臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

鑄造(casting)因製作過程存在著噪音、金屬粉塵、高溫或有機溶劑等危害因子，工作環境相對惡劣，不僅容易造成職業傷害或職業疾病外，更對周邊環境造成污染。
本研究之目的是以鑄造業作業環境監測通過對人類和環境有影響的各種物質之含量、排放量進行檢測。進行環境監測，是開展一切環境管理的前提，從近年來城市土壤、城市道路粉塵、農田土壤地區研究中發現，鉻、鎳、銅、鉛、鋅、和鎘等重金屬的污染非常廣泛，以上三種研究的主要重金屬污染來源皆不相同。重金屬在城市土壤，城市道路粉塵當中主要來源是經由交通、工業來源;在農田地區主要來源是由、施肥、農藥噴灑等(Wei aN.D. Yang et al.,2010)，因此本研究會檢測環境中之重金屬及廠中PM2.5之濃度變化。
研究結果分為三部份分別為PM2.5濃度變化、不同區域土壤中重金屬含量及利用植物被動採樣方式輔助空氣採樣，分析空氣中重金屬含量，綜合實驗結果歸納出出以下結論。PM2.5 8小時濃度採樣結果最高在4月測得濃度為1469 μg/m3，而最低之PM2.5 8小時濃度在12月測得濃度為104.2 μg/m3。不同區域土壤中重金屬含量鋁(Al)元素之最高濃度在鑄造廠周界之農地濃度為29406 mg/kg，最低在大安農地濃度為4101.3 mg/kg。鐵(Fe)元素之最高濃度在台中某公園濃度為16733 mg/kg，最低在大安農地濃度為2272.2 mg/kg。鎂(Mg)元素之最高濃度在鑄造廠周界之農地濃度為3963.6 mg/kg，最低在台中某公園濃度為599.19 mg/kg。其餘金屬元素濃度相當微量或小於儀器偵測極限。植物被動採樣鑄造廠周界植物葉片測得Mg金屬元素含量最高在11月份濃度為5.48 mg/kg、最低為Mn金屬元素含量最低在4月份濃度為0.04 mg/kg，其餘元素皆小於儀器偵測極限。綜合實驗結果在冬季時季風之風向為東北風，造成鑄造場內PM2.5 8小時濃度降低，而夏季時季風之風向為西南風，造成鑄造場內PM2.5 8小時濃度升高。影響PM2.5 8小時濃度之原因不僅是風向，室內外之通風也會影響當日之PM2.5 8小時濃度，室內外通風越是良好則PM2.5 8小時濃度就會降低，反之通風若是不良則PM2.5 8小時濃度就會升高。
土壤方面則是分為農業用地及一般用地，農業用地若是處於耕種時，重金屬會受到人們施放肥料、灌溉等方式影響。休耕時期土壤中重金屬變化只會受到氣候變化之影響。一般用地土壤中重金屬變化只有受到氣候之影響，其變化不明顯。植物被動採樣大部份是為了輔助空氣採樣，由結果得知，空氣中PM2.5重金屬含量相當微量，而植物葉片上之重金屬來源屬植物體本身。

As for casting, due to hazard factors such as noise, metal dust, high temperature or organic solvents in production process, its working environment is relatively tough, which not only causes occupational injury or occupational disease easily but also pollutes the surrounding environment.
The purpose of this study is to detect contents and emissions of various substances affecting human and environment through operational environment monitoring of casting industry. Environment monitoring is the premise to develop all the tasks of environmental management. The studies on urban soil, urban road dust and farmland soil in recent years show that the pollution of chromium, nickel, copper, lead, zinc, cadmium and other heavy metals is widespread, and the pollution sources of the main heavy metals in the above three studies are different. The heavy metals are mainly sourced from transportation and industry in urban soil and urban road dust, and from fertilization and pesticide application in farmland area (Wei aN.D. Yang et al., 2010). Hence, this study detected the heavy metals in the environment and the changes of PM2.5 concentration in the plant. The study results were divided into three parts, respectively including the changes of PM2.5 concentration, heavy metal contents in soil of different areas and analysis on heavy metal contents in air based on air sampling assisted by passive sampling with plants, and the following conclusions are summarized from the synthesis of the experimental results. From the sampling results, the maximum and minimum monthly average concentration of PM2.5 is 1469μg/m3 measured in April and 156.3μg/m3 measured in September respectively. As for the heavy metal contents in soil of different areas, the maximum and minimum concentration of aluminum (Al) is 29406mg/kg measured in the farmland around the casting plant and 4101.3 mg/kg measured in Daan Farmland respectively. The maximum and minimum concentration of ferrum (Fe) is 16733mg/kg measured in X Park located in Shalu District and 2272.2mg/kg measured in Daan Farmland respectively. The maximum and minimum concentration of magnesium (Mg) is 3963.6mg/kg measured in the farmland around the casting plant and 599.19mg/kg measured in X Park located in Shalu District respectively. The concentration of other metal elements is incredibly low or lower than the detection limit of instruments. Through passive sampling with plants, the maximum content of magnesium (Mg) in the plant leaves around the casting plant is 5.48mg/kg measured in November, and the minimum concentration of magnesium (Mg) is 0.04mg/kg measured in April. The concentration of other elements is lower than the detection limit of instruments. The experimental results are synthesized and show that, the monsoon direction is northeast in winter, leading to decrease in daily PM2.5 concentration in the casting plant, and the monsoon direction is southwest in summer, leading to increase in daily PM2.5 concentration in the casting plant. Not only wind directions but also indoor and outdoor ventilation affects the daily PM2.5 concentration. The better the indoor and outdoor ventilation is, the lower the daily PM2.5 concentration will be. On the contrary, poor indoor and outdoor ventilation will increase the daily PM2.5 concentration.
In terms of soli, it is usually divided into agricultural land and general land. When the agricultural land is under cultivation, heavy metals are affected by fertilization, irrigation and other methods conducted by people. In fallow period, the changes of heavy metals in the soil are only affected by climatic variation. Being only affected by the climate, the changes of heavy metals in the soil of general land are unapparent. The main purpose of passive sampling with plants is to assist air sampling. From the results, the contents of PM2.5 and heavy metals in air are quite low, and the heavy metals on plant leaves are sourced from the plants.

目錄
致謝 I
摘要 II
ABSTRACT IV
圖目錄 X
表目錄 XIII
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 研究緣起 1
1-2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 4
2-1 空氣污染 4
2-2 PM2.5 5
2-3 鑄造 7
2-3-1 接種劑（Inoculant） 8
2-3-2 除渣劑 9
2-3-2 球化劑(Nodularizer) 10
2-4 重金屬 11
2-4-1 鋁(Aluminum，Al) 13
2-4-2 銅(Copper，Cu) 14
2-4-3 鉻(Chromium，Cr) 15
2-4-4 鎘(Cadmium，Cd) 16
2-4-5 鐵(Iron，Fe) 17
2-4-6 錳(Manganese，Mn) 18
2-4-7 鉛(Lead，Pb) 19
2-4-8 鎂(Magnesium，Mg) 20
2-5我國重金屬相關法規標準 21
第三章 研究方法 22
3-1 實驗流程 22
3-2 實驗設備與材料 28
3-3 採樣規劃 30
3-3-1 採樣地點 30
3-3-2 未燃燒地區(空白)採樣規劃 32
3-4 實驗方法 33
3-4-1 樣品前處理 35
3-4-2 實驗裝置 38
3-4-3 微波消化裝置 40
3-4-4感應耦合電漿原子發散光譜儀 41
3-5 QUALITY CONTROL 43
第四章 結果與討論 58
4-1 PM2.5之濃度 58
4-2 空氣中PM2.5重金屬之濃度 63
4-3土壤之重金屬濃度 65
4-4鑄造廠周界植物葉片之重金屬成分分析之結果 78
第五章 結論 81
參考文獻 84

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