臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘 要

本研究是以二階段連續攪拌的厭氧生物反應器來轉化混合豬糞尿與鳳梨廢棄物共消化生產生物氫和生物甲烷的預處理研究，其中第一階段是產氫發酵槽，在中溫條件下37℃，與豬糞混合的鳳梨廢水濃度105 g COD/L生產氫氣。第二階段是產甲烷發酵槽，將來自產氫發酵槽的出流物直接加入生產甲烷。氫發酵槽和甲烷發酵槽的工作體積分別為0.2 L和10.0 L。本研究主要操作參數為調整二階段氫氣和甲烷生產的水力停留時間和優化熱預處理，實驗發現，在二階段的厭氧共消化系統中，第一階段產氫發酵槽的最佳水力停留時間為4.5 h，第二階段產甲烷發酵槽為9 d，豬糞和鳳梨廢物的在95℃ 下分別熱預處理 1 h，最大產氫速率為1488.62 mL/L/d，產甲烷速率為991.57 mL/L/d。
在第一階段共消化產氫實驗中，乙酸、丁酸與戊酸為主要液相代謝物，其中在所有測試條件下乙酸非發性有機物的比例從70到73％，且從沒有預處理到熱預處理，以及從低進料速率到高進料速率，乙酸佔非發性有機物的比例也有增加的趨勢。從菌門的分析中厚壁菌門 Firmicutes佔絕對優勢，厚壁菌是厭氧反應器中常見的主要微生物群落，是水解和酸化階段最主要的微生物群落，其在HRT 9 h時佔比約48％，在HRT 4.5 h時約佔52％。在第二階段共消化產甲烷實驗中，在HRT 18天和非熱預處理中，對照中最主要的古菌門是廣域古菌門Euryarchaeota約佔60％，當水力停留時間進一步降低至9天時，發現廣域古菌門Euryarchaeota菌門群增加至約76％。該結果顯示甲烷醱酵槽中的細菌群落在低的水力停留時間時古菌群落佔優勢，這與許多的甲烷醱酵程序的優勢菌群結構一致。
二階段連續攪拌的厭氧生物反應器在110 d內生產氫氣和甲烷方面表現良好，從高COD廢水中轉化出高能量，水力停留時間4 h可達到196.47 kJ/L/d和90％COD去除效率。
最後，二階段連續共消化製程在110天內可以穩定的生產氫氣和甲烷，在高基質濃度105 g COD / L和低水力停留時間 4.5 h的完全厭氧共消化實驗中，最佳能量產率為196.47 kJ /L/d，COD去除率為90％。 實驗結果說明，二階段共消化過程可提高COD去除率，提高CH4生產率的同時提高淨能源產量，也提高沼氣質量，顯著縮短醱酵完成時間減少反應器體積。

The study was conducted in a continuous co-digestion process by using the mixed of swine manure and pineapple waste which consisted of two-stage anaerobic reactors, first stage was the hydrogen production fermenter (HPF) and second stage was the methane production fermenter (MPF) both at mesophilic condition of 37℃. HPF was used to produce hydrogen from a mixed of pineapple waste and swine manure with a substrate concentration of 105 g COD/L. The hydrogenogenic effluent from HPF was directly fed into MPF for methane production. The working volumes of HPF and MPF were 0.2 L and 10 L, respectively. The hydraulic retention times (HRT) and heat pretreatment of the feedstock for two-stage hydrogen and methane productions were examined in this study. A maximum hydrogen production rate of 1488.62 mL/L/d and methane production rate of 991.57 mL/L/d were achieved at optimal HRTs of 4.5 h in the HPF and 9 d in the MPR with heat pretreatment at 95℃ in 1 h on both swine manure and pineapple waste.
Acetic, butyric, valeric acids were produced in hydrogen production fermenter, where the acetic acid was dominant volatile fatty acid of soluble metabolites from 70 to 73% at all tested conditions and had a trend of increasing from no pretreatment to heat pretreatment, also from high HRT to low HRT. Firmicutes was dominant and accounted for 48% in population at HRT 9 h and 52% at HRT 4.5 h. Firmicutes are common dominant microflora in anaerobic reactor and the most dominant microflora in hydrolysis and acidification stage. In methane production fermenter, the most dominant archaeal phylum in the control was Euryarchaeota accounted for 60 % in population at HRT 18 d and non-heat pretreatment conditions. Euryarchaeota population increased to 76 % when the HRT was further reduced to the optimal value of 9 d. This result indicates that the bacterial community in the MPF prevailed on archaeal community at short HRTs that in accordance with most methane production processes.
Finally, the two-stage continuous co-digestion process performed well in producing hydrogen and methane over 110 d. The optimal total energy of 196.47 kJ/L/d and COD removal efficiency of 90% were obtained in the complete anaerobic co-digestion process at high substrate concentration of 105 g COD/L and low HRT 4.5 h, respectively. The result shows that the two-stage co-digestion process could increase COD removal efficiency, increase CH4 production rate accompany with net energy gains as well as high quality of biogas and significantly reduced fermentation time.

Table of Contents
List of Figures 8
List of Tables 8
Abbreviations 9
Chapter 1. Introduction and objectives 10
1.1 Background 10
1.2 Motivation 15
Chapter 2. Literature review 17
2.1 Fossil fuel and hydrogen economy 17
2.1.1 Fossil fuel effects 17
2.1.2 Hydrogen society 19
2.2 Biowaste management 21
2.2.1 Swine manure 21
2.2.2 Pineapple waste 23
2.3 Biogas production 25
2.3.1 Hydrolysis and Acidogenesis 26
2.3.2 Methanogenesis 28
2.3.3 Bio-hythane 29
2.4 Two-stage biohythane production 31
2.4.1 Dark fermentation 31
2.4.2 Two-Stage Anaerobic System 32
a. Temperature 33
b. pH and Alkalinity 34
c. Nutrient 35
d. HRT 35
e. Microbial Communities 36
Chapter 3. Experimental setup and methods 38
3.1 Seed sludge and substrate 38
3.2 Pretreatment experiment 40
3.3 Procedure and equipments 41
3.3.1 Hydrogen production fermenter 42
3.3.2 Methane production fermenter 44
3.4. Water quality analysis: 45
3.4.1 TS and VS 45
3.4.2 Total sugar and COD 46
3.4.3 Gaseous sample analysis 47
3.4.4. VFAs. 47
3.4.5 TKN: Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen 47
Chapter 4. Results and discussion 49
4.1 Biohythane production performance 49
4.1.1 Hydrogen production 49
4.1.2 Methane production 54
4.2 Metabolites 58
4.2.1 Hydrogenesis 58
4.2.2 Methanogenesis 60
4.3 COD, total sugar, TS, and VS removal 61
4.4 Total energy recovery 64
4.5 Bacterial community 65
4.5.1 Hydrogen production fermenter 65
4.5.2 Methane production fermenter 68
4.6 Comparison analysis 70
Chapter 5. Conclusions 74
References 76

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