臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來隨著通訊發達，物聯網正在快速的成長，快速成長的龐大裝置與網路讓我們打破裝置之間的藩籬，串連裝置，即時呈現大量的資訊。物聯網包含車聯網，因此車聯網的安全設計關係著生命安全就顯得越來越重要。
資訊安全分成硬體安全、軟體安全與個人安全防護。硬體安全中實體無法複製函數(Physical Unclonable Function, PUF)利用裝置製程變異的隨機性與唯一性，是裝置的指紋。資訊安全的領域也越來越常使用實體無法複製函數，應用包括系統驗證、密鑰生成等領域，並逐漸成為硬體安全領域研究中的一個技術焦點之一。
利用區塊鏈(Blockchain)技術建立一個讓整個網路共同檢驗某事務真實性的記錄。物聯網、車聯網與資訊安全領域使用區塊鏈來做驗證或記錄的機制。
在此篇論文，我們將實體無法複製函數和區塊鏈的概念與機制用於車用通訊上。區塊鏈網路中車間通訊分為廣播與區塊鏈個別車間通訊。每一台車，必須在註冊後才能進入區塊鏈網路，而註冊時必須提供自己的實體無法複製函數做為身份驗證用途，進入區塊鏈網路的車子。每一台車可以回報路上發生的事件，並用透過實體無法複製函數做過身份驗證後，路側單元(Roadside Unit, RSU)才會將其回報的事件廣播給其他車輛，最後將這些通訊記錄透過區塊鏈儲存下來，也因為區塊鏈無法篡改的性質，從而預防惡意人士傳送惡意訊息給其他車輛。區塊鏈網路中個別車間通訊，也遵循註冊與實體無法複製函數做身份驗證。
最後，我們對安全性、惡意攻擊、效能進行分析，以佐證我們的方法的可行性。我們結果的PUF驗證率為100%，在廣播傳輸中，車子多寡和區塊數量成正比關係，因此當車子數量變多時，事件的真實性會越高。在個人傳輸中，耗費時間短，花費CPU計算時間不到一秒，就可以完成金鑰交換加上身份認證。

Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) uses the randomness and uniqueness of the device process variation, which is exactly the fingerprint of the device. Blockchain technology creates a block record that allows the entire network to test the authenticity of a transaction.
We use simutaneously PUFs and blockchains for vehicle communication to enrich automobile security. The communication in the blockchain network is divided into individual communication and broadcasting communication. Each car must be registered before it can enter the blockchain network. When registering, it must provide its own vehicle PUF for authentication purposes and link to the blockchain network. Each car can report real-time traffic events on the road to Roadside Unit (RSU), and RSU verifies the vehicle PUF as the vehicle identiy, RSU then broadcast the events to other vehicles, and finally all the other cars store and verify the events in blockchain. Individual communication in the blockchain network is also authenticated to communicate with each other after each car registering its PUF to RSU.
Finally, we analyze vehicle security, malicious attacks and efficency to demonstrate the feasibility of our integrated authentication for vehicle secure communication. Our result reaches 100% PUF verification. In broadcast communication, the number of cars is proportional to the number of blocks in blockchain scheme. With proportional of the number of cars, scalability is achieved with reasonable time penalty. In individual communication, it takes less than one second for CPU to calculate the key exchange and identity authentication.

目錄
誌謝 ii
摘要 iii
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 ix
第1章 簡介 1
1.1. 研究動機與目標 1
1.2. 內容大綱 1
第2章 背景知識與相關研究 1
2.1. 實體無法複製函數 1
2.1.1. PUF相關特性 6
2.2. 區塊鏈 6
2.2.1. 區塊鏈特性 7
2.2.2. 區塊鏈類型 7
2.2.3. 區塊鏈架構 11
2.2.4. 區塊鏈運作流程 11
2.2.5. 區塊鏈共識演算法 11
2.2.6. 區塊鏈應用 13
2.2.7. 虛擬貨幣首次公開發售ICO 14
2.3. 車用網路介紹 15
2.3.1. 車載隨意行動網路 15
2.3.2. 專用短距離通訊 16
2.4各類加密演算法 16
2.4.1對稱和非對稱加密演算法 17
2.4.2加密演算法的比較 17
2.4.3橢圓曲線加密 18
2.5 相關著作 23
2.6 主要貢獻 24
第3章 問題定義 25
3.1. 問題情境 26
3.2. 問題分析 32
3.3. 問題定義 33
第4章 PBVA方法與流程圖 34
4.1. PBVA流程圖 34
4.1.1. PUF Generation Stage 35
4.1.2. Enrollment Stage 38
4.1.3. Communication Stage 41
第5章 實驗結果 48
5.1. 實驗平台 48
5.2. Benchamrk 48
5.3. 安全性分析(Secruity Analysis) 50
5.4. 惡意攻擊分析(Malicious Attack Analysis) 50
5.5. 效能分析(Performance Analysis) 51
第6章 結論 61
參考資料 62

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