臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

當代讀者在閱讀佛典時，若看到一長串巨大的印度數字時，很可能感到十分困難，甚至覺得那些數字很多餘，而且不切實際。本論文以探討這類數字系列為重點，以期闡明其在佛典使用的意義何在。探索的過程當中，從《華嚴經》出發，一路到《大智度論》、迦旃延尼子弟子的學說、《大毘婆沙論》以及世親所造的《俱舍論》、《方廣大莊嚴經》、巴利《小部》的《佛史》、《行藏》、《譬喻》中的《佛陀之譬喻》以及三者的傳統注釋，然後再回到《大智度論》及《華嚴經》。以上討論的經論，都是古代印度著作，所以採用從印度文化的角度切入研究。每段經文，都照顧到上下文脈，然後釐清個別數字的語源，並闡釋其意義。基於此番考究，一方面發掘古代印度學者若干有關數字的論述，另一方面意料之外對菩薩道的行持獲得進一步的理解。

A contemporary reader of Buddhist scriptures is often challenged by immense numbers and long series in Indic numerals, finding them superfluous, impractical, and inscrutable. These tedious lists are the focus of the current study which is aiming at understanding the message behind those counting sequences built into teachings in Buddhist scriptures. Tracing the concrete instances of such extended reckoning took us from the Avataṃsaka to the Dàzhìdù lùn, to the Abhidharma treatise of Kātyāyanīputra’s disciples, the Mahāvibhāṣā, and the Abhidharmakośa by Sautrāntika Vasubandhu, to a later recension of the Lalitavistara sutra, to the Buddhavaṃsa, Cariyāpiṭaka, and the Buddha-apadāna in Pāli as well as their traditional commentaries, then back to the Dàzhìdù lùn which led us finally again to the Avataṃsaka. Though most of the texts we are working with are available only in Chinese translations, we look at them as edifices of the Indian literary tradition, and follow an Indian approach in our study. For each scripture we investigate the context in which the counting occurs, after which we etymologize and interpret the corresponding number-terms. On one hand, this investigation allowed us to unearth and give shape to diverse arithmetic discourses entertained by Indian sages of yore, and on the other hand it helped to throw, from a rather unexpected angle, light on different aspects of a bodhisattva’s cultivation.

ABSTRACT i
摘要 iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
CONTENTS v
ABBREVIATIONS 1
INTRODUCTION 2
CHAPTER 1: A HISTORY OF ANCIENT INDIAN NUMBERS THROUGH THE PRISM OF RELIGIOUS SCRIPTURES 11
1.1. Importance of Powers of Ten and Epistemological Principles Behind the Numerical Elaborations 17
1.2. Apophatic Terms and Numbers Read Through Nyāya Inference 22
CHAPTER 2: A CONCEPT OF A BODHISATTVA IN THE DÀZHÌDÙ LÙN: ABHIDHARMIC PERSPECTIVE 31
2.1. Definition of a Bodhisattva in the Dàzhìdù lùn 31
2.2. Bodhisattva Concept Amongst Disciples of Kātyāyanīputra as Related by the Dàzhìdù lùn 35
CHAPTER 3: NUMBERS AMONG DISCIPLES OF KĀTYĀYANĪPUTRA 49
3.1. Jñānaprasthāna 51
3.2. Mahāvibhāṣā 53
3.2.1. A remark on mathematical quandary behind the numerical sequences 61
3.3. The Second Counting Alternative: Traits of Mahāyāna Numbers 62
3.4. The Third Numerical System 72
3.4.1. Idiom of the third reckoning convention 74
CHAPTER 4: ABHIDHARMAKOŚA: ASAṂKHYEYA AS ONE OF SIXTY BIG NUMBERS 87
4.1. Three Asaṃkhyeya Kalpas in the Kośa 90
4.2. Asaṃkhyeya: Finite Number or Entity Beyond Wit of Counting 99
CHAPTER 5: LALITAVISTARA: ASAṂKHYEYA AS DESIGNATION OF SUPRA-MUNDANE NUMERICAL PROWESS 102
5.1. The Earliest Recension 103
5.2. Later Recensions 107
5.2.1. Locution of numerical progression 109
CHAPTER 6: ASAṄKHYEYYA IN PĀLI TRADITION 121
6.1. Asaṅkhyeyya Across Traditions: Extent of Sāriputta’s Recollection of Past Lives, and Duration of the Bodhisattva’s Cultivation 121
6.2. Asaṅkhyeyya in Pāḷi Treatises 131
6.3. Asaṅkhyeyya in the Buddhavaṃsa-Aṭṭhakathā 132
6.4. Asaṅkhyeyya in the Cariyāpiṭaka-Aṭṭhakathā 137
6.5. Asaṅkhyeyya in the Apadāna-Aṭṭhakathā 142
6.5.1. Asaṅkhiyā of Buddhas in the Buddhāpadāna-Aṭṭhakathā 147
6.6. Bridging Different Linguistic and Scholastic Conventions of the Duration of a Bodhisattva’s Cultivation 161
CHAPTER 7: BODHISATTVA AND MAHĀSATTVA ACCORDING TO THE DÀZHÌDÙ LÙN: IMMEASURABLE KALPAS OF CULTIVATION AND INFINITE SCALE OF ASPIRATION 166
7.1. Refutation of the Abhidharma Premises 166
7.2. Mahāsattva 174
CHAPTER 8: NUMBERS IN BUDDHABHADRA’S TRANSLATION OF THE AVATAṂSAKA 179
8.1. Asaṃkhyeya Chapter 181
8.2. Merit of the Initial Determination for Enlightenment Chapter 206
8.3. Gaṇḍavyūha: Bhikṣu Meghaśrī Vision of an “Ineffable Ineffables” Buddhas 212
8.4. Gaṇḍavyūha: Upāsikā Āśā’s Teaching on Giving Rise to Bodhicitta 215
8.5. Gaṇḍavyūha: Prince Indriyeśvara’s Teaching on Prominence of Counting in Bodhisattvas’ Career 218
8.6. Number-terms Subject to Translation or Transcription 221
CONCLUSION 228
BIBLIOGRAPHY 243
Primary Sources 243
Secondary Sources 243
APPENDICES 247
Appendix A: Comparative Translation of the Counting Contest in the Two Recensions of the Lalitavistara Available in Chinese 247
Appendix B: Abhidharma-type Numbers: Comparision of Number-terms in the Mahāvibhāṣā, Various Recensions of the Abhidharmakośa and the Lalitavistara 263
Appendix C: Three Types of Counting in Buddhist Scriptures: saṃkhyānaṃ, gaṇanāṃ, mudrāṃ 268
Appendix D: Cariyāpiṭaka-Aṭṭhakathā: A Traslation of an Excerpt 272
Appendix E: Mindking Bodhisattva Requests [a Teaching] on Asaṃkhyeya Chapter: A Translation of an Excerpt 277
Appendix F: Avataṃsaka-type Numbers in Different Sources 281
Appendix G: Comparative Transaltion of the Opening Section of Merit of the Initial Determination for Enlightenment Chapter 287
Appendix H: Bhikṣu Meghaśrī’s Teaching in the Gaṇḍavyūha 290
Appendix I: Upāsikā Āśā’s Teaching on Giving Rise to Bodhicitta 294
Appendix J: Indiryeśvara’s Teaching 310
Appendix K: Categorization of Numbers and Types of Infinities in Jain Scriptures 314
Appendix L: Counting in the Abhidharmakośa 317
Appendix M: Kātyāyanīputra’s Bodhisattva Doctrine Related in the Dàzhìdù lùn 321
Appendix N: Three Types of Reckoning into an Asaṃkhyeya in the Mahāvibhāṣā 324

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