目標記憶指的是人們記憶其訊息傳遞目標的能力。許多研究指出，目標記憶會在正常老化過程中衰退，且要能正確回憶訊息目的地，需額外動用執行功能協助。本研究目的為檢驗目標記憶的重複效果，並探討學習階段的表現與執行功能，在目標記憶表現中所扮演的角色。本實驗的目標記憶作業中，不同重複次數的「物體¬－人臉」配對會在學習階段中呈現。在測驗階段，參與者被要求在兩張不熟悉的人臉中，指認出在學習階段中，物體是給了哪張臉。本研究有三個主要發現：首先，年輕與老年組均有顯著的目標記憶重複效果；再者，控制了年齡與教育程度後，學習表現可以預測目標記憶的表現；最後，在控制了年齡、教育程度，學習表現，及情結記憶後，執行功能中的轉換能力可以預測目標記憶表現。總結來說，本研究結果顯示，較差的目標記憶能部份被較差的學習表現所解釋，且目標記憶涉入額外的認知控制歷程。

Destination memory (DM) refers to the ability to remember the destination where someone had transferred something. Several studies have demonstrated DM declined in normal aging process and proposed that additional executive functions (EFs) may involve to contribute to correct destination attribution. The purpose of present study is to examine the effects of repetition on DM and the roles of learning performance during study phase and EFs playing in DM. In our experiment, the number of repetition was manipulated within destination memory task, in which unique object-face pairs would present once (R0 item), twice (R1 item), or thrice (R2 item) during the study phase. Participants were instructed to identify to which of the two unfamiliar faces they just gave the object during the study phase. There were three major findings in present study. First, the effects of repetition on DM in both age groups were evident. Second, under control of age and education, learning performance could predict destination memory. Third, under control of age, education, learning performance, and episodic memory, shifting could predict destination memory. Our results suggested that learning inefficiency can partially explain poor destination memory as well as additional processes of cognitive control are involved to contribute destination memory performance.

1. Introduction 1
1.1. Destination Memory 1
1.2. Destination Memory Declined in Normal Aging Process 1
1.3. Destination Memory and Executive Functions 2
2. Method 5
2.1. Participants 5
2.2. Apparatus and Program 6
2.3. Destination Memory Task 6
2.4. Neuropsychological Evaluation 10
2.5. Statistical Analyses 11
3. Results 13
3.1. Cognitive Characteristics 13
3.2. Learning Performance, Item Memory and Destination Memory 13
3.3. Hierarchical Regression Analyses 14
4. Discussion 16
5. References 20
Appendix I: The Updating Task 24
Appendix II: The Shifting Task 25

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