臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

全球化與貿易自由化的盛行導致WTO的成立，並於2001年進行國際服務貿易協定(Trade in Service Agreement, TISA) 的談判。目前亞太地區加入TISA的國家有台灣、南韓、澳大利亞、土耳其及日本，而2018年TISA會員國服務貿易的總量已達全世界的七成。雖然服務業本身之貿易量無法與製造業產品相比，但卻可以無形的帶動製造業產品的貿易。當服務伴隨著產品出口，所投入的附加價值參與價值鏈的投入，所提供的附加價值會被體現在出口的產品中，而這些產品包括中間產品及最終產品。
本研究從三個層面探討服務業參與全球價值鏈的情況。首先，我們以世界投入產出表 (World Input-Output Table, WIOT) 探索台灣、韓國服務業與中國雙邊貿易的競爭力，所使用的衡量指標為貿易的附加價值(Value Added in Trade, VAiT)與附加價值貿易(Trade in Value Added, TiVA)；而為了比較產業的競爭力，我們也參考 Koopman et al.(2014) 及Wang et al.(2014) 的做法將出口毛額分解，以比較台韓服務業與中國雙邊貿易的競爭優勢。接著，本研究透過出口毛額的分解，分析台灣與韓國參與全球供應鏈在亞洲分工的趨勢。這部分係以世界投入產出數據庫（WIOD）之資料檢驗和比較1995年至2011年全球價值鏈中，台灣和韓國在亞洲的服務業和製造業的分工和垂直專業化情況。最後，本研究以再以WIOT進行分析，比較2000年到2014年台灣與韓國金融業在亞太地區參與全球價值鏈分工的地位及程度。
第一個部分之實證結果發現，台灣光電產業產品出口到中國所含之台灣金融和商業服務的附加價值VAiT比例每年增加9.8-11.5％，與韓國相似（12.2％至11.3％）。而在服務業參與全球價值鏈的情況方面，第二個部分之實證結果發現，太平洋區域國家中服務業分工最熱絡的國家為印度，其次為中國，IPF分別為1.99 到1.64與2.44到1.82。韓國服務業分工熱絡程度排名第三，IPF為2.45到2.03，台灣之IPF則為2.31到2.43，落後於韓國及印尼(IPF為2.45到2.31)，但贏過日本(IPF為2.87到2.91)。
至於在服務業雙邊貿易方面，第三個部分的實證結果發現，2000年台灣F&B產業與中國雙邊貿易的分工地位(-0.05)比韓國(-0.06)高，而2005到2014年台灣F&B產業與中國雙邊貿易的分工地位比韓國低(台灣為-0.04到-0.14，韓國為-0.0005到-0.06)。亞太區域經濟體中，各國的F&B產業與中國雙邊貿易為促進貿易之重要推手，其中，2006年有很大的變化，南韓地位大躍進。F&B產業與中國雙邊貿易分工的地位為，日本>澳大利亞=俄羅斯>南韓>印尼>印度>土耳其>台灣(GVC position指數，0.12>0.07=0.07>0.05>0.02>0.01>0.002>
-0.04)。2014年F&B產業與中國雙邊貿易分工的地位為：澳大利亞>俄羅斯>印地安>土耳其>日本>韓國>台灣(GVC position指數，0.06>0.04>0.003>
-0.002>-0.02>-0.06>-0.14。
關鍵字: 全球價值鏈;競爭力;貿易的附加價值;附加價值貿易;分工和垂直專業化;雙邊貿易。

The prevalence of globalization and trade liberalization led to the establishment of the WTO (world trade organization) and the negotiation of the Trade in Service Agreement (TISA) in 2001. At present, the countries participating in TISA in the Asia-Pacific region include Taiwan, South Korea, Australia, Turkey and Japan. In 2018, the total amount of service trade of TISA member countries has reached 70 percent of the world. Although the trade volume of the service industry itself is not comparable to that of the manufacturing industry, it can invisibly drive the trade of manufacturing products. When services are accompanied by product exports, the value added of the inputs is invested in the value chain, and is reflected in the products that are exported, and these products include intermediate products and final products.
This study explores the global value chain in which the service industry participates in three dimensions. First, we use the World Input-Output Table (WIOT) to explore the competitiveness of Taiwanese and South Korean service industries in bilateral trade with China. The measures used are the Value Added in Trade (VAiT) and Trade in Value Added (TiVA). In order to compare the competitiveness of the industry, we also refer to Koopman et al. (2014) and Wang et al. (2014) to decompose the gross export in order to compare the competitive advantage of Taiwanese and South Korean service industry in bilateral trade with China. Then, this study analyzes the trend of the Asian fragmentation in the global supply chain in which Taiwan and South Korea participate, through the decomposition of gross exports. This section uses the World Input-Output Database (WIOD) to test and compare the fragmentation and vertical specialization in the global value chain (GVC) from 1995 to 2011 in Taiwan and South Korea in the service industry and manufacturing industry in Asia. Finally, this study compares the status and extent of the global value chain fragmentation of Taiwanese and South Korean financial and business (F&B) industry in the Asia-Pacific region from 2000 to 2014.
Our empirical results show that the value added of Taiwanese financial and business services (VAiT) in Taiwanese electrical and optical equipment industry (ELE) exports to China has a proportion that grows from 9.8 percent to 11.5 percent per year. This was similar to that of South Korea (12.2 percent to 11.3 percent). In the case of the service industrial participation in the global value chain, the empirical results of the second part found that the countries with the hottest fragmentation of services in the Pacific region were India, followed by China, with IPF of 1.99 to 1.64 and 2.44 to 1.82, respectively. South Korean service industry ranked third in terms of fragmentation enthusiasm, with IPF of 2.45 to 2.03, Taiwanese IPF was of 2.31 to 2.43, behind that of South Korea and Indonesia (IPF of 2.45 to 2.31), but won Japan (IPF is 2.87 to 2.91).
As for the bilateral trade in the service industry, our empirical results indicate that Taiwanese F&B industry in 2000 had a higher fragmentation (-0.05) in bilateral trade with China than South Korea (-0.06). From 2005 to 2014, Taiwanese F&B industry had a lower fragmentation in bilateral trade with China than South Korea (-0.04 to -0.14 in Taiwan and -0.0005 to -0.06 in South Korea). Among the economies of the Asia-Pacific region, the F&B industry of various countries is an important promoter in bilateral trade with China. Among them, there were great changes in 2006, that South Korea made a great leap forward. The order of F&B in bilateral trade with China is as follows: Japan, Russia, South Korea, Indonesia, India, Turkey, and Taiwan (GVC position index, 0.12, 0.07, 0.05,0.02, 0.01, 0.002, - 0.04). In 2014, the order of F&B in bilateral trade with China is as follows: Australia, Russia, Indian, Turkey, Japan, Korea, Taiwan (GVC position index, 0.06, greater than 0.04, 0.003, -0.002, -0.02,- 0.06, -0.14.
Keywords: global value chain (GVC); competitiveness; Value Added in Trade (VAiT); Trade in Value Added (TiVA); fragmentation and vertical specialization; bilateral trade

Table of Contents
摘 要 I
Abstract II
Acknowledgements IV
Table of Contents V
List of Tables VIII
List of Figures X
Appendixes XI
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Objectives 9
1.3 Overview 11
Chapter 2 Literature Review 14
2.1 Overview of East Asian International Trade 14
2.2 Trade in Services 15
2.3 Vertical Specialization 16
2.4 International Fragmentation 18
2.5 Services in Global Value Chains 18
2.6 Global Value Chain 19
2.7 GVC Position and the Degree of Participation in Global Value Chains 20
Chapter 3 Methodology and Data 22
3.1 The Concept 22
3.2 The Theory 22
3.2.1 Value Chain Model 22
3.2.2 Global Value Chains 23
3.2.3 The Decomposition of the Value Added Exports 24
3.2.4 International Production Fragmentation (IPF) 25
3.3 The Framework 27
3.3.1 The Structure of Global Input-Output Table 27
3.4 Trade in Value Added: Export to Global 30
3.5 Value Added in Trade: Export to Global 31
3.6 Global input-output table for four areas 32
3.7 Global Input-Output Table for Bilateral Trade 33
3.8 Trade in value added: the export of bilateral trade 34
3.9 Value added in trade: the export of bilateral trade 35
3.10 Value Added to Export Ratio (VAX) 36
3.11 The Decomposition of the Value Added Exports 37
3.12 International Production Fragmentation 39
3.13 Vertical Specialization 43
3.14 Global trade and International Fragmentation 46
3.15 Data Source 47
Chapter 4 Services in Global Value Chains- The cases of Taiwan and Korea
Trade in Value Added (TiVA) 48
4.1 The Situation of General Trade 48
4.2 Trade in Value Added of Services Export 49
4.3 The Condition of Taiwanese and South Korean Local Services Trade 49
4.4 Changes in the Share of Global TiVA of Taiwan and South Korea 51
4.5 Bilateral trade: Taiwanese and South Korean Competition in Chinese 52
Chapter 5 Services in Global Value Chains- The cases of Taiwan and Korea
Value Added in Trade(VAiT) 54
5.1 Share of Service Value Added in Trade (VAiT) in the Exports of Taiwan 54
5.2 VAiT in the Export of Electrical and Optical Equipment Manufacturing 55
5.2.1 VAiT by Taiwan and South Korea in the Exports of Electrical and Optical 55
5.2.2 Taiwanese and South Korean Electrical and Optical Equipment Exports to China 56
5.3 Bilateral Trade between Taiwan and South Korea 57
5.3.1 Decomposition of the Value Added of Exports to China 57
5.3.2 The Decomposition of Value Added of Exports as a Percentage in Exports 60
5.4 Decomposition of Value-Added Exports to China for Electrical and optical Equipment 63
5.5 Transport &Telecommunications (T&T) and Financial and Business (F & B) 65
5.5.1 Decomposition of Financial and Business Services Exports to China 65
5.5.2 Decomposition of Transport &Telecommunication Exports 67
Chapter 6 International Fragmentation and Vertical Specialization between Taiwan, South Korea and Asia Pacific 72
6.1 The Situation of General Trade 72
6.2 The Situation of International Production Fragmentation 73
6.2.1 International Production Fragmentation for Manufacturing in Asia Pacific 73
6.2.2 International Production Fragmentation for Services in Asia Pacific 78
6.3 The Degree of Vertical Specialization 81
6.3.1 Vertical Specialization of ELE (Electrical and Optical Equipment) Exports 81
6.3.2 Vertical specialization of Financial &Business 87
Chapter 7 The Position of Fragmentation in the Asian Pacific Region for Taiwanese and South Korean F&B Service 90
7.1 Bilateral Trade of Taiwan or South Korea with China 90
7.2 Decomposition of Value Added 90
7.3 Decomposition of the Value Added of the F&B Industry 93
7.3.1 The Situation of Taiwanese and South Korean F&B Industry 93
7.3.2 Decomposition of Value Added of F&B Industry 93
7.4 The Condition F&B industrial Exports to China 97
7.5 F&B Bilateral Trade with China 98
7.5.1 Taiwanese and South Korean F&B Position of bilateral trade with China 98
7.5.2 Taiwanese and South Korean F&B Degree of Participation in GVC 99
7.6 Overview of Trade in Asia Pacific 100
7.6.1 The Decomposition of Value Added of Asian Pacific 100
7.6.2 Overview of Fragmentation of Exports to China 108
7.7 Overview of F&B Industry Trade in the Asia Pacific 110
7.7.1 Decomposition of the Value Added of Bilateral Trade 110
7.7.2 Degree of Vertical Specialization of F&B Industry of Asia Pacific 112
7.8 The Position of F&B Industry of the Asia Pacific 119
7.8.1 Position of Bilateral Trade between Asia Pacific and China 119
7.8.2 Degree of Participation in Global Value Chains of F&B Industry 120
Chapter 8.Conclusions 123
8.1 Key conclusion 123
8.2 Implied meaning of the analysis results 128
8.3 Research Scope and Limitations 134
8.4 Suggestions for future research 134
References 136
Appendixes 139
List of Tables
Table 1. Overview of GDP Development in Several Important Countries in Asia Pacific from1995 to 2011 1
Table 2. Share of Value Added by Sector as Proportion of GDP 4
Table 3. Share of Export by Sector in Taiwan and South Korea 5
Table 4. Export to Asia Pacific’s Gross Export / World’s Gross Export 8
Table 5a. Taiwanese TiVA, Export Amount and VAX in 1995 and 2011 51
Table 5b. South Korean TiVA, Export Amount and VAX in 1995 and 2011 51
Table 6. VAiT in the Export of Electrical and Optical Equipment Manufacturing of China 56
Table 7. Taiwanese & Korea decomposition of value added of exports to China 59
Table 8. The decomposition of Value Added of Exports between Taiwan, South Korea and China as a percentage in Exports 62
Table 9. Decomposition of Value-added Exports to China for ELE (electrical and optical equipment) 64
Table 10-1a. Financial Business Exports to China 68
Table10-1b. Decomposition of Transport & Telecommunications 69
Table 10-2a. Decomposition of Financial Business Export 70
Table 10-2b. Decomposition of Transport &Telecommunications Export 71
Table 11. The Situation of General Trade of Exports to the World 73
Table 12. International Production Fragmentation for Manufacturing in Asia Pacific 77
Table 13.International Production Fragmentation for Services in Asia Pacific 80
Table 14a.Vertical Specialization of Taiwanese Electrical and Optical Equipment Exports to the Asia Pacific 85
Table 14b.Vertical Specialization of South Korean Electrical and Optical Equipment Exports to the Asia Pacific 86
Table 15a Vertical Specialization among Taiwanese and that of Asia Pacific 88
Table15b Vertical Specialization among South Korean and that of Asia Pacific 89
Table16. Decomposition of value added 92
Table17. Decomposition of value added of F&B Industry 97
Table18. The Value Added Contributed by Other Regions 98
Table19. GVC position & GVC participation 99
Table 20a. Decomposition of Value Added of Asia Pacific Exports to China 104
Table 20b. Decomposition of Value Added of Asia Pacific Exports to China 105
Table 20c. Decomposition of Value Added of Asia Pacific Exports to China 106
Table 20d. Decomposition of Value Added of Asia Pacific Exports to China 107
Table 21 The Position of Fragmentation of Exports to China 109
Table 22a.Decomposition of the value added of Asia Pacific 115
Table 22b.Decomposition of the value added of Asia Pacific 116
Table 22c.Decomposition of the value added of Asia Pacific 117
Table 22d.Decomposition of the value added of Asia Pacific 118
Table 23 Degree of Participation in Global Value Chains of F&B Industry 122

List of Figures
Figure 1.The overview of the research methods and procedure. 12
Figure 2.Value Chain Model 23
Figure 3.Cyclic Diagram of the Value Chain 23
Figure 4.Global Value Chains 24
Figure 5.Decomposition of Gross Exports 25
Figure 6.International Production Fragmentation (IPF) 26
Figure 7.Basic Model of Input Output by the Single Country 27
Figure 8.Extend Model of Input Output by Global 29
Figure 9.Extend Model of Iinput Output by Single Country Exports to Global 31
Figure 10.Countries of 4 Areas in WIOD 33
Figure 11.Extend Model of Input Output by Two Countries 34
Figure 12.Extend model of Input Output by Two Countries in 41Countries 35
Figure 13.The Decomposition of Gross Exports 45
Figure 14.Trade in Value Added (TiVA) 48
Figure 15.Trade in Value Added (TiVA) of Services Exports 49
Figure 16a.Trade in Value Added of Service Sectors of Taiwan Export 50
Figure 16b.Trade in Value Added of Service Sectors of South Korea Export 50
Figure 17.Trade in Value Added ( TiVA) Export in Bilateral Trade 53
Figure 18.Trade in Value Added (TiVA) Industry Export and TiVA/Gross (Taiwan/South Korea to China) 53
Figure 19. Share of Service Value Added in Trade (VAiT) Embodied Indirectly in The Goods
Exports of Taiwan 54
Figure 20. The proportion of (VAiT) by Taiwanese and South Korean Services to China 57

Appendixes
Table I.WIOD (World Input-Output Database) 139
Table II.(Figure14) Trade in value added (TiVA) 140
Table III.(Figure15) Trade in value added (TiVA) of Services Export 140
Table IV.(Figure 16a) Trade in value added (TiVA) service sectors of Taiwan export 141
Table V.(Figure 16b) Trade in value added (TiVA) service sectors of Taiwan export 141
Table VI.(Figure 17) Trade in value added (TiVA) export in bilateral trade 142
Table VII. (Figure 18-a) Trade in value added (TiVA) in the industry exports of Taiwan & South Korea export to China. 143
Table VIII. (Figure18-b,Share of Trade in value added (TiVA) in the industry exports of Taiwan& South Korea export to China. 144
Table IX.(Figure 19) Share of service value added in trade (VAiT) embodied indirectly in the goods exports of Taiwan 145
Table X.(Figure 20) The proportion of (VAiT) by Taiwanese and South Korean Services to China 146

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