臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

繡球花(Hydrangea macrophylla Thunb.)為溫帶重要觀賞花卉之一，具大且色彩豐富的萼片。華八仙(H. chinensis Maxim.) 為同科屬常綠型植物，廣泛分佈於東亞全年無霜害之地區，臺灣全島低海拔山坡地上族群生長繁茂，對環境逆境耐受度高且花期早。本研究以華八仙、繡球花‘Leuchtfeuer’與‘Freudenstein’兩品種為材料，進行花粉活力檢定與種間雜交等試驗，期能從雜交後代選出具親本優良性狀之單株，供盆花或景觀利用。華八仙及繡球花‘Leuchtfeuer’花粉培養於不同蔗糖濃度之培養基中，結果均以5 %蔗糖培養基之處理發芽率最高，分別為21.5%及10.6%；繡球花‘Freudenstein’花粉發芽率最高之處理則在含10 %蔗糖之培養基，發芽率達83.5%。華八仙及繡球花‘Leuchtfeuer’花粉發芽適溫為30℃，發芽率分別86.9%及17.0%；繡球花‘Freudenstein’之花粉發芽適溫為 25℃，發芽率達61.6% 。三親本自交以華八仙結實率77.9%最高，繡球花‘Leuchtfeuer’與‘Freudenstein’兩者均不稔。在雜交上以華八仙為母本分別與繡球花‘Leuchtfeuer’及‘Freudenstein’進行雜交，結實率分別為40.9%與73.2%，平均每蒴果具70.5及109.0粒種子，播種發芽率分別為31.8%與58.9%。以華八仙為父本分別與繡球花‘Leuchtfeuer’及‘Freudenstein’ 行雜交，結實率為37.0%與53.0%，平均每蒴果含4.1及47.5粒種子，播種發芽率為31.8%與58.9%，顯示參試品種間無雜交障礙。在雜交後代的表現上，所有子代其葉片形態呈雙親本之中間型，而枝條上之花序形態、株型及分枝性則與華八仙相似。雜交後代最早之花期於3月底，顯示華八仙早花之優良性狀遺傳到部分後代單株中。
在高溫強光之夏季於網室內進行4種不同透光程度分別為0%遮陰(505 μmol·m-2·s-1)、50%遮陰(202 μmol·m-2·s-1)、70%遮陰(69 μmol·m-2·s-1)及90%遮陰(14 μmol·m-2·s-1)試驗，參試材料為華八仙與繡球花‘Leuchtfeuer’。華八仙於0%、50%遮陰下仍可維持正常生長，且於50%遮陰下逐漸被馴化，繡球花‘Leuchtfeuer’於夏季適度遮陰( 50%遮陰)具有較佳的生長表現，形態上具有較大的葉面積及株高，生理上具有最高的光飽和點及最大光合作用速率。而過度遮陰(平均正午光度低於60 μmol·m-2·s-1)下，在枝條長、株高、葉乾重、最大光合作用速率明顯下降，顯示過度遮陰影響生長。

The genus Hydrangea is one of the major ornamental flowers. Among them, H. macrophylla Thunb. is the most popular species because of its large and bright- color sepal. Evergreen H. chinensis which grown vigorously in low attitude hillside, is tolerant to environmental stresses and having earlier flowering time. The pollen viability and interspecies crossing between H. chinensis, H. macrophylla 'Leuchtfeuer' and. 'Freudenstein' for selecting off springs with good flower shape of color that will be used as pot flowers or landscaping plants. The results showed that H. chinensis and H. macrophylla ‘Leuchtfeuer’ had better pollen germination with 5% sucrose-medium, the germination rate were 21.5% and 10.6%, respectively. H. macrophylla 'Freudenstein' had higher pollen germination rate cultivated in 10% sucrose-medium valued 83.5%. The optimum temperature for H. chinensis and H. macrophylla ‘Leuchtfeuer’ pollen germination was at 30℃, and the germination rate was 86.9% and 17.0%, respectively. The optimum temperature for the pollen of H. 'Freudenstein germinate was at 25℃ valued 61.6%. In the selfing of three species, the fruit set of H. chinensis was 77.9%, H. macrophylla 'Leuchtfeuer' and 'Freudenstein' were without fruiting. Regarding to reciprocal crossing experiment, the H. chinensis as a female parent crossed with 'Leuchtfeuer' and 'Freudenstein' resulted in 40.9% and 73.2% fruiting rates, and each capsule contained 70.5 and 109 seeds. The germination rates of hybridized seed were 31.8. % and 58.9%. The H. macrophylla 'Leuchtfeuer' and. 'Freudenstein' crossed with H. chinensis had 37.0% and 53.0% fruiting rate with 4.1 and 47.5 seeds per capsule. Their hybrid seeds had 31.8% and 58.9% germination rates, respectively. Among interspecies hybridization there were better offsprings with plant morphology, sterile flower size r and total shoot number from H. chinensis as a hybrid parent. The flowering period of the hybrid offspring began flowering at the end of March, the excellent traits of early flowering was from H. chinensis.
H. chinensis and H. macrophylla 'Leuchtfeuer' were grown under four control treatmenst, the average light intensities were 505, 202, 60, and 14 μmol·m-2·s-1 at noon, respectively. H. chinensis still maintains normal growth at about 440 and 200 μmol·μmol·m-2·s-1 light intensities at noon, and is gradually domesticated under 50% shading. H. macrophylla 'Leuchtfeuer' is moderately shady in summer (average noon The luminosity is about 200 μmol·m-2·s-1), which has better growth performance, large leaf area and plant height, and has the highest light saturation point and maximum photosynthesis rate. Over-shadowing (average luminosity below 60 μmol·m-2·s-1) has the lowest shoot length, plant height, leaf dry weight, and maximum photosynthesis rate, indicating excessive shading affecting growth.

摘要i
Abstract ii
目次iv
表目次vi
圖目次vii
第一章 前言 (Introduction)1
第二章 前人研究(Literature review)2
一、繡球花之起源及分類2
二、繡球花形態及生長習性2
三、臺灣八仙花屬植物之簡介3
四、遠緣雜交簡介4
五、繡球花種間雜交及障礙5
六、花粉萌發測定6
七、遮光與植物耐陰性7
八、遮陰下植物之反應8
第三章 材料方法(Materials and Methods)10
試驗一 華八仙與繡球花之種間雜交10
一、試驗材料10
二、花粉萌發測定10
三、華八仙、繡球花‘Leuchtfeuer’與‘Freudenstein’植株外觀性狀調查10
四、種間雜交對結實率及種子數之影響11
五、種子播種與栽培11
六、子代性狀測量11
七、統計分析12
試驗二 遮陰對華八仙與繡球花‘Leuchtfeuer’形態及生長之影響13
一、植物材料13
二、試驗處理13
三、調查分析項目13
四、統計分析14
第四章 結果(Results)15
試驗一 華八仙與繡球花之種間雜交15
一、華八仙、繡球花‘Leuchtfeuer’與‘Freudenstein’授粉時之生長形態15
二、花粉萌發測定15
三、華八仙、繡球花‘Leuchtfeuer’與‘Freudenstein’自交16
四、種間雜交對結實率及種子數之影響16
五、種間雜交種子之發芽率16
六、雜交後代的性狀調查及選拔16
試驗二 遮陰對華八仙與繡球花‘Leuchtfeuer’形態及生長之影響18
一、遮陰處理環境18
二、遮陰程度對華八仙遮陰之影響18
(一)葉片形態及生長之影響 18
(二)葉片光合作用生理之影響19
三、遮陰程度對繡球花‘Leuchtfeuer’之影響19
(一)葉片形態及生長之影響19
(二)葉片光合生理之影響19
第五章 討論(Discussion)65
第六章 結論(Conclusions)70
第七章 參考文獻(References)71
附錄(Appendix)78

刘纪岗、谢元贵、杨小庆. 2012. 貴州百里杜鵑大草原景區迷人杜鵑群落特徵研究. 廣東農業科學. 9:46-48.
江秀紅. 1999. 溫度、遮光與容器及植株大小對繡球花生長與開花之影響. 國立臺灣大學園藝學系碩士論文. 臺北.
吳俊、李旭鋒. 1999. 油菜諸葛菜屬植物雜交親合性之研究. 西南農業大學學報 21:412-416.
宋杰. 2011. 蔷薇屬植物遠缘雜交生殖障礙及幼胚拯救研究. 南京農業大學碩士論文. 南京.
李金龍. 1987. 園藝作物花粉活力測定與儲藏之研究. 中國園藝 35:347-356.
李桂荣、杨鹏鸣. 2010. 硼酸與蔗糖對百合花粉生活力的影響. 安徽農業科學 38:9494-9495.
周艳、韦小丽、李朝婵、陈训. 2015. 遮陰對迷人杜鵑種子萌發和芽苗生長的影響. 貴州農業科學. 43:149-152.
孟金陵. 1987. 蕓苔屬植物遠緣雜交不親合性的研究展. 中國油料 4:71-77.
邱金春、王三太. 2011. 遠緣雜交育種障礙及克服策略. 農業試驗所技術服務 85:19-22.
侯宇龍. 2003. 鵝鑾鼻燈籠草與長壽花之種間雜交育種. 國立中興大學園藝學系碩士論文. 臺中.
郑万钧. 中國樹木誌第二卷. 中國林業出版社. 北京. p.1544-1554.
留欽培. 2008. 韭蘭屬物種之種間雜交. 國立中興大學園藝學系碩士論文. 臺中.
高典林. 2014. 現代作物育種學. 藝軒圖書出版社. 藝軒圖書文具有限公司. 新北. 臺灣.
郭耀綸. 2013. 植物耐陰性及臺灣原生樹種耐陰性類別. 林業研究專訊. 20:36-40.
陳永漢、傅仰人. 1998. 繡球花花色調整之研究. 桃園區農業改良場研究彙報 34: 9-14.
陳彥樺. 2014. 花青素合成途徑及花色呈現影響因子. 臺中區農業改良場特刊122:346-352.
陳銘卿. 2000. 荔枝花粉形態及生體外發芽之研究. 國立中興大學園藝系研究所碩士論文. 臺中.
彭寶儀. 2007. 臺灣原生石竹之開花習性及其種間雜交. 國立中興大學園藝學系碩士論文. 臺中.
楊梨玲、朱建鏞. 1999. 溫度對聖誕紅結實之影響. 興大園藝 24:53-69.
劉和義、楊遠波、呂勝由、施柄霖. 2000. 臺灣維管束植物簡誌第三卷. 行政院農業委員會印行. 台北.
劉業經、呂福原、歐辰雄. 1994. 臺灣樹木誌(增補修訂版). 國立中興大學農學院出版委員會 p.679-687.
戴華軍、朱正斌、沈雪林、周建明、何建華. 2010. 作物遠緣雜交育種的途徑及其實質. 基因組學與應用生物學. 29:144-149.

Alberti, P., P.E. Casali, E. Barbaglio, L. Toppino, G. Mennella, and A. Falavigna. 2004. Interspecific hybridization for Asparagus breeding. Proc. XLVIII Italian Soc. Agr. Genet. SIFV-SIGA Joint Mtg. Lecce Italy.
Amano, J., J. Kato, M. Nakano, and M. Mii. 2006. Production of inter-section hybrids between Primula filchnerae and P. sinensis through ovule culture. Scientia Hort. 110:223-227.
Björkman, O. 1981. Responses to different quantum flux densities. In Physiological plant ecology I. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. p. 57-107.
Boardman, N.T. 1977. Comparative photosynthesis of sun and shade plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 28:355-377.
Böhning, R.H. and C.A.Burnside. 1956. The effect of light intensity on rate of apparent photosynthesis in leaves of sun and shade plants. Amer. J. Bot. 43:557-561.
Brewbaker, J.L. and B.H. Kwack. 1963. The essential role of calcium ion in pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Amer. J. Bot. 50:747-858.
Broeckling, B.E., R.A. Watson, B. Steinwand, and D.R. Bush. 2016. Intronic sequence regulates sugar-dependent expression of Arabidopsis thaliana production of anthocyanin pigment-1/MYB75. PloS one 11:e0156673.
Cai, M., K. Wang, L. Luo, H.T. Pan, Q.X. Zhang, and Y.Y. Yang. 2015. Production of interspecific hybrids between Hydrangea macrophylla and Hydrangea arborescens via ovary culture. HortScience 50:1765-1769.
Cai, Z.Q. 2011. Shade delayed flowering and decreased photosynthesis, growth and yield of Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) plants. Ind. Crops Prod. 34:1235-1237.
Campbell, S.J. and C.J. Miller. 2002. Shoot and abundance characteristics of the seagrass Heterozostera tasmanica in Westernport estuary (south-eastern Australia). Aquat. Bot. 73:33-46.
Cerbah, M., E. Mortreau, S. Brown, S. Siljak-Yakovlev, H. Bertrand, and C. Lambert. 2001. Genome size variation and species relationships in the genus Hydrangea. Theor. Appl. Genet. 103:45–51.
Claramarcucci, M., T. Visser, and J. Mvantuyl. 1982. Pollen and pollination experiment heat resistance of pollen. Euphytica 31:379-381.
Codarin, S., G. Galopin, and G. Chasseriaux. 2006. Effect of air humidity on the growth and morphology of Hydrangea macrophylla L. Scientia Hort. 108:303-309.
Craine, J.M. and P.B. Reich. 2005. Leaf‐level light compensation points in shade‐tolerant woody seedlings. New Phytol. 166:710-713.
Dai, Y., Z. Shen, Y. Liu, L. Wang, D. Hannaway, and H. Lu. 2009. Effects of shade Levels on the photosynthetic capacity, chlorophyll fluorescence, and chlorophyll content of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg. Environ. Exp. Bot. 65:177-182.
Deng, Y., Q. Shao, C. Li, X. Ye, and R. Tang. 2012. Differential responses of double petal and multi petal jasmine to shading: II. Morphology, anatomy and physiology. Scientia Hort. 144:19-28
Eeckhaut, T., Van Huylenbroeck, J., Van Laere, K., and Van Bockstaele, E. 2004. Interspecific hybridization in woody ornamentals: how to deal with barriers? Intl. Symp. In Vitro Culture Hort. Breeding 725:117-126.
Flavia, S.C., C.S. Gilda, and C.C. Fabiola. 2007. Effect of four shading levels on flower stem and corm quality of liatris (Liatris spicata). Agric. Téc. 67:100-104.
Geromel, C., L.P. Ferreira, F. Davrieux, B. Guyot, F. Ribeyre, M.B. dos Santos Scholz; L.F.P. Pereira; P. Vaast; D. Pot, and T. Leroy. 2008. Effects of shade on the development and sugar metabolism of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) fruits. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 46:569-579.
Givnish, T.J. 1988. Adaptation to sun and shade: a whole-plant perspective. Functional Plant Biology 15:63-92.
Gommers, C.M., E.J. Visser, K.R. St Onge, L.A. Voesenek, and R. Pierik. 2013. Shade tolerance: when growing tall is not an option. Trends Plant Sci. 18:65-71.
Granados Mendoza, C., S. Wanke, P. Goetghebeur, and M.S. Samain. 2013. Facilitating wide hybridization in Hydrangea sl cultivars: A phylogenetic and marker-assisted breeding approach. Mol. Breeding 32: 233-239.
Gupta, M., and Y.S. Murty. 1985. Viability and longevity of pollen in Vicia faba L. Acta Botanica Indica.
Hatamian, M. and H. Salehi. 2017. Physiological characteristics of two rose cultivars (Rosa hybrida L.) under different levels of shading in greenhouse conditions. J. Ornamental Plants 7:147-155.
Heenan, P.B., M.I. Dawson, R.D. Smissen, and R.A. Bicknell. 2008. An artificial intergeneric hybrid derived from sexual hybridization between the distantly related Arabidopsis thaliana and Pachycladon cheesemanii (Brassicaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 157:533-544.
Hou, W., Y. Luo, X. Wang, Q. Chen, B. Sun, Y. Wang, Z. Liu, H. Tang, and Y. Zhang. 2018. Effects of shading on plant growth, flower quality and photosynthetic capacity of Rosa hybrida. AIP Conf. Proc. 1956:1-6.
Hufford, L. 2001. Ontogeny and morphology of the fertile flowers of Hydrangea and allied genera of tribe Hydrangeeae (Hydrangeaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 137: 139-187.
Hughes, N.M., H.S. Neufeld, and K.O. Burkey. 2005. Functional role of anthocyanins in high-light winter leaves of the evergreen herb Galax urceolata. New Phytol. 168:575-587.
Jaimez, R.E. and F. Rada. 2006. Flowering and fruit production dynamics of sweet pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq) under different shade conditions in a humid tropical region. J. Sustain. Agr. 27:97-108.
Kardos, J.H., C.D. Robacker, M.A. Dirr, and T.A. Rinehart. 2009. Production and verification of Hydrangea macrophylla × H. angustipetala hybrids. HortScience 44:1534-1537.
Khan, N., S. Zhou, M.S. Ramanna, P. Arens, J. Herrera, R.G. Visser, and J.M. Van Tuyl. 2009. Potential for analytic breeding in allopolyploids: an illustration from Longiflorum× Asiatic hybrid lilies (Lilium). Euphytica 166:399-409.
Kim, S.J., D.J. Yu, T.-C. Kim, and H.J. Lee. 2011. Growth and photosynthetic characteristics of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum cv. Bluecrop) under various shade levels. Scientia. Hort. 129:486-492.
Knapp, A.K. and D.L. Smith. 1997. Leaf Angle, Light Interception, and Water Relations. Amer. Biol. 59:365-68.
Kudo, N., T. Matsui, and T. Okada. 2008. A novel interspecific hybrid plant between Hydrangea scandens ssp. chinensis and H. macrophylla via ovule culture. Plant Biotechnol. 25:529-533.
Lawson-Hall, T. and B. Rothera. 1995. Hydrangeas: A gardener's guide. Portland, Ore: Timber Press.
Levitt, J. 2015. Water, radiation, salt, and other stresses. Elsevier. Academy Press. NY
Litlere, B. and E. Stromme. 1975. The influence of temperature , daylenght anf light intensity on flowering in Hydrangea macrophylla. (Thunb.) Ser. Acta. Hort. 51:285-298.
Loupassaki, M., M. Vasilakakis, and I. Androulakis. 1997. Effect of pre-incubation humidity and temperature treatment on the in vitro germination of avocado pollen grains. Euphytica 94:247-251.
Lugassi-Ben-Hamo, M., M. Kitron, A. Bustan, and M. Zaccai. 2010. Effect of shade regime on flower development, yield and quality in lisianthus. Scientia Hort. Amsterdam 124:248-253.
Mathur, S., L. Jain, and A. Jajoo. 2018. Photosynthetic efficiency in sun and shade plants. Photosynthetica 56:354-365.
McClintock, E. 1957. A monograph of the genus Hydrangea. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 29:147-255.
Meng, X., T. Xing, and X. Wang. 2004. The role of light in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation in Gerbera hybrid. Plant Growth Regulat. 44: 243–250.
Miralles, J., J. Martínez-Sánchez, J. Franco, and S. Bañón. 2011. Rhamnus alaternus growth under four simulated shade environments: Morphological, anatomical and physiological responses. Scientia Hort. 127:562-570.
Mohanty A, B. Chrungu, N. Verma, and K.R. Shivanna. 2009. Broadening the genetic base of crop Brassicas by production of new Intergeneric hybrid. Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed. 45:117–122.
Niinemets, F.V.a.U. 2008. Shade tolerance, a key plant feature of complex nature and consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evolution Systematics 39:237-257.
O’Kelly, J.C. 1955. External carbohydrates in growth and respiration of pollen tubes in vitro. Amer. J. Bot. 42:322-327.
Peffley, E.B. and A. Hou. 2000. Bulb-type onion introgressants posessing Allium fistulosum L. genes recovered from interspecific hybrid backcrosses between A. cepa L. and A. fistulosum L. Theoretical Appl. Genet. 100:528-534.
Peri, P.L., D.J. Moot, P. Jarvis, D.L. McNeil, and R.J. Lucas. 2007. Morphological, anatomical, and physiological changes of orchardgrass leaves grown under fluctuating light regimes. Agron. J. 99:1502-1513.
Pooter, H. and R. De Jong. 1999. A comparison of specific leaf area, chemical composition and leaf construction costs of field plans from 15 habitats differing in productivity. New Phytol. 143:163-176.
Rahman, M.H. 2005. Resynthesis of Brassica napus L. for self‐incompatibility: self‐incompatibility reaction, inheritance and breeding potential. Plant Breeding 124:13-19.
Ray, S. 1946. Reduction of blindness in hydrangeas. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 47:501-502.
Reed, S.M. 2000a. Compatibility studies in Hydrangea. J. Environ. Hort. 18:29-33.
Reed, S.M. 2000b. Development of an in ovolo embryo culture procedure for Hydrangea. J. Environ. Hort. 18:34-39.
Reed, S.M. 2004a. Floral characteristics of a Hydrangea macrophylla × H. paniculata hybrid. Proc. Southern Nursery Assn. Res. Conf., 49:580-582.
Reed, S.M. 2004b. Self-incompatibility and time of stigma receptivity in two species of Hydrangea. HortScience 39:312-315.
Reed, S.M. 2005. Pollination biology of Hydrangea macrophylla. HortScience 40: 335-338.
Reed, S.M., G.L. Riedel, and M.R. Pooler. 2001. Verification and establishment of Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Kardinal’x H. paniculata ‘Brussels Lace’ interspecific hybrids. J. Environ. Hort. 19:85-88.
Reed, S.M., K.D. Jones, and T.A. Rinehart. 2008. Production and characterization of intergeneric hybrids between Dichroa febrifuga and Hydrangea macrophylla. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 133:84-91.
Rinehart, T.A., B.E. Scheffler, and S.M. Reed. 2006. Genetic diversity estimates for the genus Hydrangea and development of a molecular key based on SSR. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 131:787-797.
Röper, A.C., H. Lütken, B. Christensen, K. Boutilier, K.K. Petersen, and R. Müller. 2015. Production of interspecific Campanula hybrids by ovule culture: exploring the effect of ovule isolation time. Euphytica 203:643-657.
Scuderi, D., F. Giuffrida, S. Toscano, and D. Romano. 2012. Growth, physiological response, and quality characteristics of weeping fig in response to shading levels and climatic conditions. HortScience 47:1586-1592.
Sedgley, M. and C.M. Annells. 1981. Flowering and fruit-set response to temperature in the avocado cultivar ‘Hass’. Scientia Horticulturae 14：27-33.
Stern, R. A. 1998. Pollen viability in lyche. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 123: 41-46.
Stone, J., J.D. Thomson, and S.J. Dent-Acosta. 1995. Assessment of pollen viability in hand-pollination experiments. Amer. J. Bot. 82:1186-1197.
Sujatha, M. and A.J. Prabakaran. 2006. Ploidy manipulation and introgression of resistance to Alternaria helianthi from wild hexaploid Helianthus species to cultivated sunflower (H. annuus L.) aided by anther culture. Euphytica 152:201-215.
Taiz, L., E. Zeiger, I.M. Møller, and A. Murphy. 2015. Plant physiology and development. Sinauer Associates, Incorporated.
Takayama, S. and A. Isogai. 2005. Self-incompatibility in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 56:467-489.
Taylor, L.P. and P.K. Hepler. 1997. Pollen germination and tube growth. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 48：461-491.
Uemachi, T. and A. Okumura. 2012. The inheritance of inflorescence types in Hydrangea macrophylla. J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci. 81:263-268.
Uemachi, T., Y. Kato, and T. Nishio. 2004. Comparison of decorative and non-decorative flowers in Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser.Scientia hort. 102: 325-334.
Väinölä, A. 2000. Polyploidization and early screening of Rhododendron hybrids. Euphytica 112:239-244.
Valladares, F. and R.W. Pearcy, 2000. The role of crown architecture for light harvesting and carbon gain in extreme light environments assessed with a structurally realistic 3-D model. In “Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 58:3-16.
Valladares, F. and Ü. Niinemets.. 2008. Shade tolerance, a key plant feature of complex nature and consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evolution Systematics 39:237-257.
Van Tuyl, J.M. and K.B. Lim. 2003. Interspecific hybridisation and polyploidisation as tools in ornamental plant breeding. XXI Intl. Eucarpia Symp. Classical versus Mol. Breeding Ornamentals-Part I 612:13-22.
Venturieri, G.A., B. Nesi, S. Lazzereschi, S. Pecchioli, and G. Burchi. 2017. Development of pollination and in vitro germination techniques to improve the hybridization in Hydrangea spp. Adv. Hort. Sci. 31:45-51.
Vervaeke, I., Parton, E., Maene, L., Deroose, R., and De Proft, M. P. 2002. Pollen tube growth and fertilization after different in vitro pollination techniques of Aechmea fasciata. Euphytica 124:75-83.
Weinbaum, S.A., D.E. Parfitt and V.S. Polito. 1984. Differential cold sensitivity of pollen grain germination in two Prunus species. Euphytica 33:419-426.
Widerlechner, M.P., M. Harold, D. Pellett, and C. Fuhrman. 1983. In vivo pollen germination and vital staining in deciduous Azaleas. HortScience 18:86-88.
Yoon, J.B., D.C. Yang, J.W. Do, and H.G. Park. 2006. Overcoming two post-fertilization genetic barriers in interspecific hybridization between Capsicum annuum and C. baccatum for introgression of anthracnose resistance. Breeding Sci. 56:31-38.
Yoshida, K., Y. Toyama-Kato, K. Kameda, and T. Kondo. 2003. Sepal color variation of Hydrangea macrophylla and vacuolar pH measured with a proton-selective microelectrode. Plant Cell Physiol. 44:262-268.
Zhao, D., Z. Hao, and J. Tao. 2012. Effects of shade on plant growth and flower quality in the herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.). Plant Physiol. Biochem. 61: 187-196.
Zhou, Y., L. Huang, X. Wei, H. Zhou, and X. Chen. 2017. Physiological, morphological, and anatomical changes in Rhododendron agastum in response to shading. Plant Growth Regulat. 81:23-30.