臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隱喻和我們的認知系統高度相關，且多運用於日常溝通，而新聞標題也是其中之一。在過去關於新聞的譬喻研究中，鮮少是特別針在標題的（參見胡，2010； 謝，2011）。為了汲取文章內的資訊，新聞標題扮演重要的角色。自從林來瘋在2012年襲捲全世界，台灣人對於NBA新聞的興趣逐漸升高，因此NBA新聞標題有不有趣相形重要。本論文宗旨著重在中文NBA新聞標題，以此探討運動隱喻之創意。首先，藉由Lakoff及Johnson的概念譬喻理論(Conceptual Metaphor Theory)探討NBA球隊隊名的中譯及特定動詞產生的創意隱喻與其認知映射(conceptual mappings)，而作為分析的工具之一，轉喻也被應用於語料的解讀。接著，再採用Fauconnier及Turner的融合理論 (Blending Theory)檢視不同隊名的方式形成的隱喻創意之過程。雖然NBA比賽是在美國舉行，其標題則是以繁體中文所撰寫，其中跨文化背景的表達則有待探討。
整體來說，本研究結果指出標題中使用了各種的創意隱喻。「擊敗」的概念舉足輕重，和NBA各隊中譯隊名及特定動詞息息相關，如身體行為或社會行為密切融入標題中。除此之外，三種的創意藉由涉及贏家輸家或兩者之隊名而達成。而關於NBA新聞標題裡的跨文化背景的表達，則反應出人們的思維方式，從特定的歷史知識到一般節日的慶祝。

Metaphors are highly related to our conceptualization and are used in various kinds of daily communication, one of which is news headlines. In the past, even though there were studies working on metaphors in news, few of them did focus specifically on headlines (e.g. Hu, 2010; Shie, 2011). To grab the information of the intended news article, headlines play an important role. Since the popularity of Linsanity spread all over the world in 2012, Taiwanese people’s interest in NBA news has gradually increased, and hence whether the NBA news headline is intriguing or not is vital. By investigating metaphors in NBA news headlines written in Chinese, this thesis analyzes the creativity in them. At first, the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980, 2003) is adopted to discuss the creative linguistic metaphors and their corresponding conceptual mappings based on diverse translated names of NBA teams and the particular verbs. Metonymies are also used through the analysis for interpretive purposes. Next, Blending Theory (Fauconnier and Turner, 2002) is exploited to further account for the process of metaphorical creativity with the names of the teams being involved. Due to the fact that the data transcend the boundaries of countries, some metaphorical expressions constructed based on specific or general cultures are also explained.
As a whole, the findings show that various creative linguistic metaphors are used. The concept of DEFEAT conceptualized whether it is physically and/ or socially constructed with diverse translated names of the NBA teams associated with the particular verbs. As for the process of the metaphorical creativity, three ways of achieving novelty is revealed, including involving names of the winner, the loser, or both of them. Furthermore, the expressions based on cultures reflect people’s ways of thinking, from specific historical knowledge to the celebration of general holidays.

論文審定書 i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
摘要 iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES ix
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Motivation 4
1.3 Aims 5
1.4 The Organization of the Study 6
CHAPTER 2 Theoretical Framework 7
2.1 Conceptual Metaphor Theory 7
2.1.1 Metaphorical Mapping 7
2.1.2 Metonymy 10
2.2 Blending Theory 13
2.3 Metaphorical Creativity 17
2.3.1 the Conventionality of Creativity 18
2.3.2 Five Contextual Factors of Metaphorical Creativity 21
2.3.3 Cultural Factors on Metaphorical Conceptualization 27
2.3.4 Accounting for Metaphors with a Theory of Communication 28
CHAPTER 3 Methodology 31
3.1 Data 31
3.2 Data Collection 31
3.3 Selection Criteria 32
3.4 Procedures of Analysis 33
CHAPTER 4 Analysis and Discussion 34
4.1 Creative Linguistic Metaphors 35
4.1.1 DEFEAT IS PHYSICAL CONTROL 36
4.1.1.1 Physical Actions Caused by Natural Phenomenon 36
4.1.1.2 Physical Actions Caused by Animals 38
4.1.1.3 Physical Actions Caused by Humans 41
4.1.1.4 Physical Actions Caused by Both Animals and Humans 46
4.1.1.5 Physical Actions Conducted through the Mediums of Non-animate Objects 48
4.1.1.6 Conceptual Mappings of DEFEAT IS PHYSICAL CONTROL 50
4.1.2 DEFEAT IS SOCIAL CONTROL 51
4.1.2.1 Social Actions Caused by Humans 51
4.1.2.2 Conceptual Mappings of DEFEAT IS SOCIAL CONTROL 54
4.1.3 DEFEAT IS PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL CONTROL 55
4.1.3.1 A Physical-and-Social Action Caused by Humans 55
4.1.3.2 Conceptual Mappings of DEFEAT IS PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL CONTROL 56
4.2 Blending between Defeating and Diverse Inputs 57
4.2.1 The Involvement of the Names of Winners 58
4.2.2 The Involvement of the Names of Losers 61
4.2.3 The Involvement of the Names of Both Winners and Losers 64
4.3 Metaphorical Expressions Reflecting Cultural Background Knowledge 67
4.3.1 Expressions with Specific Cultures 67
4.3.2 Expressions with General Cultures 74
CHAPTER 5 Conclusion 76
5.1 Summary and Implications 76
5.2 Limitations and Suggestions for Further Studies 81
REFERENCES 83
APPRENDIX: The complete selected NBA news headlines written in Chinese 88

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