本研究之目的為:利用語法情境去除漢語關係子句(Chinese Relative Clause, CRC)之歧義，以免在閱讀理解過程中造成混淆，並利用情境設計幫助第二語言習得者之CRC閱讀理解。研究中，透過填充句設計兩種情境並搭配目標句之兩種句型(Subject Relative Clause, SRC及Object Relative Clause, ORC)，經由實驗以獲知不同之兩種情境是否有不同效應及影響SRC/ORC之理解，並從中了解以漢語為第二語言習得目標之英語母語者與漢語母語者理解CRC之差異。實驗材料包含目標句與填充句各96句，總計192句。目標句又區分為SRC與 ORC各48句, SRC與 ORC又各自與填充句搭配區分為結構式情境及語意式情境各24句；而填充句之設計僅區分為以上兩種情境各48句。每一目標句並做適當切分以擷取各切分元素之閱讀時間(reading time, RT) ，句末並隨附問題以確認受試者是否了解句意，同時，可確保受試者能專心作答。本實驗採取自主式閱讀方式進行，計算受試者之 RT以作為閱讀理解難易程度之比較標準。其中，RT係以線性混合迴歸模型 (Linear Mixed Effect Regression, lmer) 進行分析，而答題正確率係以廣義線性混合迴歸模型(Generalized Linear Mixed Effect Regression, glmer)進行分析。總計完成英語母語受試者(L2學習者) 27名，漢語母語受試者 43名，共70名受試者之實驗。分析結果顯示:於不同母語者、不同情境及切分元素之不同位置等條件下，受試者之RT結果皆存在著顯著差異；而答題正確率於不同母語者、不同RC型式及不同情境等條件下亦達顯著差異。本研究之情境因素設計可增進L2學習者漢語關係子句之閱讀理解並得知其困難所在。

The purpose of this research is to help reading comprehension of CRC(Chinese Relative Clause) for second language learners by removing the ambiguity firstly, in addition, two kinds of contexts are also designed as the filler sentences. The target CRC are divided into SRC (Subject Relative Clause) and ORC (Object Relative Clause).Through the experiment, the different effects are expected, including those induced by two different native speakers, RC types and contexts. There are 96 target sentences and 96 filler sentences.The filler sentences are equally divided into two groups with structural and semantic context respectively. Each target sentence is cut into 9 proper components for more precisely obtaining the reading time (RT). In addition, a yes-no question is provided for knowing if the participants understand the meaning of sentences and keeping them to concentrate on the test.The experiment is conducted by a self-paced reading task. Totally, 70 participants have finished the experiment, including 27 native English speakers and 43 native Chinese speakers. The RT result is analyzed by linear mixed effect regression model, and the ACC result is analyzed by generalized linear mixed effect regression model. The results show that different speakers, contexts and word order have the significantly different RT effects. And different speakers, RC types and contexts have the significantly different ACC effects. Therefore, this research can help and enhance the CRC reading comprehension for L2 learners and locate the difficulties in their reading.

謝辭
中文摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iii
表目錄 v
圖目錄 vi

第一章 前言 1

第二章 文獻探討 3
第一節 關係子句閱讀理解 3
第二節 各個理論之預測 6
第三節 第二語言習得理論 9
一、淺層裡論 9
二、語法能力習得 12
第四節 情境因素設計 16
一、句內設計 17
二、句外設計 18
第五節 研究問題 19

第三章 研究方法 21
第一節 受試者 21
第二節 實驗材料 21
第三節 實驗流程 22
第四節 線性模型 22

第四章 結果分析 24
第一節 全體受試者 24
第二節 L2學習者 32
第三節 漢語母語受試者 36

第五章 討論與結論 39
第一節 研究摘述 39
第二節 實驗結果討論 40
一、全體受試者 40
二、L2學習者 41
三、漢語母語受試者 43
第三節 關於情境因素設計 43
第四節 結論 44

參考文獻 45
附錄 一、實驗材料 49
附錄 二、RT資料敘述統計及LMM分析結果 62
附錄 三、L2學習者ACC資料敘述統計 66

邱皓政 (2016)。量化研究與統計分析。臺北市：五南。
徐東伯 (2016)。語句處理之各式表徴。臺北市：新學林。
莊雅琳 (2017，3月)。以自主步調閱讀任務探討文句呈現方式對中文閱讀之效應。第十八屆全國語言學論文研討會。臺北市：國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學系。
楊憲明 (1998)。中文詞間、詞內空格調整對閱讀的影響。台南師院學報，31，303-326。
Bever, T. G. (1970) The cognitive basis for linguistic structures. In J.R. Hayes (ed.), Cognition and the Development of Language (pp. 279–360). New York: John Wiley.
Birdsong, D. (1992). Ultimate attainment in second language acquisition. Language, 68, 706-55.
Chomsky, N. (1981) Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
Clahsen, H. & Felser, C. (2006). Grammatical processing in language learners. Applied Psycholinguistics, 27, 3-42.
Cook, V. (1990). Timed comprehension of binding in advanced L2 Learners of English. Language Learning 40, 557-99.
Gibson, E. (1991). A computational theory of human linguistic processing: Memory limitations and processing breakdown (Doctoral dissertation). Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.
Gibson, E. (1998). Linguistic complexity: Locality of syntactic dependencies. Cognition, 68, 1-76.
Gibson, E. (2000). The dependency locality theory: A distance-based theory of linguistic complexity. In A. Marantz, Y. Miyashita, and W. O’Neil (Eds.), Image, language, brain. Cambridge (PP. 95-126), MA: MIT Press.
Gibson, E., & Wu, H.-H. I. (2013). Processing Chinese relative clauses in context. Language and Cognitive Processes, 28, 125-155.
Hale, J. (2001). A probabilistic Earley parser as a psycholinguistic model. Proceedings of NAACL, 2, 159-166.
Hale, J. (2003). The information conveyed by words in sentences. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 32, 101-123.
Hawkins, J. A. (1999). Processing complexity and filler-gap dependencies across grammars. Language, 75, 244-285.
Hawkins, J. A. (2004). Efficiency and complexity in grammars. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hestvik A., Schwartz R. G., & Tornyova L. (2010). Relative clause gap-filling in children with specific language impairment. Journal of Psycholinguist Research, 39(5), 443-456.
Hsiao, F. (2003). The syntax and processing of relative clauses in Mandarin Chinese (Doctoral dissertation).Department of Linguistics, MIT, Cambridge, MA.
Hsiao, F., & Gibson, E. (2003). Processing relative clauses in Chinese. Cognition, 90, 3-27.
Jäger, L., Chen, Z., Li, Q., Lin, C.-J. C., & Vasishth, S.(2015). The subject-relative ad-vantage in Chinese: Evidence for expecta tion-based processing. Journal of Memory and Language, 79-80, 97-120.
Johnson, J. (1988). Critical period effects on universal properties of language: the status of Subjacency in the acquisition of a second language (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Illinois, at Urbana-Champaign.
Johnson, J., & Newport, E. (1991). Critical period effects on universal properties of language: the status of Subjacency in the acquisition of a second language. Cognition, 39, 215-58.
Keenan, E. L., & Comrie, B. (1977). Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar. Linguistic Inquiry, 8, 63-99.
King, J., & Just, M. A. (1991). Individual differences in syntactic processing: The role of working memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 580-602.
Levy, R. (2008). Expectation-based syntactic comprehension. Cognition, 106, 1126-1177.
Lewis, R., & Vasishth, S. (2005). An activation-based model of sentence processing as skilled memory retrieval. Cognitive Science, 29, 75-419.
Lewis, R., Vasishth, S., & Van Dyke, J. (2006). Computational principles of working memory in sentence comprehension. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 447-454.
Li, X., & Logan, G. D. (2008). Object-based attention in Chinese readers of Chinese words: Beyond Gestalt principles. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15, 945-949
Lin, C.-J. C., & Bever, T. G. (2006). Subject preference in the processing of relative clauses in chinese. In D.
Baumer, D. Montero, & M. Scanlon (Eds.), Proceedings of the 25th West Coast conference on formal linguistics (pp. 254-260). Sommerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
MacWhinney, B. (1977). Starting points. Language 53, 152-168.
MacWhinney, B. (2008). How mental models encode embodied linguistic perspectives. In R. Klatzky, B. MacWhinney, & M. Behrmann (Eds). Embodiment, ego-space, and action
(pp. 369-410). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Marinis, T., Roberts, L., Felser, C., & Clahsen, H.(2005). Gaps in second language sentence processing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 27, 53-78.
O’Grady, W. (1997). Syntactic development. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Pickering, M. (1999). Sentence comprehension. In S. Garrod, & M. Pickering (Eds.), Language processing (pp.123-153). Hove: Psychology Press.
Roland, D., Dick, F., & Elman, J. L. (2007). Frequency of basic English grammatical structures: A corpus analysis. Journal of Memory and Language, 57, 348-379.
Schachter, J. (1996). Maturation and the issue of Universal Grammar in L2 acquisition. In W. Ritchie, & T.K. Bhatia (Eds.), Handbook of language acquisition. New York: Academic Press.
Slobin, D. I., & Bever T. G. (1982). Children use canonical sentence schemas: A cross-linguistic study of word order and inflections. Cognition, 12, 229-65.
Van Dyke, J. A., & McElree, B. (2006). Retrieval interference in sentence comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 55, 157-166.
White, L. & Genesee, F. (1996). How native is near native? The issue of ultimate attainment in adult second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 12, 3, 233-265
Xu, Y. (2014). Processing relative clauses in Chinese as a second language. Second Language Research, 30, 439-461.
Yuan, B. (2010). Domain-wide or variable-dependent vulnerability of the semantics-syntax interface in L2 acquisition? Evidence from wh-words used as existential polarity words in L2 Chinese grammars. Second Language Research 26, 2, 219-260
Yuan, B., & Dugarova, E. (2012). Wh-topicalization at the syntax-discourse interface in English speakers’l2 Chinese grammars. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 34, 533-560.