臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

科索沃（Kosovo）面積僅一萬零八百多平方公里，人口也只有約二百萬，自1991年3月，阿爾巴尼族發表獨立宣言以來，獨立運動風起雲湧。
期間經過血腥的種族屠殺、內戰和聯合國的介入，2008年2月17日科索沃總理塔齊向國會提出獨立宣言，經國會表決通過後宣布「科索沃是一個主權獨立國家」，旋獲六十九國承認，科索沃原先之「母國」塞爾維亞（Serbia）表達嚴厲的抗議，最後提請聯合國大會處理。
國際法院（International Court of Justice,ICJ）應聯合國大會之請，針對科索沃宣布獨立問題發表諮詢意見，是項諮詢意見於2010年7月22日宣布，結論認為「2008年2月17日科索沃獨立宣言並不違反國際法」。此諮詢意見一出，美國及歐洲二十二國聲援支持；俄羅斯、中國及歐洲五國反對，至今仍有正、反不同立場之爭。
國際法學者有為此高呼這是「人民自決」與「民主」的勝利，認為國際法院對科索沃宣布獨立不違反國際法的裁定，將帶給國際上追求獨立自主的政治組織和團體法理上的依據和助力。
然國際法院提出科索沃片面宣布獨立符合國際法的諮詢意見之後，是否代表任何政治實體只要追求獨立，可在任何狀況下宣布獨立，而不違反國際法？「科索沃宣布獨立案」諮詢意見是不是如此明確地宣告了政治實體追求獨立的權利，到底該諮詢意見能帶給非國家政治實體多大的法理基礎，以追求渴望的國家獨立？
本論文即在此問題意識下，直接探討這份國際法院針對塞爾維亞控訴科索沃宣布獨立違法，侵害其主權及領土完整，所提出之諮詢意見的具體內容，進行全盤性的解析，從國際法的角度剖析該諮詢意見，冀望從分析中，瞭解諮詢意見的解釋和個案適用範圍限制，進一步將可確認諮詢意見對於國際法上片面宣佈獨立的合法性，帶來了什麼樣的法理基礎，進而可以預估諮詢意見在相關國際法上會形成何種程度的後續影響，以耙梳出這份首次論述片面宣佈獨立個案的諮詢意見在國際法上對人民自決權、分離權與獨立運動帶來的真正意義。

Kosovo has an area of around 10,800 square kilometers and a population of only about 2 million. Since March 1991 the Kosovar Albanian issued a Declaration of Independence, the independence movement in Kosovo has been surging.
After the bloody genocide, the civil war and the interference of the United Nations, on February 17, 2008, Kosovar Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi presented a declaration of independence to the National Assembly. After the vote of the National Assembly, he declared that Kosovo is a sovereign and independent State. Kosovo soon has won the recognitions from 69 States. Serbia as the former “home State” of Kosovo expressed severe protests and finally brought it to the UN General Assembly.
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued an advisory opinion on Kosovo’s declaration of independence at the request of the UN General Assembly. The advisory opinion was announced on July 22, 2010, and concluded that the adoption of the declaration of independence of 17 February 2008 did not violate any applicable rule of international law. As soon as this advisory opinion came out, 22 states including the United States and European States declared their support to the advisory opinion; on the other hand, Russia, China and five States in Europe opposed it. There are still disputes between the two sides.
International law scholars have asserted that this is a victory for “the right of self-determination” and “democracy”. They believe that the decision of the ICJ to declare Kosovo’s independence does not violate international law will bring legal basis and power to the political organizations and groups which is pursuing independence.
After the ICJ has declared that Kosovo’s unilateral declaration of independence is in accordance with international law, does it mean that any political entity can declare independence in any situation without violating international law? Whether the Kosovo Advisory Opinion has clearly declared the right of political entities to pursue independence, and whether this advisory opinion has brought the non-state political entities a sufficient legal basis to pursue the desired national independence would be the questions that this thesis would like to find out.
Therefore, this thesis directly discusses the specific content of the advisory opinion, which is decided by the ICJ on Serbia’s accusation of the illegality of Kosovo’s declaration of independence and the violation of its sovereignty and territorial integrity. We try to analyze it in a comprehensive way, and discuss it from the perspective of international law. We hope to understand the explanation of the advisory opinion and the limitation of the scope of the case; and furthermore, to identify what the legal basis that the advisory opinion has brought to the legality of the unilateral declaration of independence in international law. We also try to predict the implications and consequences of the first-ever advisory opinion which discusses the unilateral declaration of independence, and what it would contribute to the true meanings of the rights of self-determination, secession, and independence movement of the people in international law.

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION..........1
1.1 Statement of Problems..........1
1.2 Sources of Reference Materials..........2
1.3 The Structure of this Thesis..........3
Chapter 2 FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE KOSOVO ADVISORY OPINION..........5
2.1 Factual Background of the Kosovo Case..........5
2.1.1 Complicated History, Political Conflict and UN Intervention..........5
2.1.2 From the Independence of Kosovo to the ICJ..........7
2.2 The Procedure of an ICJ Advisory Opinion..........10
2.2.1 The Advisory Jurisdiction of the ICJ...........10
2.2.2 The Advisory Opinion Procedure..........15
2.3 The Proceedings of the Kosovo Advisory Opinion..........16
2.3.1 The Written Proceedings..........17
2.3.2 The Oral Proceedings..........33
Chapter 3 THE KOSOVO ADVISORY OPINION..........35
3.1 The Issues Involved..........35
3.2 Structure and Reasoning of the Court Opinion..........37
3.2.1 Jurisdiction and Discretion..........38
3.2.2 Scope and Meaning of the Question..........42
3.2.3 Factual Background..........44
3.2.4 The Question Whether the Declaration of Independence Is in Accordance with International Law..........44
3.2.5 General Conclusion..........51
3.3 Different Opinions of the Court..........52
3.4 What the Opinion Said and Did not Say..........59
Chapter 4 THE LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE KOSOVO ADVISORY OPINION..........67
4.1 Concerning the Right of Self-Determination..........69
4.2 Continuing Controversies over the Right to Secession..........73
4.3 Still A Deliberate Answer for the Existing Controversies..........76
Chapter 5 THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE KOSOVO ADVISORY OPINION..........79
5.1 Impact on International Politics..........79
5.2 The Future of Kosovo: Is Kosovo Really a State?..........83
5.3 Case Study: Crimean Status Referendum..........88
Chapter 6 CONCLUSION..........92
REFERENCE ..........96
APPENDICES..........106
1. Chronology of the Kosovar Events..........106
2. Kosovo Declaration of Independence, February 17, 2008..........113
3. The Main Arguments of the Participating States and the Authors of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence..........117
4. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999)..........137
5. 28 ICJ Advisory Opinions List..........145

I. Books
Aljaghoub, Mahasen M. (2006). The advisory function of the International Court of Justice 1946−2005. New York: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Amr, Mohamed Sameh M. (2003). The role of the International Court of Justice as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
Brownlie, Ian (1998). Principles of public international law, 5th edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Buchanan, Allen (2004). Justice, legitimacy, and self-determination: Moral foundations for international law. New York: Oxford University Press.
Cassese, Antonio (1995). Self-determination of peoples: A legal reappraisal. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Clark, Howard (2000). Civil resistance in Kosovo. London: Pluto Press.
Crawford, James (2006). The creation of states in international law, 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Crawford, James, and Koskenniemi, Martti (Eds.) (2012). The Cambridge companion to international law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dugard, John (2013). The secession of states and their recognition in the wake of Kosovo. The Hague: The Hague Academy of International Law.
Halperin, Morton H., Scheffer, David J., and Small, Patricia L. (1992). Self-determination in the new world order. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Hannum, Hurst (1992). Autonomy, sovereignty, and self-determination: The accommodation of conflicting rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
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Ker-Lindsay, James (2009). Kosovo: The path to contested statehood in the Balkans. London: I. B. Tauris.
Perritt, Henry H., Jr. (2009). The road to independence for Kosovo: A chronicle of the Ahtisaari plan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Primoratz, Igor and Pavković, Aleksandar (Eds.) (2006). Identity, self-determination, and secession. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
Schulte, Constanze (2004). Compliance with decisions of the International Court of Justice. New York: Oxford University Press.
Shaw, Malcolm N. (2014). International law, 7th edition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Stachonova, Monika (2014). The ICJ advisory opinion on Kosovo. Oisterwijk: Wolf Legal Publishers.
Walter, Christian, Von Ungern-Sternberg, Antje and Abushov, Kavus (Eds.) (2014). Self-determination and secession in international law. New York: Oxford University Press.
Weller, Marc (2009). Contested statehood: Kosovo’s struggle for independence. New York: Oxford University Press.
II. Articles
Ago, Roberto (1991). “Binding” advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice, The American Journal of International Law, 85(3), 439-451.
Borgen, Christopher J. (2010). Introductory note to International Court of Justice: Advisory opinion in accordance with international law of the unilateral declaration of independence of Kosovo. International Legal Materials, 49(5), 1404-1440.
Christakis, Theodore (2011). The ICJ advisory opinion on Kosovo: Has international law something to say about secession? Leiden Journal of International Law, 24(1), 73-86.
Crawford, James (1998). State practice and international law in relation to secession. British Yearbook of International Law, 69(1), 85-117.
Crawford, James (2015). Kosovo and the criteria for statehood in international law. in Marko Milanović and Michael Wood (Eds.), The law and politics of the Kosovo advisory opinion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Falk, Richard (2011). The Kosovo advisory opinion: Conflict resolution and precedent. The American Journal of International Law, 105(1), 50-60.
Grant, Thomas D. (2015). Annexation of Crimea. The American Journal of International Law, 109(1), 68-95.
Harvard Law Review (2011). Recent international advisory opinion. Harvard Law Review, 124(4), 1098-1105.
Jacobs, Dov (2011). International Court of Justice, "accordance with international law of the unilateral declaration of independence in respect of Kosovo", advisory opinion of 22 July 2010. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 60(3), 799-810.
Jamar, Hanna and Vigness, Mary Katherine (2010). Applying Kosovo: Looking to Russia, China, Spain and beyond after the International Court of Justice opinion on unilateral declarations of independence. German Law Journal, 11(8), 913-928.
Joseph, Edward P. (2013). Kosovo’s independence and secessionist movements: Dire consequences or benign impact? Secession Redux: Lessons for the EU, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, Center for Transatlantic Relations, available at
http://transatlantic.sais-jhu.edu/publications/articles/031313_Joseph_Kosovo_independence_and_secession.pdf
Koh, Harold Hongju (2015). Reflections on the law and politics of the Kosovo case. in Marko Milanović and Michael Wood (Eds.), The law and politics of the Kosovo advisory opinion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kohen, Marcelo G. (2006). Introduction. in Marcelo G. Kohen, Edited, Secession: International law perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mills, Alex (2011). The Kosovo advisory opinion: If you don’t have anything constructive to say...? The Cambridge Law Journal, 70(1), 1-4.
Orentlicher, Diane F. (2003). International responses to separatist claims: Are democratic principles relevant? in Stephen Macedo & Allen Buchanan (Eds.), Secession and self-determination. New York: New York University Press.
Papić, Tatjana (2015). The political aftermath of the ICJ’s Kosovo opinion. in Marko Milanović and Michael Wood (Eds.), The law and politics of the Kosovo advisory opinion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pellet, Alain (2015). Kosovo—The questions not asked: Self-determination, secession, and recognition. in Marko Milanović and Michael Wood (Eds.), The law and politics of the Kosovo advisory opinion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Radeljić, Branislav (2014). Serbia’s EU future: Concerns and perspectives. in Wilfried Loth & Nicolae Pãun (Eds.), Disintegration and integration in East-Central Europe. Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.
Richter, Solveig and Halbach, Uwe (2009). A dangerous precedent? The political implications of Kosovo’s independence on ethnic conflicts in South-Eastern Europe and the CIS. Security and Human Rights, 20(3), 223-237.
Sterio, Milena (2010). The case of Kosovo: Self-determination, secession, and statehood under international law. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), 104, 361-365.
Tomuschat, Christian (2006). Secession and self-determination. in Marcelo G. Kohen, Edited, Secession: International law perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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International Court of Justice (1948, May 28). Conditions of admission of a State in membership of the United Nations (Article 4 of the Charter), Advisory Opinion, available at https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/3/003-19480528-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf
International Court of Justice (1962, July 20). Certain expenses of the United Nations (Article 17, paragraph 2, of the Charter), Advisory Opinion, available at https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/49/049-19620720-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf
International Court of Justice (1971, June 21). Legal consequences for States of the continued presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, available at https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/53/053-19710621-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf
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International Court of Justice (1996, July 8). Legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons, Advisory Opinion, available at https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/95/095-19960708-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf
International Court of Justice (2004, July 9). Legal consequences of the construction of a wall in the occupied Palestinian territory, Advisory Opinion, available at https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/131/131-20040709-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf
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International Court of Justice (2009, October 9). The Court will hold public hearings from Tuesday 1 December to Friday 11 December 2009- Thirty states and the authors of the unilateral declaration of independence have expressed their intention of participating in the oral proceedings, ICJ Press Release, No. 2009/29, available at https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/141/15567.pdf
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