機器對機器間通訊(Machine-to-machine, M2M)和裝置對裝置間通訊技術(Device-to-Device, D2D)是實現下一代網路的關鍵技術之一。由於物聯網應用主要著重於環境感測，如：智慧電錶、家庭保全、災害偵測及遠端醫療等，其週期性或突發性的感應偵測行為形成特有的小數據，傳遞時容易造成資源的浪費；同時，由於物聯網的應用會頻繁的傳遞感測資料，這會使得功率的消耗大幅增加。另一方面，隨著智慧型裝置的蓬勃發展，即時語音、視頻串流等高頻寬媒體服務也隨之增長，同時也造成蜂巢式網路(Cellular Network)的頻譜資源急速耗盡。為了讓更多裝置的媒體應用能被服務，3GPP提出了裝置對裝置間的通訊技術(D2D)，以解決蜂巢式網路擁塞的問題。然而，由於D2D 通訊和蜂巢式網路用戶及物聯網裝置使用相同的無線頻譜資源，因此造成潛在的無線通訊干擾，容易導致網路的傳輸效能降低。同時，由於乘載在D2D及行動用戶裝置的媒體服務頻繁通訊，將面臨裝置能源加速耗盡的問題。因此，為了有效減少物聯網裝置及行動D2D通訊的能耗，第三代合作夥伴計劃(3GPP)定義了非連續接收機制(Discontinuous Reception Mechanism, DRX)，其允許裝置關閉無線介面並進入睡眠模式，然而如何最佳化DRX排程同時改善資源效率問題會是該網路上重要議題之一。因此，我們針對下一代網路上提出資源分配與省電排程機制，其包含兩項研究主題，第一個研究主題主要針對在LTE-M物聯網路上的小資料聚合的資源排程與省電議題。第二個研究主題主要是探討D2D與物聯網路共存網路上探討頻譜利用率、資源利用率和省電排程機制的議題。
在第一個研究主題中，我們觀察上行資源分配的問題在LTE-M網路，其中考慮物聯網應用有不同的資料特性，分別是週期性和事件觸發性。在研究中，我們首先說明此問題為NP-complete並提出一個具有聚合效益的DRX省電排程機制(AEDS)。這個方法會利用空間域與時間域的特性同時配合DRX的省電機制來達到聚合資料的效益，具體來說，此方法包含三個步驟。第一步驟其針對週期性(periodic)的資源請求，以靜態(long-term scheduling)配置方式保證週期傳遞性質之小數據資料之延遲性。第二步驟透過DRX的配置，進而減少裝置的功率消耗。第三步驟針對事件觸發性(event-driven)的資源請求，則利用動態(short-term scheduling)配置方式提高小數據的傳遞效益；同時，更進一步考慮裝置資料類型之間的相似性，利用群集方式增強資料的匯集，再透過多躍進(multi-hop)的通訊，提高單位時間傳送的數據量。如此，同時改善了小資料傳輸和省電問題。模擬結果說明了我們提出的方法相較於現有的方法，可以改善資源效益、提高網路能力同時減少功率消耗。
在第二個研究主題中，我們提出一個具能源效率以及裝置睡眠排程的方法，此研究主題主要探討如何妥善分配D2D及行動用戶之上行傳輸資源，除了服務更多的媒體應用外，並確保裝置的服務品質(Quality of Service, QoS)，同時減少行動用戶及D2D裝置不必要的耗電。因此，我們提出一個高效且低複雜度的省電排程方法；此方法首先會針對傳輸干擾建立干擾關係圖(Conflict Graph)，接著再最大化行動用戶及D2D的無線資源複用(Resource Reuse)，如此可提升無線資源的利用率；同時，更利用非連續接收機制(DRX)技術，進一步最佳化省電排程參數，如此可以達成裝置的節能省電效果。根據模擬結果，其顯示我們的方法具有較高的資源利用效能，同時可以有效的提高省電效果。

Machine-to-machine (M2M) and device-to-device (D2D) communication are promising network technologies to realize next generation networks. Since Internet of Things (IoT) applications are mainly for smart sensing, such as metering, home surveillance, disaster detection, and e-health, their special sensing/uploading behaviors will result in periodic and/or event-driven small data transmissions, which may potentially decrease the radio resource efficiency. Due to the frequent communication nature of sensing data for IoT applications, the power consumption is increasing dramatically. On the other hand, intelligent devices such as smart phones and smart tablets are grown and developed rapidly. High-bandwidth media services such as live streaming, gaming and multi-user video conferencing are more and more popular. This results in spectrum resource depletion of the cellular network. To alleviate the problem, 3GPP has proposed a new technology, called device-to-device (D2D) communications. However, D2D devices and direct link cellular users all share and access the same spectrum resource, thus degrading the network performance significantly due to the interference. In addition, due to the frequent communication nature of streaming and gaming services, the power consumption of devices is increasing dramatically. Therefore, to reduce the power consumption of IoT devices, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has defined the discontinuous reception/discontinuous transmission (DRX/DTX) mechanism to allow devices to turn off their radio interfaces and go to sleep in various patterns. However, how to optimize the DRX scheduling while improving the resource efficiency is still an open issue. Based on the above problems, we propose the resource allocation and power saving in next generation networks, which is composed of two works. The first work discusses the problem of small data aggregation, resource efficiency and power saving in LTE-M IoT networks. The second work discusses the problem of spectrum utilization, resource efficiency and power saving in IoT and D2D networks.

In the first work, we investigate an uplink resource allocation problem over LTE-M which considers the periodic, event-driven, and query-based IoT traffic while minimizing the devices' power consumption. We prove this problem to be NP-complete and propose an aggregation-efficient DRX/DTX scheduling (AEDS) scheme. This scheme takes advantage of both spatial and temporal data aggregation while applying DRX/DTX for energy saving. Specifically, the scheme consists of three phases. The first phase exploits long-term static scheduling for periodic data to ensure the latency and data rate while minimizing the devices' wake-up time. The second phase tries to decrease devices' power consumption through precisely determining their DRX/DTX configurations. Finally, the third phase employs short-term dynamic scheduling for event-driven and query-based data to improve transmission efficiency. Therefore, both small data and power consumption problems are relieved. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed scheme can improve resource efficiency, enlarge network capacity while reducing power consumption compared to the existing schemes.

In the second work, we propose an energy-efficient resource and sleep scheduling scheme. This scheme first establishes a conflict graph to maintain the transmission and interference relationship, and then tries to maximize concurrent D2D and mobile users by resource reuse. At the same time, the method also exploits DRX technology to further decrease possible interference and conserve devices' power consumption through optimizing their sleep operation. In this thesis, we will show how to schedule and allocate radio resource to improve the network throughput and efficiency via more concurrent D2D and direct cellular user communications on the uplink direction and reduce unnecessary power consumption and interference of devices by exploiting DRX/DTX while ensuring their QoS. Simulation results show that our scheme can achieve better performance on system throughput, network capacity, and power saving compared to the existing schemes.

Chinese Abstract i
English Abstract iii
Contents v
List of Figures viii
List of Tables x
1 Introduction 1
2 Overview of LTE-M and D2D networks 5
2.1 LTE-M Network Architecture 5
2.2 D2D Communication Architecture and Procedure 6
2.3 Frame Structures 9
2.4 Discontinuous Reception (DRX) Mechanism 10
2.5 Traffic Features and QoS Requirements 11
2.5.1 M2M communication 11
2.5.2 D2D communication 11
3 Energy-Efficient Scheduling Scheme for Small and Massive Transmis- sions in LTE-M Networks 13
3.1 Motivations 13
3.2 Related Work 14
3.3 Problem Definition 15
3.4 The Proposed Scheme 18
3.4.1 Phase1: Grouping Devices and Initializing Sleep Cycles 18
3.4.2 Phase2: Periodic Traffic Scheduling 24
3.4.3 Phase3: Event-driven and Query-based Traffic Scheduling 25
3.5 Time Complexity Analysis 26
3.6 Performance Evaluation 27
3.6.1 Resource Efficiency 28
3.6.2 Network Capacity 29
3.6.3 Power Saving 31
3.6.4 Observations 33
3.6.4.1 Data Aggregation Efficiency 33
3.6.4.2 Traffic Latency Distribution 33
3.6.4.3 Satisfaction Ratio 34
3.6.4.4 Path Assignment Ratio 35
4 Energy-Efficient DRX Scheduling for D2D Communication 37
4.1 Motivations 37
4.2 Related Work 38
4.3 Problem Definition 39
4.4 The Proposed Scheme 40
4.4.1 Grouping Devices and Initializing Sleep Cycles 41
4.4.2 Resource and Sleep Scheduling for Spatial Reuse Groups 44
4.5 Analysis of Time Complexity 50
4.6 Performance Evaluation 52
4.6.1 System Throughput 53
4.6.2 Number of Served Devices 53
4.6.3 Successful Scheduling Ratio 54
4.6.4 Average Transmission Bit per RB 55
4.6.5 Sleep Ratio 55
4.6.6 Power Consumption 56
4.6.7 Computational Time 57
5 Conclusions 59
Bibliography 61

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