隨著近年來非常熱門的第五代行動通訊與物聯網應用，射頻辨識系統的重要性也大幅度增加，射頻辨識系統的研究與討論數量都非常多，射頻辨識電子標籤可以被應用在通行收費系統、通行證、商品標籤……等。此外，相位陣列雷達的討論熱度也非常高，我們希望藉由相位陣列雷達與電子標籤來完成射頻辨識系統。本次研究基於實驗室先前65奈米製程的射頻辨識電子標籤，將架構移植到28奈米製程，並針對靈敏度(Sensitivity)、效率(Efficiency)、功率消耗(Power Consumption)與低工作電壓作改善。我們提出的毫米波被動式射頻辨識電子標籤，具有小尺寸的特性，能夠嵌入在紙張、塑膠、衣物等商品中；而電路不需要額外提供電池的特性，使其能夠藉由攫取環境中的電磁能來轉換成電路所需能量。本篇論文會介紹射頻辨識電子標籤的運作模式與其中各個子電路的架構與功能，而會特別詳述非同步數位控制器與脈衝寬度調變接收器的部分。此外，本篇論文也會針對射頻切換器作介紹，並說明應用在相位陣列雷達硬體前端電路中的切換器所需要的規格，以及討論設計過程。

The 5th generation wireless systems and the Internet of Things applications are becoming popular in recent years. The importance of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems has increased significantly. The number of research and discussion on the RFID system grows a lot. The RFID tag can be applied in the electronic toll collection system, access cards, product labels, etc. Besides, the discussion of phased-array radar is also very hot. We want to complete an RFID system by the phased-array radar and the RFID tag as the reader and the tag. Keeping going with the previous 65nm RFID tag structure, the project is focused on the process porting to 28nm and improves the sensitivity, efficiency, power consumption, and operation under low voltage. The proposed millimeter-wave passive RFID tag IC achieves small size so it can be embedded into paper, plastic or clothes. The tag does not need an additional battery. It can harvest the electromagnetic energy from the environment and converter this energy to DC power needed for the circuit operation. This thesis introduces the operating state of the RFID tag and describes the function and architecture of each sub-circuit. The asynchronous digital controller and the PWM receiver will be discussed in detail. Moreover, the thesis introduces the RF switch as well. This thesis describes the specifications required for the switch used in the phased-array radar frontend circuit and the design process is also explained.

1 Introduction 1

2 A Millimeter-Wave Passive RFID Tag IC 4

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.2 Operating Principle of the Proposed RFID Tag IC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.3 Energy Harvester Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.3.1 Rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.3.2 Power-On Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.3.3 Boost Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.4 Power Management Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.5 Asynchronous Digital Controller Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.5.1 Asynchronous State Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.5.2 Memory Shift Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.6 PWM Receiver Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.6.1 Envelope Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.6.2 Integrator and Sampler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2.6.3 Bandgap Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2.6.4 Preamble Checker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

i


2.7 PWM Transmitter Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

2.7.1 Ring Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

2.7.2 Control Pulse Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

2.7.3 Voltage Control Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

2.7.4 Power Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

2.8 Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

2.8.1 Energy Harvester Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

2.8.2 Asynchronous Digital Controller Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

2.8.3 PWM Receiver Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

2.8.4 PWM Transmitter Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

2.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

3 A Low Loss RF Switch 47

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

3.2 Specification Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

3.3 Proposed Switch Design and Relevant Consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

3.4 Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

3.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

4 Conclusion and Future Works 63

Bibliography 66

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