臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

海蟑螂 (genus Ligia) 屬於甲殼亞門、軟甲綱、等足目、海蟑螂科, 台灣記錄過的種類包括 Ligia exotica 與 L. taiwanensis。L. exotica 廣泛分布於歐洲以外的溫熱帶地區, 棲息在台灣岩岸、港灣、礁岩、礫石灘等處常可發現; L. taiwanensis 則僅分布於恆春半島之山澗溪流。初步研究結果, 顯示港口溪標本的形態 (雄性交接器形狀) 與分子親緣與其他地區的標本不同, 可能為另外一種, 因此本研究進一步使用分子 (16S rDNA、COI) 與形態證據, 以確認台灣產海蟑螂的種類, 並調查 L. taiwanensis 之地理分布。依據形態與分子親緣的結果, 除了原先紀錄的兩種外, 還有第三種海蟑螂 (Ligia sp.)。L. exotica 與 Ligia sp. 之外形極為相似, 但雄性交接器末端形狀的差異, 可藉以辨別兩者, 主成分分析與分子親緣分析亦支持此結果。Ligia sp. 目前的分布地點為高雄柴山、屏東 (小琉球、興海漁港、港口溪出海口)、台東 (東河、都蘭藤橋溪出海口)。根據文獻形態之描述, 將 Ligia sp. 與鄰近區域之種類比較, 尚無法確定種類, 未來需要比對相關標本方能確定。本研究之標本形態符合文獻中 L. exotica 之特徵, 且分子序列與其他文獻所鑑定之 L. exotica 序列歸在同一分群, 支持本研究所鑑定之 L. exotica。L. taiwanensis 僅分布在恆春半島, 雙流國家森林公園為已知的最北分布點, 南界為社頂公園梅花鹿復育區的山溝旁。

The sea slaters (genus Ligia) belong to the family Ligiidae (Crustacea, Malacostracea, Isopoda). Two species, L. exotica and L. taiwanensis, were reported from Taiwan. L. exotica is a wide-spread species distributing over tropical and subtropical zones except Europe. In Taiwan, its habitats include rocky coasts, gravel beach, reefs and harbors. However, L. taiwanensis only inhabits in the strand of hill streams in Hengchun Peninsula, southern Taiwan. A preliminary study, based on the morphological (appendix masculina) and molecular evidence, showed there is another species from the Gangkou River estuary. A further morphological and molecular study (16S rDNA, COI) was conducted to clarify the diversity of Ligia species from Taiwan, and also the geographical distribution of L. taiwanensis. Based on the results, a third Ligia species (named as Ligia sp.) from Taiwan has been confirmed. The body shapes of L. exotica and Ligia sp. are similar, but they can be distinguished by the shape of appendix masculina of males that is supported by the principal components analysis and molecular evidence. Ligia sp. is distributed in Kaohsiung (Chaishan), Pingtung (Siaoliouciou, Singhai Fishing Harbor and Gangkou River estuary), and Taitung (Donghe and Dulan). According to the literature of adjacent regions of Ligia, the species identity of Ligia sp. cannot be confirmed. More related specimens are necessary to be examined to identify the species. In this study, the morphology of specimens of L. exotica agrees with the characters in literature, and the molecular sequences of this study are clustered in the clade of L. exotica in other studies as well, which support the identify of this species. L. taiwanensis is only distributed in Hengchun Peninsula. The northernmost area is the Shuangliou Forest Recreation Area, and the southernmost area is the Sheding Natural Park.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
目次 iii
表目次 vi
圖目次 vii
壹、前言 1
一、台灣產海蟑螂分類地位 1
二、海蟑螂之形態 1
三、海蟑螂之生物學概述 2
四、研究現況 3
(一)Ligia exotica Roux, 1828 (外地海蟑螂) 3
(二)Ligia taiwanensis Lee, 1994 (台灣海蟑螂) 3
(三)台灣研究現況.4
(四)國外研究現況 4
五、研究目的 6
貳、材料與方法 7
一、實驗材料採集 7
(一)L. taiwanensis 台灣海蟑螂 7
(二)L. exotica 外地海蟑螂 7
二、分子生物學實驗 8
(一)DNA 萃取 8
(二)聚核酶連鎖反應 (polymerase chain reaction, PCR) 8
(三)電泳染色 8
(四)基因定序 9
(五)數據分析 9
三、形態分析 10
(一)形態測量分析- 主成分分析 10
(二)交接器末端及其他形態特徵 10
參、結果 11
一、台灣產海蟑螂之分類描述 11
Ligia exotica Roux, 1828 外地海蟑螂 11
Ligia taiwanensis Lee, 1994 台灣海蟑螂 12
Ligia sp. 13
台灣產海蟑螂之檢索表 14
形態測量分析- 主成分分析 14
二、分子生物學實驗- DNA 分析結果 15
(一)核苷酸組成與序列變異 15
16S rDNA 之序列分析 15
COI 之序列分析 15
(二)16S rDNA 與 COI 之親緣關係樹 16
16S rDNA 親緣關係樹 16
COI 親緣關係樹 16
三、Ligia taiwanensis 地理分布範圍 17
肆、討論 18
一、東亞 L. exotica 正確性之探討 18
二、形態之比較 21
(一)台灣產海蟑螂分類探討 21
(二)台灣產海蟑螂與東亞地區種類之探討 22
三、分子親緣分析探討 24
(一)遺傳距離之比較 24
16S rDNA 之遺傳距離 24
COI 之遺傳距離 25
(二)16S rDNA 與 COI 之親緣關係樹 25
四、形態與分子親緣分析之比較 26
五、棲地環境與分布探討 26
伍、結論 28
陸、參考文獻 29

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