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[1]H. Ren, and S.-T. Wu, Introduction to adaptive lenses: John Wiley & Sons, 2012. [2]N. Sugiura, and S. Morita, “Variable-focus liquid-filled optical lens,” Applied Optics, vol. 32, no. 22, pp. 4181-4186, 1993. [3]F. Mugele, and J.-C. Baret, “Electrowetting: from basics to applications,” Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol. 17, no. 28, pp. R705, 2005. [4]S. Sato, “Liquid-crystal lens-cells with variable focal length,” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 1679, 1979. [5]H. Ren, Y.-H. Lin, and S.-T. Wu, “Adaptive lens using liquid crystal concentration redistribution,” Applied physics letters, vol. 88, no. 19, pp. 191116, 2006. [6]H. Ren, and S.-T. Wu, “Adaptive liquid crystal lens with large focal length tunability,” Optics Express, vol. 14, no. 23, pp. 11292-11298, 2006. [7]H. Ren, D. W. Fox, B. Wu, and S.-T. Wu, “Liquid crystal lens with large focal length tunability and low operating voltage,” Optics express, vol. 15, no. 18, pp. 11328-11335, 2007. [8]B. Wang, M. Ye, M. Honma, T. Nose, and S. Sato, “Liquid crystal lens with spherical electrode,” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 41, no. 11A, pp. L1232, 2002. [9]Y.-H. Fan, H. Ren, X. Liang, H. Wang, and S.-T. Wu, “Liquid crystal microlens arrays with switchable positive and negative focal lengths,” Journal of display technology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 151-156, 2005. [10]H. Ren, Y.-H. Fan, S. Gauza, and S.-T. Wu, “Tunable-focus flat liquid crystal spherical lens,” Applied physics letters, vol. 84, no. 23, pp. 4789-4791, 2004. [11]B. Wang, M. Ye, and S. Sato, “Lens of electrically controllable focal length made by a glass lens and liquid-crystal layers,” Applied optics, vol. 43, no. 17, pp. 3420-3425, 2004. [12]T. Nose, S. Masuda, and S. Sato, “Optical properties of a hybrid-aligned liquid crystal microlens,” Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, vol. 199, no. 1, pp. 27-35, 1991. [13]T. Nose, S. Masuda, and S. Sato, “Optical properties of a liquid crystal microlens with a symmetric electrode structure,” Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 30, no. 12B, pp. L2110, 1991. [14]T. Nose, S. Masuda, and S. Sato, “A liquid crystal microlens with hole-patterned electrodes on both substrates,” Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 31, no. 5S, pp. 1643, 1992. [15]S. Masuda, S. Fujioka, M. Honma, T. Nose, and S. Sato, “Dependence of optical properties on the device and material parameters in liquid crystal microlenses,” Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 35, no. 9R, pp. 4668, 1996. [16]S. Masuda, S. Takahashi, T. Nose, S. Sato, and H. Ito, “Liquid-crystal microlens with a beam-steering function,” Applied optics, vol. 36, no. 20, pp. 4772-4778, 1997. [17]M. Ye, and S. Sato, “Optical properties of liquid crystal lens of any size,” Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 41, no. 5B, pp. L571, 2002. [18]M. Ye, S. Hayasaka, and S. Sato, “Liquid crystal lens array with hexagonal-hole-patterned electrodes,” Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 43, no. 9R, pp. 6108, 2004. [19]B. Wang, M. Ye, and S. Sato, “Liquid crystal lens with stacked structure of liquid-crystal layers,” Optics communications, vol. 250, no. 4-6, pp. 266-273, 2005. [20]B. Wang, M. Ye, and S. Sato, “Properties of liquid crystal lens with stacked structure of liquid crystal layers,” Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 45, no. 10R, pp. 7813, 2006. [21]B. Wang, M. Ye, and S. Sato, “Liquid crystal negative lens,” Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 44, no. 7R, pp. 4979, 2005. [22]C.-R. Lee, K.-C. Lo, and T.-S. Mo, “Electrically switchable Fresnel lens based on a liquid crystal film with a polymer relief pattern,” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 46, no. 7R, pp. 4144, 2007. [23]Y.-H. Fan, H. Ren, and S.-T. Wu, “Electrically switchable Fresnel lens using a polymer-separated composite film,” Optics express, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 4141-4147, 2005. [24]S. Sato, T. Nose, R. Yamaguchi, and S. Yanase, “Relationship between lens properties and director orientation in a liquid crystal lens,” Liquid Crystals, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1435-1442, 1989. [25]S. Suyama, M. Date, and H. Takada, “Three-dimensional display system with dual-frequency liquid-crystal varifocal lens,” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 39, no. 2R, pp. 480, 2000. [26]S. Sato, A. Sugiyama, and R. Sato, “Variable-focus liquid-crystal Fresnel lens,” Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 24, no. 8A, pp. L626, 1985. [27]D. Liang, and Q.-H. Wang, “Liquid crystal microlens array using double lenticular electrodes,” Journal of Display Technology, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 814-818, 2013. [28]W. Choi, D.-W. Kim, and S.-D. Lee, “Liquid crystal lens array with high fill-factor fabricated by an imprinting technique,” Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, vol. 508, no. 1, pp. 35/[397]-40/[402], 2009. [29]B. Wang, M. Ye, and S. Sato, “Liquid crystal lens with focal length variable from negative to positive values,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 79-81, 2006. [30]M. Ye, Y. Yokoyama, and S. Sato, “Liquid crystal anamorphic lens,” Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 44, no. 1R, pp. 235, 2005. [31]O. Pishnyak, S. Sato, and O. D. Lavrentovich, “Electrically tunable lens based on a dual-frequency nematic liquid crystal,” Applied Optics, vol. 45, no. 19, pp. 4576-4582, 2006. [32]J. Knittel, H. Richter, M. Hain, S. Somalingam, and T. Tschudi, “A temperature controlled liquid crystal lens for spherical aberration compensation,” Microsystem technologies, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 161-164, 2007. [33]C.-W. Chiu, Y.-C. Lin, P. C.-P. Chao, and A. Y.-G. Fuh, “Achieving high focusing power for a large-aperture liquid crystal lens with novel hole-and-ring electrodes,” Optics express, vol. 16, no. 23, pp. 19277-19284, 2008. [34]C.-Y. Huang, Y.-J. Huang, and Y.-H. Tseng, “Dual-operation-mode liquid crystal lens,” Optics express, vol. 17, no. 23, pp. 20860-20865, 2009. [35]C.-Y. Huang, C.-C. Lai, Y.-H. Tseng, Y.-T. Yang, C.-J. Tien, and K.-Y. Lo, “Silica-nanoparticle-doped nematic display with multistable and dynamic modes,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 92, no. 22, pp. 221908, 2008. [36]H.-C. Lin, and Y.-H. Lin, “A fast response and large electrically tunable-focusing imaging system based on switching of two modes of a liquid crystal lens,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 97, no. 6, pp. 063505, 2010. [37]M. Kawamura, H. Goto, and E. Yumoto, “Improvement of negative lens property of liquid crystal device,” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 49, no. 11R, pp. 118002, 2010. [38]Y.-Y. Kao, P. C.-P. Chao, and C.-W. Hsueh, “A new low-voltage-driven GRIN liquid crystal lens with multiple ring electrodes in unequal widths,” Optics express, vol. 18, no. 18, pp. 18506-18518, 2010. [39]Y.-H. Lin, M.-S. Chen, and H.-C. Lin, “An electrically tunable optical zoom system using two composite liquid crystal lenses with a large zoom ratio,” Optics express, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 4714-4721, 2011. [40]A. Hassanfiroozi, Y.-P. Huang, B. Javidi, and H.-P. D. Shieh, “Hexagonal liquid crystal lens array for 3D endoscopy,” Optics Express, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 971-981, 2015. [41]J. Prost, The physics of liquid crystals: Oxford university press, 1995. [42]D.-K. Yang, Fundamentals of liquid crystal devices: John Wiley & Sons, 2014. [1]H. Ren and S.-T. Wu, Introduction to adaptive lenses. John Wiley & Sons, 2012. [2]N. Sugiura and S. Morita, "Variable-focus liquid-filled optical lens," Applied Optics, vol. 32, no. 22, pp. 4181-4186, 1993. [3]F. Mugele and J.-C. Baret, "Electrowetting: from basics to applications," Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol. 17, no. 28, p. R705, 2005. [4]S. Sato, "Liquid-crystal lens-cells with variable focal length," Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 18, no. 9, p. 1679, 1979. [5]H. Ren, Y.-H. Lin, and S.-T. Wu, "Adaptive lens using liquid crystal concentration redistribution," Applied physics letters, vol. 88, no. 19, p. 191116, 2006. [6]H. Ren and S.-T. Wu, "Adaptive liquid crystal lens with large focal length tunability," Optics Express, vol. 14, no. 23, pp. 11292-11298, 2006. [7]H. Ren, D. W. Fox, B. Wu, and S.-T. Wu, "Liquid crystal lens with large focal length tunability and low operating voltage," Optics express, vol. 15, no. 18, pp. 11328-11335, 2007. [8]B. Wang, M. Ye, M. Honma, T. Nose, and S. Sato, "Liquid crystal lens with spherical electrode," Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 41, no. 11A, p. L1232, 2002. [9]Y.-H. Fan, H. Ren, X. Liang, H. Wang, and S.-T. Wu, "Liquid crystal microlens arrays with switchable positive and negative focal lengths," Journal of display technology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 151-156, 2005. [10]H. Ren, Y.-H. Fan, S. Gauza, and S.-T. Wu, "Tunable-focus flat liquid crystal spherical lens," Applied physics letters, vol. 84, no. 23, pp. 4789-4791, 2004. [11]B. Wang, M. Ye, and S. Sato, "Lens of electrically controllable focal length made by a glass lens and liquid-crystal layers," Applied optics, vol. 43, no. 17, pp. 3420-3425, 2004. [12]T. Nose, S. Masuda, and S. Sato, "Optical properties of a hybrid-aligned liquid crystal microlens," Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, vol. 199, no. 1, pp. 27-35, 1991. [13]T. Nose, S. Masuda, and S. Sato, "Optical properties of a liquid crystal microlens with a symmetric electrode structure," Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 30, no. 12B, p. L2110, 1991. [14]T. Nose, S. Masuda, and S. Sato, "A liquid crystal microlens with hole-patterned electrodes on both substrates," Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 31, no. 5S, p. 1643, 1992. [15]S. Masuda, S. Fujioka, M. Honma, T. Nose, and S. Sato, "Dependence of optical properties on the device and material parameters in liquid crystal microlenses," Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 35, no. 9R, p. 4668, 1996. [16]S. Masuda, S. Takahashi, T. Nose, S. Sato, and H. Ito, "Liquid-crystal microlens with a beam-steering function," Applied optics, vol. 36, no. 20, pp. 4772-4778, 1997. [17]M. Ye and S. Sato, "Optical properties of liquid crystal lens of any size," Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 41, no. 5B, p. L571, 2002. [18]M. Ye, S. Hayasaka, and S. Sato, "Liquid crystal lens array with hexagonal-hole-patterned electrodes," Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 43, no. 9R, p. 6108, 2004. [19]B. Wang, M. Ye, and S. Sato, "Liquid crystal lens with stacked structure of liquid-crystal layers," Optics communications, vol. 250, no. 4-6, pp. 266-273, 2005. [20]B. Wang, M. Ye, and S. Sato, "Properties of liquid crystal lens with stacked structure of liquid crystal layers," Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 45, no. 10R, p. 7813, 2006. [21]B. Wang, M. Ye, and S. Sato, "Liquid crystal negative lens," Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 44, no. 7R, p. 4979, 2005. [22]C.-R. Lee, K.-C. Lo, and T.-S. Mo, "Electrically switchable Fresnel lens based on a liquid crystal film with a polymer relief pattern," Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 46, no. 7R, p. 4144, 2007. [23]Y.-H. Fan, H. Ren, and S.-T. Wu, "Electrically switchable Fresnel lens using a polymer-separated composite film," Optics express, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 4141-4147, 2005. [24]S. Sato, T. Nose, R. Yamaguchi, and S. Yanase, "Relationship between lens properties and director orientation in a liquid crystal lens," Liquid Crystals, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1435-1442, 1989. [25]S. Suyama, M. Date, and H. Takada, "Three-dimensional display system with dual-frequency liquid-crystal varifocal lens," Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 39, no. 2R, p. 480, 2000. [26]S. Sato, A. Sugiyama, and R. Sato, "Variable-focus liquid-crystal Fresnel lens," Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 24, no. 8A, p. L626, 1985. [27]D. Liang and Q.-H. Wang, "Liquid crystal microlens array using double lenticular electrodes," Journal of Display Technology, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 814-818, 2013. [28]W. Choi, D.-W. Kim, and S.-D. Lee, "Liquid crystal lens array with high fill-factor fabricated by an imprinting technique," Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, vol. 508, no. 1, pp. 35/[397]-40/[402], 2009. [29]B. Wang, M. Ye, and S. Sato, "Liquid crystal lens with focal length variable from negative to positive values," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 79-81, 2006. [30]M. Ye, Y. Yokoyama, and S. Sato, "Liquid crystal anamorphic lens," Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 44, no. 1R, p. 235, 2005. [31]O. Pishnyak, S. Sato, and O. D. Lavrentovich, "Electrically tunable lens based on a dual-frequency nematic liquid crystal," Applied Optics, vol. 45, no. 19, pp. 4576-4582, 2006. [32]J. Knittel, H. Richter, M. Hain, S. Somalingam, and T. Tschudi, "A temperature controlled liquid crystal lens for spherical aberration compensation," Microsystem technologies, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 161-164, 2007. [33]C.-W. Chiu, Y.-C. Lin, P. C.-P. Chao, and A. Y.-G. Fuh, "Achieving high focusing power for a large-aperture liquid crystal lens with novel hole-and-ring electrodes," Optics express, vol. 16, no. 23, pp. 19277-19284, 2008. [34]C.-Y. Huang, Y.-J. Huang, and Y.-H. Tseng, "Dual-operation-mode liquid crystal lens," Optics express, vol. 17, no. 23, pp. 20860-20865, 2009. [35]C.-Y. Huang, C.-C. Lai, Y.-H. Tseng, Y.-T. Yang, C.-J. Tien, and K.-Y. Lo, "Silica-nanoparticle-doped nematic display with multistable and dynamic modes," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 92, no. 22, p. 221908, 2008. [36]H.-C. Lin and Y.-H. Lin, "A fast response and large electrically tunable-focusing imaging system based on switching of two modes of a liquid crystal lens," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 97, no. 6, p. 063505, 2010. [37]M. Kawamura, H. Goto, and E. Yumoto, "Improvement of negative lens property of liquid crystal device," Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 49, no. 11R, p. 118002, 2010. [38]Y.-Y. Kao, P. C.-P. Chao, and C.-W. Hsueh, "A new low-voltage-driven GRIN liquid crystal lens with multiple ring electrodes in unequal widths," Optics express, vol. 18, no. 18, pp. 18506-18518, 2010. [39]Y.-H. Lin, M.-S. Chen, and H.-C. Lin, "An electrically tunable optical zoom system using two composite liquid crystal lenses with a large zoom ratio," Optics express, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 4714-4721, 2011. [40]A. Hassanfiroozi, Y.-P. Huang, B. Javidi, and H.-P. D. Shieh, "Hexagonal liquid crystal lens array for 3D endoscopy," Optics Express, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 971-981, 2015. [41]J. Prost, The physics of liquid crystals. Oxford university press, 1995. [42]D.-K. Yang, Fundamentals of liquid crystal devices. John Wiley & Sons, 2014. [43]Norland Optical Adhesive 65 https://www.norlandprod.com/adhesives/noa%2065.html [44]PDMS https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/761036?lang=en®ion=TW [45]Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/655201?lang=en®ion=TW [46]Data sheet E7 http://www.waters.com/webassets/cms/library/docs/720004814en.pdf
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