臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

人體感測網路（Body Area Network，BAN）的相關應用服務在近幾年已經越來越普遍，裝置在人體上的穿戴式裝置（Wearable device）能夠監控人體的生理數據，且通常需要對應的應用服務來儲存和分析資料，在這個情境下，智慧型手機在管理這些穿戴式裝置以及橋接裝置和應用服務方面扮演著重要角色。在本博士論文中，將從穿戴式裝置至應用服務的通訊過程中切成兩個階段，並且個別設計對應的通訊方法來加強傳輸效率。第一階段是指智慧型手機收集來自穿戴式裝置的資料，由於一個使用者會穿戴多個由電池供電的穿戴式裝置（簡稱為感測器），連接著多個感測器的智慧型手機（或稱為集線器），應該要能夠將感測器的傳輸做良好排程以節省電力，使得感測器的使用時間可以盡量延長。換言之，應該要設計一套媒介存取控制（Medium Access Control，MAC）通訊協定給人體感測網路內的感測器和集線器所使用（稱為intra-BAN MAC protocol），以避免感測器間的訊號碰撞。此外，當人與人互相接近時，人體區域網路的訊號就很有可能干擾到鄰近其他的人體區域網路的傳輸。因此，也應該要設計一個考慮人體區域網路間干擾問題的媒介存取控制協定（稱為inter-BAN MAC protocol），用來錯開多個人體區域網路的傳輸。而在集線器收到感測器的資料後，必須要上傳感測資料給基地台（Base station，BS）以進行後續的資料分析。但是，某些人體區域網路應用可能會偵測到高度緊急事件如跌倒、急性心臟病或是癲癇，因而需要應付突發的緊急傳輸。這類型的緊急上傳任務理所當然需要盡快地上傳至基地台上，也因此，第二個階段就著眼在提供一套上傳加速通訊協定以應付這些緊急任務。

在Intra-BAN媒介存取控制協定方面，考慮一個集線器與數個感測器所組成的單一人體區域網路，由於資料封包的傳輸成功率易受到由於人體遮蔽以及使用者動作改變導致的通訊頻道品質波動的影響，為了適應這種通訊頻道的動態改變，我們設計一套媒介存取控制協定，稱作以輪巡為基礎的頻道感知協定（Channel-aware Polling-based MAC Protocol，CPMAC）。CPMAC會嘗試著在耗電量以及整體傳輸成功率之間取得一個平衡，因此，本論文將一個感測器的期望耗電量寫成算式，並將該問題映射到D[x]/D/1隊列模型以求出整體的傳輸成功率，模擬結果與傳統的分時多工（TDMA）和IEEE 802.15.6標準的CSMA/CA方法做比較，CPMAC大幅改進能量效率並同時保有低延遲。

在Inter-BAN媒介存取控制協定設計方面，考慮到多個人體區域網路固有的分散式性質以及相互的訊號干擾，提出了基於CSMA/CA方式的通訊協定，稱作負載自適應協定（Load-Adaptive MAC Protocol，LAMP）。LAMP可以根據鄰居的負載資訊與理論分析，自動地調整系統參數（就是指競爭窗口大小）。與其他相關的研究不同，LAMP包含自動切換頻道的機制，使整個人體區域網路在偵測到頻道壅塞時能夠切換至其他的頻道。此外，為了減少頻道的存取延遲，本論文額外設計了以布隆過濾器為基礎（Bloom filter-based）的鄰居訊息分享機制，使集線器能夠快速判斷出目前所處的頻道是否壅塞。模擬結果與傳統CSMA/CA機制相比，顯示LAMP提升了42.8%的產能，節省了一半能耗。此外，所提出的布隆過濾器的分享機制，幫助LAMP更進一步減少偵測到壅塞狀況達原有時間的十分之一。


上傳加速通訊協定設計方面是以5G-IoT網路為環境，其概念是利用5G網路中閒置的物聯網（Internet of Things，IoT）設備來達到加速上傳速率的目的。智慧型手機會先將收到的生理資料分割成數個片段，然後經由 D2D（Device-to-Device）的通訊方式將這些片段分別送給不同的物聯網裝置。隨後，基地台利用正交分頻多工（OFDM）的技術優勢，同時接收來自不同物聯網裝置和智慧型手機的片段。關於最佳資料分割以及最佳傳輸順序的問題也會在這部分探討，也由於解出本問題最佳解的難度極高，本論文也提出了二分之一近似演算法，模擬的結果與傳統方法相比，顯示所提出的方法能夠減少這些緊急任務的延遲時間高達76%。

透過這三個通訊協定設計，人體區域網路應用程式能夠更有效率地服務使用者，本論文最後提供了幾個與通訊協定設計領域相關的未來研究方向來作總結。

The application services of Body Area Networks (BANs) have become more and more popular in recent years. Wearable devices equipped on a human body monitor several physiological data, which are then sent, recorded, and analyzed in remote application services. In this scenario, a smartphone plays an important role to manage these devices and bridge the devices and services. Thus, in this dissertation, the communication from devices to services is divided into two stages, and corresponding methods are respectively designed to enhance the transmission efficiency. The first stage is that the smartphone collects the data from wearable devices. Since a person may equip multiple battery-powered wearable devices (abbreviated as sensors), a smartphone or a hub connecting with these sensors should well schedule the transmissions of sensors to save energy such that the life time of sensors could be lengthened. In other words, an intra-BAN MAC protocol should be designed to avoid signal collisions among sensors. Furthermore, when people meet each other, the signal of a BAN may interfere with those of nearby BANs. Thus, another MAC protocol, namely inter-BAN MAC protocol, should be designed to coordinate BANs to interleave their transmissions. After a hub collects data from sensors, it uploads them to associating Base Station (BS) to perform subsequent data analysis. However, BAN applications may require immediate uploads while detecting high emergency events such as fall, acute heart disease, and epilepsy. These critical tasks should be uploaded as soon as possible, and, hence, the second stage aims to provide an uploading boost protocol for critical tasks.

The intra-BAN MAC protocol design aims to alleviate the channel fluctuation that downgrades the transmission rate. To adapt to channel dynamics, a Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for intra-BAN, called Channel-aware Polling-based MAC protocol (CPMAC), is designed. CPMAC tries to balance the tradeoff between the energy consumption and the probability of completing all transmissions. Simulation results show that, as compared to TDMA-based scheduling and the IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA/CA protocols, CPMAC significantly improves energy efficiency and keeps the latency short. The inter-BAN MAC protocol design takes into account the signal interference from neighboring BANs. Considering the fully distributed nature of BANs, a CSMA/CA-based protocol, called Load-Adaptive MAC Protocol (LAMP), is proposed to automatically configure the system parameter (i.e., contention window size) according to neighbor information and theoretical analysis. LAMP includes an automatic channel switching mechanism to change the operating channel while detecting congestion and a mechanism to rescue sensors that fail to receive the channel switching messages. Additionally, to further reduce the latency of channel access, a Bloom filter-based neighbor information sharing mechanism is designed to rapidly determine whether the current channel is congested. Simulation results show that LAMP outperforms traditional CSMA/CA protocols in terms of throughput and energy consumption up to 42.8% and 50%, respectively.

The upload boost protocol is designed under 5G-IoT networks. The idea is to use idle IoT devices of Internet of Things (IoT) in 5G networks to boost the uploading rate. The smartphone divides the data into several segments and sends segments to different IoT devices via the Device-to-Device (D2D) communication of 5G networks. Then, the BS takes advantage of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) to simultaneously receive segments from IoT devices and the smartphone. In this dissertation, the problem about the optimal data partitioning and transmission order is formulated. Due to the hardness of the problem, a 1/2-approximation algorithm is proposed. The simulation results shows that the proposed approach can reduce the latency of critical tasks up to 76% comparing with traditional approaches.

These three protocols make the service provision of BAN applications become more efficient. This dissertation is concluded by providing some future research issues related to the above protocols.

1 Introduction.......................................................1
2 Related Works of Protocol Design...................................5
2.1 IEEE 802.15.6 Standard...........................................5
2.2 Characteristics of Intra-BAN MAC Design..........................6
2.3 Previous Work about Intra-BAN MAC Design.........................8
2.4 Characteristics of Inter-BAN MAC Protocols.......................9
2.5 Previous Work about Inter-BAN MAC Design........................11
2.6 Upload-boosting Mechanism.......................................13
3 Inter-BAN Communication Design....................................15
3.1 System Model....................................................16
3.2 Problem Formulation.............................................18
3.2.1 Problem Definition............................................18
3.2.2 Energy Efficiency.............................................19
3.2.3 Waiting Time Estimation.......................................20
3.3 Protocol Design.................................................24
3.3.1 Detailed Procedures...........................................25
3.4 Toward Rapid Channel Load Estimation............................29
3.4.1 The Estimation of pi with Incomplete Ti.......................30
3.4.2 The Estimation of E[Nij]......................................31
3.4.3 Neighbor Information Maintenance..............................33
3.5 Performance Evaluation..........................................34
3.5.1 Complete Graph................................................36
3.5.2 Incomplete Graph..............................................37
3.5.3 Detection Time of an Overloaded Channel.......................38
3.5.4 Channel Switching Comparison..................................39
3.6 Summary.........................................................40
4 Intra-BAN Communication Design....................................42
4.1 Channel-Aware Polling-based Medium Access.......................44
4.1.1 Protocol Overview and Definitions.............................45
4.1.2 Scenario and Assumptions......................................46
4.1.3 Protocol Design...............................................46
4.2 Performance Analysis and System Adaptation......................51
4.2.1 Energy Consumption Analysis...................................54
4.2.2 Completion Probability of Data Transmissions..................58
4.2.3 Choosing Proper Number of Polling Periods.....................60
4.3 Performance Evaluation..........................................61
4.3.1 Accuracy of the Analytical Models.............................62
4.3.2 Effectiveness of Polling Period Adaptation....................65
4.3.3 Performance Comparison........................................66
4.3.4 The Impact of Parameter alpha.................................70
4.4 Summary.........................................................70
5 High Speed Communication Design for Uploading in 5G Networks......72
5.1 System Model....................................................75
5.1.1 Semi-sequential Relay Approach................................76
5.1.2 Problem Formulation...........................................76
5.2 Optimal Relay Order and Data Partition..........................78
5.3 Multiple Relay Selection........................................87
5.3.1 Greedy Algorithm..............................................87
5.4 Multiple Sources Transmission...................................88
5.5 Simulation Results..............................................91
5.5.1 Number of Relay Nodes.........................................93
5.5.2 Distance between Source and BS................................94
5.5.3 Distance between Relays and Source............................95
5.5.4 Density of Relay Candidates...................................95
5.5.5 Relay Selection...............................................95
5.5.6 Multiple Sources..............................................96
5.6 Summary.........................................................97
5.7 Proof of Theorem 6..............................................97
6 Conclusions......................................................102

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