臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

能源是當代社會不可或缺的資源之一。能源轉型則是全球氣候危機與傳統能源枯竭下的必然趨勢 —— 去中心化、以乾淨能源為主導能源的能源結構成為轉型方向。在去中心化的能源結構下，「城市」在能源治理中扮演的角色越發關鍵。城市能源轉型治理中的重要性也因為全球人口與經濟成長、都市化進程加速而大大提升；在人口快速成長、經濟蓬勃發展的東亞地區更是如此。東亞成為能源轉型的關鍵區域；2011年福島第一核電廠事故和近年來日益嚴重的空氣污染問題也成為東亞國家發展能源轉型的推進器。基於國際氣候與能源治理趨勢、全球與東亞都市化加劇，以及能源資源在當代社會的重要性，本研究採取比較研究觀點，檢視位於東亞的臺灣與南韓兩國首都 —— 臺北市與首爾特別市的都市能源轉型發展，意圖補足當前東亞城市層級能源轉型比較研究的不足性。
本研究透過文獻分析法與深度訪談法蒐集資料，並以Geels (2002)的多層次視角理論結合Minnery (2004)的都市治理框架，作為比較分析架構，梳理臺北市與首爾特別市能源轉型發展之地景脈絡、體制脈絡與利基要素，進一步探討並深入比較兩都市能源轉型治理網絡中的參與者、目標、策略工具、資源與能源轉型現況結果。
研究發現，由地景脈絡的層次觀之，臺北市與首爾特別市具有高度的相似性。二戰後，工業化發展與美國經援的歷史背景進一步帶動了臺灣和南韓在政治、經濟、社會、文化上途徑相仿的轉變；臺北市與首爾特別市在人口、產業、都市空間型態與能源消耗狀況也從而呈現相似的發展。1997年京都議定書通過、2011年福島第一核電廠事故爆發是兩國在能源治理與能源轉型歷程上共同的關鍵時間點；前者促成兩國開始發展國家層級的減碳目標與政策，後者則更進一步激化能源轉型的相關討論，使兩國開始積極正視城市層級的氣候與能源治理。
由體制脈絡的層次觀之，臺北市和首爾特別市在電力市場模式、技術發展與科學知識、法令背景、政策脈絡這些次體制上的發展都十分相似。筆者認為，政策計畫與市府組織形成了兩城市能源轉型治理發展上決定性的差異 —— 與首爾特別市相比，臺北市缺乏清楚、上位的能源轉型治理政策目標、政策計畫以及主責治理組織。
由利基要素的層次觀之，筆者認為技術性問題並非都市能源轉型治理中主要的困境；更重要的反而是都市能源治理體系如何去刺激創新的技術、行為與商業模式被接受、採用、習慣，並擴散成為都市生活型態的一部分。另外，筆者認為在都市能源轉型治理中，應整合住宅與建物、交通運輸、產業與商業模型、社會福利、行為與生活型態等不同面向的利基要素，對利基發展做更系統性、整體性的思考。
根據比較分析，臺北市與首爾特別市共同面臨的能源轉型治理挑戰有四：第一，參與者普遍能源冷感，且能源議題具有不易突破的同溫層；第二，兩城市都有過分重視量化目標的問題存在，而這些量化目標又缺乏目標意識與可行性評估；第三， 兩城市皆需承受國家層級電價過低對於能源轉型的負面影響；第四，兩城市難以擺脫能源議題與政黨、政治意識形態掛勾的問題，因此難以客觀中立地討論能源議題。相對地，臺北市與首爾特別市共同面臨的能源轉型治理契機有三：第一，兩城市皆可把握國際層級的交流與影響力，除了透過國際趨勢來影響國內發展，也可以將國內發展帶向世界舞台；第二，兩城市皆可善用由下而上的治理策略，善用首都豐沛的民間力量，把握治理的主導性；第三，兩城市皆具備豐富的教育、文化、技術資源與人才，對於能源轉型治理來說是一大優勢。
最後，依據臺北市與首爾特別市的個案分析，本研究試圖建構出都市能源轉型治理的理想策略模型，主張若要促成能源系統技術與結構的改變，除了必須有基礎建設、商業環境與行為模式的支持之外，更需要具備制度、治理與利害關係人參與等條件的支持；其中，必須要有一個高層級、跨局處的能源轉型治理體制，由機構內部智庫與公私協力的委員會進行輔助監督，共同秉持著堅定的政治意志與領導力，形成整體性的都市能源轉型願景與戰略目標，制定整體性的都市能源轉型政策計畫。相關政策計畫必須要有健全的法規與管制措施、充足的綠色資本與投資體系加以支持。如此，始得在符合環境永續性、經濟發展性、公平正義性、安全可靠性的條件下改變既有體制，走向能源轉型。

Energy is one of the most indispensable resources in contemporary society. Energy transition becomes the trend under the aggravation of global climate crisis and the depletion of traditional energy resources, calling for a new energy structure that is decentralized and clean-energy-based. Decentralization of energy structure has made “cities” important actors in energy governance. Moreover, global population, economy and urbanization have been growing nonstop, making urban energy transition governance even more vital; especially in the case of East Asia, where population growth and economy development accelerate rapidly. East Asia becomes the key region of global energy transition; the outbreak of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and the aggravating air pollution problem in recent years have propelled the development of energy transition in East Asian countries. This study inspects the development of urban energy transition governance in the capitals of Taiwan and South Korea – that is, Taipei City and Seoul Metropolitan City – within a comparative perspective, in attempt to complement the existing literature’s lack of city-level comparative studies on energy transition in East Asia.
This study collects data and information through document analysis and in-depth interviews. Combining Geels’ multi-level perspective theory and Minnery’s urban governance framework as its comparative analysis framework, the study first unscrambles the landscape, regime and niche levels of urban energy transition development in Taipei City and Seoul Metropolitan City, and then goes deeper into comparing the participants, goals, strategies, resources and outcomes of the two cities’ energy transition governance network. Lastly, based on the experience of Taipei City and Seoul Metropolitan City, the study intends to build a strategic model of the ideal urban energy transition governance. To lead a change in energy structure, supports from corresponding infrastructure, business environment and behavioral patterns are necessary but insufficient; supports from institutions, governance network and stakeholder participation are also essential. A high-level, cross-office energy transition governing authority is required, and this governing authority should be assisted and monitored by an in-house think tank and a public-private partnership committee. Together they should hold strong political wills and leadership, establish a holistic vision and strategic goals for urban energy transition, and then formulate a comprehensive policy plan. The policy plan has to be supported by a sound system of laws and regulations, as well as that of green capitals and investments. In this way, it is possible to lead urban energy transition conforming to the values of environmental sustainability, economic development, justice and security.

口試委員會審定書 i
謝辭 ii
中文摘要 iv
ABSTRACT vi
目次 viii
表目次 x
圖目次 xii
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 4
第三節 研究設計 6
第二章 文獻回顧與理論基礎 21
第一節 能源轉型之理論基礎 21
第二節 都市能源轉型發展之相關研究 26
第三節 小結 32
第三章 臺北市與首爾特別市之能源轉型發展進程 33
第一節 臺北市與首爾特別市之能源轉型地景脈絡 33
第二節 臺北市與首爾特別市之能源轉型體制脈絡 37
第三節 小結 122
第四章 臺北市與首爾特別市之能源轉型治理分析 125
第一節 臺北市與首爾特別市之能源轉型利基要素 125
第二節 臺北市與首爾特別市之能源轉型治理比較 156
第三節 小結 181
第五章 結論 183
第一節 研究發現 183
第二節 研究限制 192
參考文獻 193
壹、中文部分 193
貳、韓文部份 198
參、英文部分 202

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臺北市政府環境保護局，2018，〈打造健康宜居生態臺北〉，臺北市政府環境保護局網頁：https://www-ws.gov.taipei/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvMzYzL3JlbGZpbGUvNDQxNTIvNzkxMjkyMy84NWIwMDE4Zi1mZGY3LTQzNDctOWY0Ni1kZWY0MzljZDk5MmQucGRm&n=5omT6YCg5YGl5bq35a6c5bGF55Sf5oWL6Ie65YyXLnBkZg%3d%3d&icon=.pdf&ccms_cs=1，2019/03/04。
臺北市政府環境保護局，2019a，〈縣市共推住商節電行動 設備汰換補助之廢機回收流程說明〉，臺北市政府環境保護局網頁：http://energy-taipei.ftis.org.tw/Subsidize/Page3，2019/05/15。
臺北市政府環境保護局，2019b，〈臺北能源之丘2.0啟用 北市綠能創電再添新頁〉，臺北市政府環境保護局網頁：https://www.dep.gov.taipei/News_Content.aspx?n=CB6D5C560DE4D2DD&sms=72544237BBE4C5F6&s=A7B0B5D48F5E4066，2019/03/15。
鄭雅文，2018，〈世界主要國家能源轉型政策推動做法與借鏡〉，《臺灣經濟研究月刊》，41(6)：15-21。
 
貳、韓文部份
기후환경본부，2012a，〈원전하나줄이기2012〉，서울정책아카이브：https://seoulsolution.kr/sites/default/files/policy/원전하나줄이기성과보고서%202012.pdf，2019/03/03。
기후환경본부，2012b，〈- 2012년도 정책자료집 - 원전하나줄이기〉，서울특별시：https://opengov.seoul.go.kr/policy/project/8124?fileIdx=1#pdfview，2019/03/09。
기후환경본부，2013，〈- 2013년도 정책자료집 - 원전하나줄이기〉，서울특별시：https://opengov.seoul.go.kr/policy/project/8124?fileIdx=1#pdfview，2019/03/09。
기후환경본부，2017a，〈(기자설명회)서울시, 3가구 중 1가구 태양광 주택 ''태양의 도시'' 만든다〉，서울특별시：https://opengov.seoul.go.kr/press/13923010，2019/03/22。
기후환경본부，2017b，〈- 태양광 확산 5개년 종합계획 - 「2022 태양의 도시, 서울」〉，서울특별시：https://opengov.seoul.go.kr/sanction/14336800，2019/03/23。
김영한，2008，〈에너지 위기와 서울시 대응방안〉，《자치발전》，2008(9)：32-39。
이유진，2016，〈에너지전환을 위한 주민주도 에너지자립마을의 틈새전략-성대골 에너지자립마을을 중심으로〉，Doctoral dissertation，서울대학교 환경대학원。
이화연 & 윤순진，2013，〈밀양 고압 송전선로 건설 갈등에 대한 일간지 보도 분석：환경정의 관점에서〉，《경제와사회》：40-76。
노진섭，2006，〈서울시 ‘맑은서울시민위’ 구성(종합) 〉，이투뉴스，08/09：http://www.e2news.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=858，2018/11/16。
박진희，2015，〈재생에너지 협동조합의 현황과 과제: 에너지 시티즌쉽의 관점에서〉，《환경사회학연구 ECO》，19(1)：173-211。
박종문，2015，〈도시 지역공동체 주민의 에너지 시민성 형성과정: 서울시 성대골 에너지 전환 운동을 중심으로〉，Doctoral dissertation，서울대학교 환경대학원。
산업통상자원부，2017，〈제8차 전력수급기본계획 (2017-2031) 확정 공고〉，산업통상자원부 웹사이트：http://www.motie.go.kr/motie/ne/presse/press2/bbs/bbsView.do?bbs_cd_n=81&cate_n=1&bbs_seq_n=160040，2018/11/26。
산업통상자원부，2018a，〈2018년 에너지기술개발 실행계획〉，산업통상자원부 웹사이트：http://www.motie.go.kr/motie/ne/announce2/bbs/bbsView.do?bbs_cd_n=6&biz_anc_yn_c=Y&bbs_seq_n=64747，2019/03/02。
산업통상자원부，2018b，〈제4차 에너지기술개발계획 착수회의 개최〉，산업통상자원부 웹사이트：http://www.motie.go.kr/motie/ne/presse/press2/bbs/bbsView.do?bbs_cd_n=81&bbs_seq_n=161062，2019/03/02。
서울특별시，2012，〈원전하나줄이기 종합대책〉，서울특별시：https://opengov.seoul.go.kr/public/31456，2019/03/03。
서울특별시，2014，〈동북아 미래를 선도하는 지식산업 그린시티 서울 마곡지구〉，서울정책아카이브：https://seoulsolution.kr/sites/default/files/서울%20마곡지구.pdf，2019/03/22。
서울특별시，2015a，〈서울시 지역에너지 기본계획 2035〉，서울특별시：https://opengov.seoul.go.kr/research/7583096，2019/03/22。
서울특별시，2015b，〈원전하나줄이기 2 에너지살림도시 서울〉，서울정책아카이브：https://seoulsolution.kr/sites/default/files/policy/2015%20원전하나줄이기%20보고서_국문양면.pdf，2019/03/11。
서울연구원，2015，〈2030 서울플랜에 따른 중심지 용도지역의 재편방향 기초연구〉，서울정책아카이브：https://seoulsolution.kr/sites/default/files/policy/2014-BR-11_2030%20서울플랜에%20따른%20중심지%20용도지역의%20재편방향%20기초연구.pdf，2019/03/28。
서울특별시，2016，〈[소식_에너지] 서울시, 2016년 상반기 에코마일리지 제도를 통해 322억원 비용절감!〉，서울정책아카이브：https://seoulsolution.kr/ko/content/소식에너지-서울시-2016년-상반기-에코마일리지-제도를-통해-322억원-비용절감，2019/06/09。
서울특별시，2017，〈건물에너지 효율 개선 사업〉，서울정책아카이브：https://www.seoulsolution.kr/sites/default/files/policy/건믈효율화_국문.pdf，2019/05/10。
서울특별시，2018a，〈서울에너지설계사 : 상업시설의 에너지 전문 디자이너〉，서울정책아카이브：https://seoulsolution.kr/ko/content/서울에너지설계사-상업시설의-에너지-전문-디자이너，2019/05/27。
서울특별시，2018b，〈미래의 환경 리더, 에너지수호천사단〉，서울정책아카이브：https://seoulsolution.kr/ko/content/3352，2019/06/02。
서울특별시，2019，〈우리집 ''태양광 발전소'' A/S 신속하게…서울시, IoT 통합모니터링 시스템〉，서울특별시 웹사이트：http://news.seoul.go.kr/env/archives/501041?utm_source=dable，2019/03/30。
송철호，2019，〈서울에 눈으로 보고 즐기는 ‘태양광 랜드마크’ 생긴다〉，그린 포스트 코리아，05/27：http://www.greenpostkorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=104660，2019/06/01。
최승국 & 최근희，2018，〈에너지전환을 위한 에너지협동조합 활성화 방안: 수도권 소재 시민참여형 태양광발전 협동조합을 중심으로〉，《도시행정학보》，31(3)：65-84。
양수연，2015，〈학교에너지협동조합에서 나타난 에너지 시민성의 형성과 성장: 삼각산고등학교와 상원초등학교를 중심으로〉，Doctoral dissertation， 서울대학교 환경대학원。
윤순진，2015，〈대만의 탈핵운동과 서울시 원전 하나 줄이기의 만남〉，《환경논총》，55：98-105。
윤순진 & 심혜영，2015，〈에너지 전환을 위한 전략적 틈새로서 시민햇빛발전협동조합의 가능성과 제도적 한계-서울시 사례를 중심으로〉，《공간과 사회》，51：140-178。
 
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