臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　認知研究的不同領域常可觀察到性別差異，但對音樂認知的性別差異研究很少，過去研究指出女性在旋律感上優於男性，並以陳述性記憶的女性優勢作為解釋，但記憶除陳述性記憶，還有工作記憶，亦有研究指出音樂的認知會運用大量工作記憶，但較少文獻提及運用工作記憶進行音樂認知時，是否也有旋律的女性優勢存在，本研究第一個目的將對此作探討。另外，音樂分為旋律及節奏，過去文獻在節奏感的性別差異並無成人研究資料，瞭解成人節奏感的性別差異為本研究的第二個目的。本研究的第三個目的，想進一步對旋律及節奏內在處理差異作探討，過去研究多指出旋律和語言內在資源的共享，近期雖亦有研究表明節奏和語言間的共享，但沒有研究比較旋律及節奏各自和語言共享大小的異同，本研究將對此進行探討。
　　本論文包含三個研究，綜合研究一和研究二，得到的結果是，在旋律上並沒有顯著的性別差異，但在節奏上卻發現了男性優勢。研究三透過雙重任務作業的方法，探討旋律及節奏和語言共享內在資源大小的異同，結果顯示不論男性及女性，旋律和語言的重疊性大於節奏和語言的重疊，也表示旋律及節奏內在處理是不同的。本論文的發現幫助我們釐清成人節奏感性別差異，以及旋律及節奏的內在處理、和語言共享的內在資源大小異同。此成果可作為未來研究、教育及醫療的參考。

　　Gender differences are often observed in different fields of cognitive research, but there have been few studies on gender differences in musical cognition. Previous studies have demonstrated a female advantage in melody processing, and this could be explained by the female advantage in declarative memory. However, memory is not a unitary system. Working memory also plays an important in our daily life, but it is still unclear whether the female advantage could be extended to melody processing that only requires working memory but not declarative memory. The first purpose of this study was to explore this. The second purpose of this study was to test the gender difference in the relatively unexplored realm in music cognition: rhythm processing. The third purpose of this study was to further explore the differences in the internal processing of melody and rhythm and their relationships with language processing. Previous studies have corroborated the common module between melody and language, but little work had been conducted for the relationship between rhythm and language.
　　This thesis consists of three studies. The collapsed results of the first and second studies showed no significant gender difference in melody discrimination, but a male advantage in rhythm discrimination. The third study was designed to explore the relationships between melody, rhythm and language processing by means of the dual-task paradigm. The results suggested that the overlap of melody and language was greater than that of rhythm and language. The findings of the three studies can shed light on our understanding of gender differences in rhythm processing in adults, as well as the disassociated internal processing resources of melody and rhythm. The results could provide insights for future research, music education and medical treatments.

中文摘要.................................................i
英文摘要................................................ii
誌謝...................................................iii
目錄....................................................iv
圖目錄..................................................vi
第一章 緒論..............................................1
　1.1 研究背景與動機.....................................1
　1.2 研究目的...........................................2
第二章 文獻探討..........................................3
　2.1 語言的性別差異研究.................................3
　2.2 語言與音樂的關係...................................3
　2.3 記憶的種類與性別差異...............................4
　2.4 旋律辨識的性別差異.................................6
　2.5 節奏辨識的性別差異.................................7
　2.6 工作記憶與雙重任務範式（The dual-task paradigm）...8
第三章 研究一............................................9
　3.1 研究對象...........................................9
　3.2 研究設計...........................................9
　3.3 研究工具與材料.....................................9
　3.4 研究結果..........................................11
　3.5 討論..............................................12
第四章 研究二...........................................14
　4.1 研究對象..........................................14
　4.2 研究設計..........................................14
　4.3 研究工具與材料....................................15
　4.4 研究結果..........................................15
　4.5 討論..............................................18
第五章 研究三...........................................19
　5.1 研究對象..........................................19
　5.2 研究設計..........................................19
　5.3 研究工具與材料....................................20
　5.4 研究結果..........................................20
　5.5 討論..............................................23
第六章 綜合討論.........................................24
　6.1 結果摘要..........................................24
　6.2 旋律辨識的性別差異................................24
　6.3 節奏與語言的關聯..................................25
　6.4 研究限制..........................................26
　6.5 對學術、教學及醫療的貢獻..........................26
參考文獻................................................27
附錄一 The Musical Ear Test（MET）中文版說明、Answer sheet...................................................30

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