evacuation unsafety. In the different tunnel blockage Cases, if the point-extraction ventilation systems and sprinkler systems are under normal operation, it can confine the fire and smoke in the exhaust zone, and improve the occupant evacuation environment and availability of fire rescue. In the Case of bus blockage, it will block the water vapor venting path upstream of the fire source and cause the smoke layer falling, reduce the accessibility of fire rescue and the evacuation safety of the occupant. As we can find that in the particular Cases, it is the worst Case if the point-extraction ventilation systems are not working, the visibility in tunnel is lower than the proper safety indicator when the simulation time is 400s.Finally we can compare Taiwan’s with Netherlands’ safety indicators and find that if the point-extraction ventilation systems and sprinkler systems are under normal operation, they can limit the fire damage in the protection zone and protect the evacuation safety of the occupant, integrity of tunnel structure, fire spread possibility and availability of fire rescue. The Netherlands’ safety indicators show that most of the hazards far from the fire source are caused by visibility.

摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 IV
圖目錄 VI
表目錄 XIV
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 2
第三節 研究範圍與限制 3
第四節 研究方法與流程 6
第二章 文獻回顧與探討 8
第一節 國內外重大災例探討 8
第二節 隧道火災實驗 17
第三節 隧道火災相關法規探討 34
第三章 隧道火災模擬分析 41
第一節 火災模擬軟體簡介 41
第二節 FDS隧道模型建構 44
第三節 格點設計 45
第四節 火源設計 48
第五節 撒水系統設計 50
第六節 通風系統設計 53
第七節 堵車情況設計 53
第八節 危害因子與探測點 54
第九節 模擬情境小結 56
第四章 模擬結果與分析 58
第一節 臨界風速正確性比較 58
第二節 撒水及點排對隧道結構之影響 62
第三節 不同熱釋率下火災模擬成果分析 65
第四節 不同堵塞率下火災模擬成果分析 77
第五節 特殊情境下火災模擬成果分析 89
第六節 隧道火災環境安全評估小結 102
第五章 結論與建議 118
第一節 結論 118
第二節 建議 122
參考文獻 125
附錄一 專家訪談紀錄 133

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