臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

水患治理是台灣政府一直以來極為重視的課題。然而，即便數十年來不斷投入經費進行防洪排水工程建設，淹水事件仍不斷在各地發生。位於高雄市美濃區的主要河流美濃溪，近年來已投入數十億經費不斷進行整治工程，將河道拓寬、水泥化、增建堤防和護岸。然而，美濃仍然頻傳淹水事件，如2016年梅姬颱風、2018年823豪雨等淹水事件。美濃所面臨的困境並非特例，台灣許多地區都有類似問題，再加上在極端降雨的趨勢下，發生淹水之頻率和規模將可能增加。「韌性」 (resilience)，是在氣候變遷威脅下在災害治理上日益受到重視的觀念，而在台灣，水患治理脈絡下的「承洪韌性」 (flood resilience) 概念目前在社會上受到越來越多的關注和討論，係指在經歷淹水情況下，人們承受和適應洪水以避免災難發生和防止傷亡、維持目前社會特性的能力；或是當淹水嚴重干擾社會經濟活動並造成災損時之快速自我重組能力(Liao, 2012)。意即，承洪韌性包含「淹水容受力」與「災後恢復力」兩個概念，著重從淹水經驗中學習，以培養承洪韌性。

本研究以美濃溪流域為脈絡，探討美濃的「水患」 (flood hazard) 與居民和店家的承洪韌性，透過流域環境與水災資料分析、實地觀察、以及訪談，建構檢視承洪韌性的水文環境脈絡，以瞭解美濃的淹水原因和水患情形，並進一步檢視美濃淹水容受力與災後恢復力，探討居民和店家對於淹水現象之識覺與調適措施，並分析影響淹水容受力與災後恢復力之可能因素，以作為台灣推動「以韌性為本」的水患治理之政策參考。

本研究結果發現，除了自然因素(低窪地勢、多雨氣候等)使得淹水容易發生外，人為因素(集水區的開發與整治)亦加劇了水患問題。儘管美濃的水患問題持續，但經歷多次淹水的美濃居民和店家其實已具備相當程度之承洪韌性，能夠容受淹水並且能夠在淹水之後快速恢復。受訪者對淹水現象產生不同的識覺，同時亦汲取過去的淹水經驗為洪水作準備與調適，而淹水所帶來之影響與損失在實際上亦有所減少，且大部份的居民和店家能夠在一至兩天的時間內恢復。

Flood hazard mitigation is an important area of concern in Taiwan. However, despite decades of continual investment in flood control infrastructure to prevent flooding from occurring, floods have not stopped to take place. In the Meinong District, Kaohsiung City, the government has invested billions of dollars (New Taiwan Dollar) in recent years in the attempt to control flooding of the Meinong River. Channelization and levees have dramatically changed the geomorphology and ecology of the river. Nevertheless, flooding still occurs, such as during Typhoon Megi in 2016 and during the heavy storm event on 23 rd August, 2018. Meinong is not unique, and its challenge in flood hazard mitigation is shared by many other counties in Taiwan. In the face of increasing extreme storm events and heightened flood risk in the era of climate change, resilience has become an increasingly important concept in flood management in Taiwan. Flood resilience is defined as the capacities to tolerate and adapt to flooding, and to quickly to reorganize should physical damage and socioeconomic disruption occur, so as to prevent deaths and injuries and maintain current socioeconomic identity (Liao, 2012). It involves ‘flood tolerance’ and ‘post-disaster recovery’. Learning from flood experience is important to cultivate flood resilience.
This study explores the flood hazard and flood resilience of the residents and the shopkeepers in the Meinong River watershed, through analysis of existing literature and government reports, field observation, and interviews. The objective is to understand the hydrological context of the Meinong River watershed, past flood events and their plausible causes, and to qualitatively assess the flood resilience of the local residents and shopkeepers. Through face-to-face interviews with local residents and shopkeepers, this study also explores their flood perception and flood adaptation measures, and analyzes the factors affecting their flood tolerance and post-disaster recovery.
It is found that Meinong is prone to flooding in the first place given that it is low-lying basin with high and concentrated precipitation, and humans aggravate the flooding by floodplain development to leave little room for floodwater and by flood control. Having experienced frequent flooding, local residents and shopkeepers interviewed, who can tolerate flooding through various adaptation measures and can recover quickly from a flood, appear to be flood-resilient. They exhibit different perceptions on flooding and are increasingly well-prepared for the next flood. The interviewees report reduced flood impacts and losses because of their preparation before a flood, and they can usually recover quickly from a flood within 1-2 days. The findings of this study are expected inform flood management policies towards flood resilience.

目 錄

第壹章 緒論
第一節 研究動機與目的
第二節 研究範圍

第貳章 理論基礎
第一節 河川防洪整治
第二節 韌性理論與承洪韌性
第三節 水患識覺
第四節 洪水調適
第五節 小結

第參章 研究方法與設計
第一節 研究架構
第二節 研究方法
第三節 訪談架構與設計

第肆章 美濃溪河川治理與水患
第一節 自然與人文環境
第二節 土地利用
第三節 美濃溪歷年河川治理
第四節 美濃歷史淹水事件
第五節 總結分析

第伍章 承洪韌性及其影響因素
第一節 基本資料
第二節 淹水經驗與損失
第三節 水患識覺
第四節 洪水調適
第五節 對高腳屋之想法
第六節 承洪韌性之總結分析

第陸章 結論與建議
第一節 結論
第二節 建議

參考文獻

參考文獻

工商時報(2016)。梅姬豪雨狂炸 美濃水淹一層樓。摘自：https://m.ctee.com.tw/livenews/ch/20160928001343-260405
王秋原、姜蘭虹、張長義(1984)。基隆市山坡地居民對災害調適行為及其因應措施之研究。工程環境會刊，5(1)，1-12。
王琳、白璐(1993)。居民的災難意識。行政院國家科學委員會防災科技研究報告79-75號
王筱雯、許泰文(2009)。水利工程面臨的新挑戰。科學發展，434，12-17。
吳榮平、吳東孟、莊弼昌(2012)。偏遠山區居民臨災的危機處理與調適行為之研究。危機管理學刊，9(1)，1-14。
巫孟珊、蘇淑娟(2003)。集集地震後埔里居民的生活空間調適行為。環境與世界，(8)，55-84。
林俊全(2017/8/12)。災害識覺。文化部台灣大百科學書網址：http://nrch.culture.tw/twpedia.aspx?id=100646
林雪美、洪政耀(2009) 。新竹縣五峰鄉尖石鄉坡地災害特性與災害識覺關聯之研究。華崗地理學報，24 ，1-18。
洪鴻智、盧禹廷 (2015)。沿海居民的氣候變遷與颱洪災害調適。都市與計劃，42(1)，87-108。
美濃區公所(2019)。認識美濃。摘自：http://meinong-district.kcg.gov.tw/?Guid=d6f40037-3f65-c5f2-7351-a3284e97e73f
高雄市水利局(2012)。因應氣候變遷之大高雄水環境策略研究。
高雄市政府(2011)。美濃地區排水系統福安排水治理計畫。
高雄市政府(2012)。美濃地區竹子門排水系統治理計畫。
高雄市政府(2015)。變更美濃都市計畫(第二次通盤檢討)案(第二階段)計畫書。
高雄市政府(2017)。「流域綜合治理計畫」高雄市管區域排水中正湖排水系統規劃檢討報告。
高雄市政府(2018)。高雄市美濃地區排水系統美濃排水治理規劃檢討。
高雄市政府民政局(2019)。人口統計查詢：各里歷年戶口數統計。摘自：https://cabu.kcg.gov.tw/Web/StatRpts/StatRpt3.aspx
張長義(1977)。環境識覺與自然災害之研究。中國地理學會會刊，5，56-60。
許修豪、林貝珊(2018) 。防災資通訊之語音廣播系統與罹災經驗對居民調適行為之影響-以臺中市雙崎部落為例。災害防救科技與管理學刊，7 (1)，113-134頁。
陳永森(2014)。極端氣候影響下潛在災害區居民環境識覺, 調適行為之研究-以八八水災後屏東縣林邊鄉與佳冬鄉為例。環境與世界，28-29，25-53。
曾維德、廖學誠 (2017)。桃園市老街溪流域民眾的災害識覺及調適行為之研究。Journal of Chinese Soil and Water Conservation，48(3)，145-152。
溫仲良(2018)。美濃溪流域水環境調查報告。美濃農村田野學會。未出版。
經濟部水利署(2009)。「易淹水地區水患治理計畫」高雄縣管區域排水美濃地區排水系統規劃報告。
經濟部水利署水利規劃試驗所(2005)。美濃溪治理規劃報告。
經濟部水利署水利規劃試驗所(2017)。河川類常用專有名詞。摘自：https://www.wrap.gov.tw/pro22.aspx?type=0202000000
經濟部水利署水利規劃試驗所(2017)。河川類常用專有名詞。摘自：https://www.wrap.gov.tw/pro22.aspx?type=0202000000
經濟部水利署第七河川局(2004)。敏督利颱風(七二豪雨)高屏溪水系災害分析檢討報告。
經濟部水利署第七河川局(2005)。94年0612豪雨災害分析檢討報告。
經濟部水利署第七河川局(2007)。96年度災害檢討總結報告。
經濟部水利署第七河川局(2008)。卡玫基颱風災害分析檢討報告。
經濟部水利署第七河川局(2009)。「易淹水地區水患治理計畫」高雄縣管區域排水美濃地區排水系統規劃報告。
經濟部水利署第七河川局(2010)。「易淹水地區水患治理計畫」第2階段實施計畫縣管區域排水美濃地區竹子門排水系統規劃。
經濟部水利署第七河川局(2010)。凡那比颱風災害分析檢討報告。
經濟部水利署第七河川局(2011)。「易淹水地區水患治理計畫」高雄市管區域排水美濃地區竹子門排水系統規劃報告。
經濟部水利署第七河川局(2012)。0610豪雨淹水調查及檢討建議報告。
經濟部水利署第七河川局(2013)。102年度七河局轄區洪水預警及防汛整合作業: 康芮颱風(含0831豪雨)及天兔颱風淹水調查報告。
經濟部水利署第七河川局(2014)。103年度七河局轄區洪水預警及防汛整合作業: 麥德姆颱風淹水調查報告。
經濟部水利署第七河川局(2016)。梅姬颱風淹水調查報告。
經濟部水利署第七河川局(2018)。107年0823豪雨淹水災害調查報告。
廖桂賢(2009)。韌性理論（下）：氣候變遷下的水患治理新觀念。環境資訊中心。摘自：https://e-info.org.tw/node/50431
廖桂賢(2015)。規劃一個生態、正義的社子島未來（下）：從「環境改造」實踐居住正義。鳴人堂。摘自：https://opinion.udn.com/opinion/story/8048/867467
盧沛文(2016)。韌性，城市不任性 II : 理論發展與空間規劃上的應用。眼底城事：https://eyesonplace.net/2016/05/11/2201/
聯合新聞網(2018)。高雄家鄉還好嗎？旗山、美濃未淹水。摘自：https://udn.com/news/story/7327/3334160

Adger, W. N. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: are they related?. Progress in human geography, 24(3), 347-364.
Adger, W. N., Arnell, N. W., & Tompkins, E. L. (2005). Successful adaptation to climate change across scales. Global environmental change, 15(2), 77-86.
Adger, W. N., Brooks, N., Bentham, G., Agnew, M., & Eriksen, S. (2005). New indicators of vulnerability and adaptive capacity. Norwich: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
Adger, W. N., Hughes, T. P., Folke, C., Carpenter, S. R., & Rockström, J. (2005). Social-ecological resilience to coastal disasters. Science, 309, 1036-1039.
Adger, W. N., Khan, S. R. and Brooks, N. (2003). Measuring and enhancing adaptive capacity. Adaptation Policy Framework: A Guide for Policies to Facilitate Adaptation to Climate Change, UNDP. http://www.undp.org/cc/apf-outline.htm).
Allen, C. R., Gunderson, L., & Johnson, A. R. (2005). The use of discontinuities and functional groups to assess relative resilience in complex systems. Ecosystems, 8(8), 958.
Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K., & Fleischer, H. S. (2009). Feasible adaptation strategies for increased risk of flooding in cities due to climate change. Water Science and Technology, 60(2), 273-281.
Ashley, R., Garvin, S., Pasche, E., Vassilopoulos, A., & Zevenbergen, C. (Eds.). (2007). Advances in urban flood management. CRC Press.
Ashley, S. T., & Ashley, W. S. (2008). Flood fatalities in the United States. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 47(3), 805-818.
Baan, P. J., & Klijn, F. (2004). Flood risk perception and implications for flood risk management in the Netherlands. International journal of river basin management, 2(2), 113-122.
Baumer, T. L. (1978). Research on fear of crime in the UnitedStates.Victimology,3, 254–264.
Bennett, E. M., Cumming, G. S., & Peterson, G. D. (2005). A systems model approach to determining resilience surrogates for case studies. Ecosystems, 8(8), 945-957.
Berkes, F. (2007). Understanding uncertainty and reducing vulnerability: lessons from resilience thinking. Natural hazards, 41(2), 283-295.
Berkes, F., Colding, J., & Folke, C. (Eds.). (2008). Navigating social-ecological systems: building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge University Press.
Berkes, F., Folke, C., & Colding, J. (Eds.). (2000). Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience. Cambridge University Press.
Botzen, W. J. W., Aerts, J. C. J. H., & Van Den Bergh, J. C. J. M. (2009). Dependence of flood risk perceptions on socioeconomic and objective risk factors. Water Resources Research, 45(10).
Botzen, W. J. W., Van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., & Aerts, J. C. J. H. (2008). Report on a survey about perceptions of flood risk, willingness to pay for flood insurance, and willingness to undertake mitigation measures: explanation of the survey instrument. Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam.
Brand, F., & Jax, K. (2007). Focusing the meaning (s) of resilience: resilience as a descriptive concept and a boundary object. Ecology and society, 12(1).
Brilly, M., & Polic, M. (2005). Public perception of flood risks, flood forecasting and mitigation. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 5(3), 345-355.
Brookes, A. (1988). Channelized rivers: perspectives for environmental management (p. 326). Chichester: Wiley.
Brooks, N. (2003). Vulnerability, risk and adaptation: A conceptual framework. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research Working Paper, 38(38), 1-16.
Bubeck, P., Botzen, W. J., & Aerts, J. C. (2012). A review of risk perceptions and other factors that influence flood mitigation behavior. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 32(9), 1481-1495.
Burningham, K., Fielding, J., & Thrush, D. (2008). ‘It'll never happen to me’: understanding public awareness of local flood risk. Disasters, 32(2), 216-238.
Burton I, Kates RW, White GF. (1993). The environment as hazard. Second edition. New York, New York, USA: The Guilford Press.
Burton, I. (1993). The environment as hazard. Guilford press.
Burton, I., Huq, S., Lim, B., Pilifosova, O. and Schipper, E. L. (2002). From impacts assessment to adaptation priorities: the shaping of adaptation policies. Climate Policy, 2(145-159).
Carpenter, S. R., & Folke, C. (2006). Ecology for transformation. Trends in ecology & evolution, 21(6), 309-315.
Carpenter, S. R., Westley, F., & Turner, M. G. (2005). Surrogates for resilience of social–ecological systems. Ecosystems, 8(8), 941-944.
Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Anderies, J. M., & Abel, N. (2001). From metaphor to measurement: resilience of what to what?. Ecosystems, 4(8), 765-781.
Chagnon, S.A. (1996). The great flood of 1993(p.292). Boulder, Colorado, West-view Press.
Colten, C. E., & Sumpter, A. R. (2009). Social memory and resilience in New Orleans. Natural Hazards, 48(3), 355-364.
Criss, R. E., & Shock, E. L. (2001). Flood enhancement through flood control. Geology, 29(10), 875-878.
Cuny, F. C. (1991). Living with floods: alternatives for riverine flood mitigation. Land use policy, 8(4), 331-342.
Davidson-Hunt, I. J., & Berkes, F. (2003). Nature and society through the lens of resilience: toward a human-in-ecosystem perspective. Navigating social-ecological systems: Building resilience for complexity and change, 53-82.
de Moel, H., Jongman, B., Kreibich, H., Merz, B., Penning-Rowsell, E., & Ward, P. J. (2015). Flood risk assessments at different spatial scales. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 20(6), 865-890.
Diamond, J. (2005). Collapse: How societies choose to fail or succeed. Penguin.
Djalante, R., Holley, C., & Thomalla, F. (2011). Adaptive governance and managing resilience to natural hazards. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 2(4), 1-14.
Dodman, D., Ayers, J., Huq, S. (2009). Building Resilience. In: State of the World. Intoa Warming World. The Worldwatch Institute. Available from: http://www.worldwatch.org/files/pdf/SOW09_chap5.pdf.
Dovers, S. R., & Handmer, J. W. (1992). Uncertainty, sustainability and change. Global Environmental Change, 2(4), 262-276.
Etkin, D. (1999). Risk transference and related trends: driving forces towards more mega-disasters. Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards, 1(2), 69-75.
Fazey, I., Fazey, J. A., Fischer, J., Sherren, K., Warren, J., Noss, R. F., & Dovers, S. R. (2007). Adaptive capacity and learning to learn as leverage for social–ecological resilience. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5(7), 375-380.
Fleischhauer, M. (2008). The role of spatial planning in strengthening urban resilience. In Resilience of Cities to Terrorist and other Threats (pp. 273-298). Springer, Dordrecht.
Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses. Global environmental change, 16(3), 253-267.
Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Elmqvist, T., Gunderson, L., Holling, C. S., & Walker, B. (2002). Resilience and sustainable development: building adaptive capacity in a world of transformations. AMBIO: A journal of the human environment, 31(5), 437-441.
Folke, C., Colding, J., & Berkes, F. (2003). Synthesis: building resilience and adaptive capacity in social-ecological systems. Navigating social-ecological systems: Building resilience for complexity and change, 9(1), 352-387.
Folke, C., Hahn, T., Olsson, P., & Norberg, J. (2005). Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 30, 441-473.
Freitag, B., Bolton, S., Westerlund, F., & Clark, J. (2012). Floodplain management: a new approach for a new era. Island Press.
Freitag, B., Bolton. S., Westerlund, F., & Clark, J. L. S. (2009). Floodplain Management: A New Approach for A New Era. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Funk, J. L., & Robinson, J. W. (1974). Changes in the channel of the lower Missouri River and effects on fish and wildlife. Aquatic Ser. Missouri Dep. Conserv., (11).
Gardner, G. T., & Stern, P. C. (1996). Environmental problems and human behavior. Allyn & Bacon.
Gardner, J. S., & Dekens, J. (2007). Mountain hazards and the resilience of social–ecological systems: lessons learned in India and Canada. Natural Hazards, 41(2), 317-336.
Godschalk, D. R. (2003). Urban hazard mitigation: creating resilient cities. Natural hazards review, 4(3), 136-143.
Google Scholar.
Griggs, G. B., & Paris, L. (1982). Flood control failure: San Lorenzo River, California. Environmental Management, 6(5), 407-419.
Grothmann, T., & Patt, A. (2005). Adaptive capacity and human cognition: the process of individual adaptation to climate change. Global Environmental Change, 15(3), 199-213.
Grothmann, T., & Reusswig, F. (2006). People at risk of flooding: why some residents take precautionary action while others do not. Natural hazards, 38(1-2), 101-120.
Gunderson, L. H. (2000). Ecological resilience—in theory and application. Annual review of ecology and systematics, 31(1), 425-439.
Gunderson, L. H. (2003). Adaptive dancing: interactions between social resilience and ecological crises. Navigating social-ecological systems: Building resilience for complexity and change, 33-52.
Gunderson, L. H., and C. S. Holling. (2002). Panarchy: understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
Hansson, R. O., Noulles, D., & Bellovich, S. J. (1982). Knowledge, warning, and stress: A study of comparative roles in an urban floodplain. Environment and Behavior, 14(2), 171-185.
Hewitt, K., & Burton, I. (1971). Hazardousness of a place: a regional ecology of damaging events.
Hisali, E., Birungi, P., & Buyinza, F. (2011). Adaptation to climate change in Uganda: evidence from micro level data. Global environmental change, 21(4), 1245-1261.
Ho, M.-C., Shaw, D., Lin, S., & Chiu, Y.-C. (2008). How Do Disaster Characteristics Influence Risk Perception? Risk Analysis, 28(3), 635–643.
Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual review of ecology and systematics, 4(1), 1-23.
Holling, C. S. (1996). Engineering resilience versus ecological resilience. Engineering within ecological constraints, 31(1996), 32.
Holling, C. S. (2001). Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems. Ecosystems, 4(5), 390-405.
Holling, C. S. (2005). From complex regions to complex worlds. Minn. JL Sci. & Tech., 7, 1.
Holling, C. S., & Meffe, G. K. (1996). Command and control and the pathology of natural resource management. Conservation biology, 10(2), 328-337.
Holling, C. S., Gunderson, L. H., & Peterson, G. D. (2002). Sustainability and panarchies. Panarchy: understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, 63-102.
Hughes, T. P., Baird, A. H., Bellwood, D. R., Card, M., Connolly, S. R., Folke, C., ... & Lough, J. M. (2003). Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. science, 301(5635), 929-933.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2001). Technical summary: climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. A Report of Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. URL: http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/pdf/wg2TARtechsum.pdf.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2007). Summary for policymakers. Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL, editors. Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Kates, R. W. (1962). Hazard and choice perception in floodplain management: Department of Geography Research Paper No. 78. University of Chicago: Chicago, IL.
Kellens, W., Terpstra, T., & De Maeyer, P. (2013). Perception and communication of flood risks: a systematic review of empirical research. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 33(1), 24-49.
Kellens, W., Vanneuville, W., Verfaillie, E., Meire, E., Deckers, P., & De Maeyer, P. (2013). Flood risk management in Flanders: past developments and future challenges. Water Resources Management, 27(10), 3585-3606.
Kellens, W., Zaalberg, R., Neutens, T., Vanneuville, W., & De Maeyer, P. (2011). An analysis of the public perception of flood risk on the Belgian coast. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 31(7), 1055-1068.
Keller C, Siegrist M, Gutscher H. The role of the affect and availability heuristics in risk communication. Risk Analysis,2006; 26(3):631–639.
Klein, R. J., Nicholls, R. J., & Thomalla, F. (2003). Resilience to natural hazards: How useful is this concept?. Global environmental change part B: environmental hazards, 5(1), 35-45.
Kreibich, H., & Thieken, A. H. (2009). Coping with floods in the city of Dresden, Germany. Natural Hazards, 51(3), 423.
Kuhlicke, C., & Steinführer, A. (2013). Searching for resilience or building social capacities for flood risks. Planning Theory and Practice, 14(1), 114-120.
Laituri, M. J. (2000). Cultural perspectives of flooding. Inland flood hazards: human, riparian, and aquatic communities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. http://dx. doi. org/10.1017/CBO9780511529412, 18, 451-468.
Lane, E. W. (1955). The importance of fluvial morphology in hydraulic engineering: Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineering, v. 81.
Lara, A., Saurí, D., Ribas, A., & Pavón, D. (2010). Social perceptions of floods and flood management in a Mediterranean area (Costa Brava, Spain). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 10(10), 2081.
Lasage, R., Veldkamp, T. I. E., De Moel, H., Van, T. C., Phi, H. L., Vellinga, P., & Aerts, J. C. J. H. (2014). Assessment of the effectiveness of flood adaptation strategies for HCMC. Natural hazards and earth system sciences, 14(6), 1441-1457.
Lee, K. H. (1981). Ethical beliefs in marketing management: A cross-cultural study. European Journal of Marketing, 15(1), 58-67.
Liao, K. H. (2012). A theory on urban resilience to floods—a basis for alternative planning practices. Ecology and society, 17(4).
Liao, K. H. (2014). Towards Resilient, Floodable Cities: Floodability as an Alternative Flood Safety Standard to Promote River Health. DSD International Conference 2014.
Liao, K. H., Le, T. A., & Van Nguyen, K. (2016). Urban design principles for flood resilience: Learning from the ecological wisdom of living with floods in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Landscape and Urban Planning, 155, 69-78.
Lin, S., Shaw, D., & Ho, M. C. (2008). Why are flood and landslide victims less willing to take mitigation measures than the public?. Natural Hazards, 44(2), 305-314.
Lindell, M. K., & Hwang, S. N. (2008). Households' perceived personal risk and responses in a multi hazard environment. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 28(2), 539-556.
Lindell, M. K., & Perry, R. W. (2000). Household adjustment to earthquake hazard: A review of research. Environment and behavior, 32(4), 461-501.
Lindell, M. K., & Perry, R. W. (2004). Communicating Environmental Risk in Multiethnic Communities (Communicating Effectively in Multicultural Contexts). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Lindell, M. K., & Prater, C. S. (2002). Risk Area Residents’ Perceptions and Adoption of Seismic Hazard Adjustments 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(11), 2377-2392.
López-Marrero, T., & Tschakert, P. (2011). From theory to practice: building more resilient communities in flood-prone areas. Environment and Urbanization, 23(1), 229-249.
López-Marrero, T., & Yarnal, B. (2010). Putting adaptive capacity into the context of people’s lives: a case study of two flood-prone communities in Puerto Rico. Natural hazards, 52(2), 277-297.
Lorenz, D. F. (2013). The diversity of resilience: contributions from a social science perspective. Natural hazards, 67(1), 7-24.
Ludy, J., & Kondolf, G. M. (2012). Flood risk perception in lands “protected” by 100-year levees. Natural hazards, 61(2), 829-842.
MA (Millenium Ecosystem Assessment). (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Manyena, S. B. (2006). The concept of resilience revisited. Disasters, 30(4), 434-450.
Marfai, M. A., Sekaranom, A. B., & Ward, P. (2015). Community responses and adaptation strategies toward flood hazard in Jakarta, Indonesia. Natural hazards, 75(2), 1127-1144.
McCarthy, J. J., Canziani, O. F., Leary, N. A., Dokken, D. J., & White, K. S. (Eds.). (2001). Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press.
McPherson, H. J., & Saarinen, T. F. (1977). Flood plain dwellers' perception of the flood hazard in Tucson, Arizona. The Annals of Regional Science, 11(2), 25-40.
Merz, B., Kreibich, H., Schwarze, R., & Thieken, A. (2010). Review article" Assessment of economic flood damage". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 10(8), 1697-1724.
Messner, F., & Meyer, V. (2006). Flood damage, vulnerability and risk perception–challenges for flood damage research. In Flood risk management: hazards, vulnerability and mitigation measures (pp. 149-167). Springer, Dordrecht.
Miceli R, Sotgiu I, Settanni M. Disaster preparedness and perception of flood risk: A study in an alpine valley in Italy. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2008; 28(2):164–173.
Mileti, D. (1999). Disasters by design: A reassessment of natural hazards in the United States. Joseph Henry Press.
Milly, P. C., Betancourt, J., Falkenmark, M., Hirsch, R. M., Kundzewicz, Z. W., Lettenmaier, D. P., & Stouffer, R. J. (2008). Stationarity is dead: Whither water management?. Science, 319(5863), 573-574.
Montz, B. E., & Tobin, G. A. (2008). Livin’large with levees: Lessons learned and lost. Natural Hazards Review, 9(3), 150-157.
Motoyoshi, T. (2006). Public perception of flood risk and community-based disaster preparedness. A better integrated management of disaster risks: Toward resilient society to emerging disaster risks in megacities. Tokyo, Japan: Terrapub, 121-134.
Mount, J. F. (1995). California rivers and streams: the conflict between fluvial process and land use. Univ of California Press.
Nelson, D. R., Adger, W. N., & Brown, K. (2007). Adaptation to environmental change: contributions of a resilience framework. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 32, 395-419.
nunes Correia, F., Fordham, M., da GRAča Saraiva, M., & Bernardo, F. (1998). Flood hazard assessment and management: interface with the public. Water Resources Management, 12(3), 209-227.
O'Riordan, T. (1971). Perspectives on resource management (Vol. 3). Pion.
Pagneux, E., Gísladóttir, G., & Jónsdóttir, S. (2011). Public perception of flood hazard and flood risk in Iceland: a case study in a watershed prone to ice-jam floods. Natural hazards, 58(1), 269-287.
Pahl-Wostl, C. (2002). Towards sustainability in the water sector–The importance of human actors and processes of social learning. Aquatic sciences, 64(4), 394-411.
Park, J., Seager, T. P., Rao, P. S. C., Convertino, M., & Linkov, I. (2013). Integrating risk and resilience approaches to catastrophe management in engineering systems. Risk Analysis, 33(3), 356-367.
Parker, D. J. (1995). Floodplain development policy in England and Wales. Applied geography, 15(4), 341-363.
Patrick, R. (1998). Rivers of the United States. IV. The Mississippi River and its tributaries north of Saint Louis(p.391–863). New York, John Wiley & Sons.
Peacock, W. G., Brody, S. D., & Highfield, W. (2005). Hurricane risk perceptions among Florida's single family homeowners. Landscape and Urban Planning, 73(2-3), 120-135.
Pielke, R. A. (1999). Nine fallacies of floods. Climatic Change, 42(2), 413-438.
Pinter, N. (2005). One step forward, two steps back on US floodplains.
Poussin, J. K., Bubeck, P., Aerts, J. C. J. H., & Ward, P. J. (2012). Potential of semi-structural and non-structural adaptation strategies to reduce future flood risk: case study for the Meuse.
Raaijmakers, R., Krywkow, J., & van der Veen, A. (2008). Flood risk perceptions and spatial multi-criteria analysis: an exploratory research for hazard mitigation. Natural hazards, 46(3), 307-322.
Renn, O., Burns, W. J., Kasperson, J. X., Kasperson, R. E., & Slovic, P. (1992). The social amplification of risk: Theoretical foundations and empirical applications. Journal of social issues, 48(4), 137-160.
Rogers, G. O. (1985). On determining public acceptability of risk. In C. Whipple & V. Covello (Eds.),Risk Analysis in the Private Sector(pp. 483–504). New York: Plenum Press.
Rogers, G. O. (1997). The dynamics of risk perception: How does perceived risk respond to risk events?. Risk Analysis, 17(6), 745-757.
Rohrmann, B. (1994). Risk perception of different societal groups: Australian findings and crossnational comparisons. Australian Journal of Psychology, 46(3), 150-163.
Saarinen, T. F. (1976). Environmental planning: perception and behavior (p. 262). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Schumm, J. A., Briggs‐Phillips, M., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2006). Cumulative interpersonal traumas and social support as risk and resiliency factors in predicting PTSD and depression among inner‐city women. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 19(6), 825-836.
Schumm, S. A. (2007). River variability and complexity. Cambridge University Press.
Schwindt, M., & Thieken, A. H. (2010). Review on Resilience, 3rd CRUE Snapshot, 8–15.
Siegrist, M., & Gutscher, H. (2008). Natural hazards and motivation for mitigation behavior: People cannot predict the affect evoked by a severe flood. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 28(3), 771-778.
Sjöberg, L. (2000). Factors in risk perception. Risk analysis, 20(1), 1-12.
Slovic, P. (1987). Perception of risk. Science, 236(4799), 280-285.
Slovic, P. (1997). Trust, emotion, sex, politics, and science: surveying the risk assessment battlefield. U. Chi. Legal F., 59.
Slovic, P. (2000). The Perception of Risk (Earthscan Risk and Society Series).
Smit, B., & Wandel, J. (2006). Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability. Global environmental change, 16(3), 282-292.
Smith, A. (2001). Perceptions of stress at work. Human Resource Management Journal, 11(4), 74-86.
Smith, K., & Ward, R. (1998). Floods: physical processes and human impacts (p. 394). Chichester: Wiley.
Teng, W. H., Hsu, M. H., Wu, C. H., & Chen, A. S. (2006). Impact of flood disasters on Taiwan in the last quarter century. Natural Hazards, 37(1-2), 191-207.
Terpstra, T., & Gutteling, J. M. (2008). Households' perceived responsibilities in flood risk management in the Netherlands. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 24(4), 555-565.
Terpstra, T., Gutteling, J. M., Geldof, G. D., & Kappe, L. J. (2006). The perception of flood risk and water nuisance. Water science and technology, 54(6-7), 431-439.
Terpstra, T., Lindell, M. K., & Gutteling, J. M. (2009). Does communicating (flood) risk affect (flood) risk perceptions? Results of a quasi‐experimental study. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 29(8), 1141-1155.
Thieken, A. H., Mariani, S., Longfield, S., & Vanneuville, W. (2014). Preface: Flood resilient communities–managing the consequences of flooding. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 14(1), 33-33.
Tobin, G. A. (1995). The levee love affair: a stormy relationship? 1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 31(3), 359-367.
Tompkins, E. L. (2005). Planning for climate change in small islands: insights from national hurricane preparedness in the Cayman Islands. Global Environmental Change, 15(2), 139-149.
Tompkins, E., & Adger, W. N. (2004). Does adaptive management of natural resources enhance resilience to climate change?. Ecology and society, 9(2).
United States Geological Survey. (1986). National Water Summary, Water Supply (Paper 2325).
Vayda, A. P., & McCay, B. J. (1975). New directions in ecology and ecological anthropology. Annual review of Anthropology, 4(1), 293-306.
Wagner, K. (2007). Mental models of flash floods and landslides. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 27(3), 671-682.
Walker, B., & Meyers, J. (2004). Thresholds in ecological and social–ecological systems: a developing database. Ecology and society, 9(2).
Walker, B., & Salt, D. (2012). Resilience thinking: sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world. Island press.
Walker, B., Holling, C. S., Carpenter, S., & Kinzig, A. (2004). Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems. Ecology and society, 9(2).
Watts, M. J., & Bohle, H. G. (1993). The space of vulnerability: the causal structure of hunger and famine. Progress in human geography, 17(1), 43-67.
White, G. F. (1945). Human adjustment to flood, Research Paper No. 29. University of Chicago, Department of Geography.
Whyte, A. V. (1986). From hazard perception to human ecology. Geography, resources and environment, 2, 240-271.Weinstein, N. D. (1989). Perceptions of personal susceptibility to harm.
Wildavsky, A. B. (1988). Searching for safety (Vol. 10). Transaction publishers.
Wilhelm, M. (2011). The role of community resilience in adaptation to climate change: the urban poor in Jakarta, Indonesia. In Resilient Cities (pp. 45-53). Springer, Dordrecht.
Williams, P. B. (1994). Flood control vs. flood management. Civil Engineering, 64(5), 51.
Wilson, S. W. (1990). Perception redux: Emergence of structure. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 42(1-3), 249-256.
Winkley, B. R. (1994). Response of the Lower Mississippi River to flood control and navigation improvements. The variability of large alluvial rivers, 45-74.
Wohl, E. E. (Ed.). (2000). Inland flood hazards: human, riparian, and aquatic communities. Cambridge University Press.
Zaalberg, R., Midden, C., Meijnders, A., & McCalley, T. (2009). Prevention, adaptation, and threat denial: Flooding experiences in the Netherlands. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 29(12), 1759-1778.
Zevenbergen, C., & Gersonius, B. (2007). Challenges in urban flood management. In Advances in urban flood management (pp. 13-24). CRC Press.
Zimmerer, K. S. (1994). Human geography and the “new ecology”: The prospect and promise of integration. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 84(1), 108-125.