對於無法從外觀判定種類的鯊魚樣本，使用生命條碼技術雖然能夠準確的鑑定物種，卻有耗時和需求精密儀器等缺點，為了縮短鑑種時間與現場實測的可能性，本研究使用恆溫式圈環形核酸增幅技術（LAMP）針對已被列入瀕臨絕種野生動植物國際貿易公約（CITES）的鯊魚物種作複合式LAMP檢測，個別針對三段粒線體基因，淺海狐鮫的NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2基因、深海狐鮫的Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I基因、紅肉丫髻鮫的Cytochrome B基因設計出物種專一的引子組，於實驗室模擬現場操作使用LAMP比色套件，以組織均質機（BioMasher® II）取得DNA於乾浴槽於65°C中穩定加熱，在1個小時內即可完成檢測，若DNA放大成功，反應溶液的外觀顏色會從粉紅色改變至橘黃色，利於肉眼上的辨認。在84個檢測樣本中，針對三個目標物種的複合式LAMP檢測達到非常好的結果，在靈敏度（sensitivity）、特異度（specificity）和準確度（accuracy）的值上皆達到100%，沒有偽陰性或偽陽性的發生，由於 LAMP這項技術的操作簡單、檢測時間短以及能用肉眼分辨目標物種等特性，因此我們認為適合漁業管理者作為現場初步的快速篩檢工具，以提升執法效率。

Identification of shark species at landing is difficult if the key diagnostic features have been removed on board. Although DNA barcoding technique can identify the species without any morphological characters, it takes longer time, requires sophisticated instruments and higher cost. To shorten the process of species identification and to perform it in the field, an alternative technique named loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was applied to identify CITES-listed shark species. Species-specific primers were designed to target three mitochondrial genes (ND2, COI and CytB) for pelagic thresher shark (Alopias pelagicus), bigeye thresher shark (A. superciliosus) and scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini), respectively. A homogenizer (BioMasher® II) was used to release DNA from the shark tissues, then DNA amplicons were reproducibly generated for 30 min in the incubator at 65°C. The result of the multiplex LAMP assay demonstrated a high degree of sensitivity (100%), specificity (100%), and accuracy (100%) in 84 samples. The LAMP assay described here provided a fast, reliable and on-site method to distinguish 3 CITES-listed shark species from the other non-target species.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iii
表目錄 v
圖目錄 vii
附錄目錄 xi
壹、前言 1
1.1研究對象 1
1.2國際保育政策 2
1.3傳統分子鑑種技術用於鯊魚漁業管理 4
1.4快速篩檢技術用於鯊魚漁業管理的可行性 5
1.5研究目的 6
貳、材料與方法 8
2.1鯊魚樣本蒐集與研究流程 8
2.2樣本物種鑑定 8
2.2.1 DNA萃取 8
2.2.2聚合酶鏈鎖反應（Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR） 8
2.2.3 PCR產物之純化 9
2.2.4核酸序列分析：DNA毛細管自動電泳儀定序（automated DNA sequencing） 9
2.2.5線上資料庫比對 10
2.3恆溫式圈環形核酸增幅技術（LAMP）之物種專一引子組設計條件 10
2.4 DNA品質之測試 11
2.5恆溫式圈環形核酸增幅技術（LAMP）之反應條件 12
2.6 LAMP偵測極限濃度測試條件 13
2.7複合恆溫式圈環形核酸增幅技術（Multiplex LAMP）之檢測條件 13
2.8自行調配之LAMP比色測試條件 14
2.9靈敏度（Sensitivity）、特異度（Specificity）和準確度（Accuracy）之定義與計算 14
叁、結果 16
3.1樣本採集狀況以及DNA序列資料 16
3.2 LAMP物種專一引子組設計 16
3.3 LAMP反應測試 17
3.4 LAMP偵測極限濃度測試 19
3.5 Multiplex LAMP之檢測 20
3.6自行調配之LAMP比色測試 21
3.7 LAMP檢驗之潛力評估 22
肆、討論 23
4.1 LAMP引子的設計與檢測 23
4.2不同品質的鯊魚物種DNA萃取方法對檢驗的影響 24
4.3 LAMP試劑的測試與比較 24
4.4 LAMP檢測的現場操作評估 26
4.5 LAMP檢測與現行檢測方式的比較 26
伍、結論 29
陸、參考文獻 30

表目錄
表 1、本論文使用的檢體物種之名稱，樣本數(N)與族群量狀態。 38
表 2、引子組Sl_ND2之序列。 39
表 3、引子組Sl_ND2之物種專一引子各黏合區變異點數，以紅肉丫髻鮫為比較依據。 40
表 4、引子組Sl_CytB之序列。 41
表 5、引子組Sl_CytB之物種專一引子各黏合區變異點數，以紅肉丫髻鮫為比較依據。 42
表 6、引子組Ap_ND2之序列。 43
表 7、引子組Ap_ND2之物種專一引子各黏合區變異點數，以淺海狐鮫為比較依據。 44
表 8、引子組As_COI之序列。 45
表 9、引子組As_COI之物種專一引子各黏合區變異點數，以深海狐鮫為比較依據。 46
表 10、引子組Sl_ND2檢驗中的結果與訊號比例，以紅肉丫髻鮫為比較依據。 47
表 11、引子組Ap_ND2檢驗中的結果與訊號比例，以淺海狐鮫為比較依據。 48
表 12、引子組組合Ap_ND2/As_COI檢驗中的結果與訊號比例，以淺海狐鮫與深海狐鮫為比較依據。 49
表 13、引子組組合Sl_CytB/Ap_ND2/As_COI檢驗中的結果與訊號比例，以淺海狐鮫、深海狐鮫與紅肉丫髻鮫為比較依據。 50
表 14、引子組Sl_ND2檢驗之潛力評估，以紅肉丫髻鮫為比較依據。 51
表 15、引子組Ap_ND2檢驗之潛力評估，以淺海狐鮫為比較依據。 52
表 16、引子組組合Ap_ND2/As_COI檢驗之潛力評估，以淺海狐鮫與深海狐鮫為比較依據。 53
表 17、引子組組合Sl_CytB/Ap_ND2/As_COI檢驗之潛力評估，以淺海狐鮫、深海狐鮫與紅肉丫髻鮫為比較依據。 54

 
圖目錄
圖 1、研究流程。 55
圖 2、針對紅肉丫髻鮫（Scalloped hammerhead shark, S. lewini）所設計之物種專一性引子組Sl_ND2序列。 56
圖 3、針對紅肉丫髻鮫（Scalloped hammerhead shark, S. lewini）所設計之物種專一性引子組Sl_CytB序列。 57
圖 4、針對淺海狐鮫（Pelagic thresher shark, A. pelagicus）所設計之物種專一性引子組Ap_ND2序列。 58
圖 5、針對深海狐鮫（Bigeye thresher shark, A. superciliosus）所設計之物種專一性引子組As_COI序列。 59
圖 6、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® LAMP Kit進行LAMP反應之螢光結果1。 60
圖 7、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® LAMP Kit進行LAMP反應之螢光結果2。 61
圖 8、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® LAMP Kit在Real-time PCR儀器中進行LAMP反應，紅肉丫髻鮫之螢光訊號結果1。 62
圖 9、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® LAMP Kit在Real-time PCR儀器中進行LAMP反應，非目標物種與控制組之螢光訊號結果1。 63
圖 10、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® LAMP Kit在Real-time PCR儀器中進行LAMP反應，以毛細管電泳分析紅肉丫髻鮫、非目標物種與控制組之結果1。 64
圖 11、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® LAMP Kit在Real-time PCR儀器中進行LAMP反應，紅肉丫髻鮫之螢光訊號結果2。 65
圖 12、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® LAMP Kit在Real-time PCR儀器中進行LAMP反應，紅肉丫髻鮫之毛細管電泳結果2。 66
圖 13、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® LAMP Kit在Real-time PCR儀器中進行LAMP反應，紅肉丫髻鮫之螢光訊號結果3。 67
圖 14、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® LAMP Kit在Real-time PCR儀器中進行LAMP反應，非目標物種與控制組之螢光訊號結果3。 68
圖 15、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® LAMP Kit在Real-time PCR儀器中進行LAMP反應，以毛細管電泳分析紅肉丫髻鮫、非目標物種與控制組之結果3。 69
圖 16、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行LAMP反應，紅肉丫髻鮫、非目標物種與控制組之變色結果1。 70
圖 17、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行LAMP反應，以毛細管電泳分析紅肉丫髻鮫、非目標物種與控制組之結果1。 71
圖 18、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行LAMP反應，紅肉丫髻鮫、非目標物種與控制組之變色結果2。 72
圖 19、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行LAMP反應，以毛細管電泳分析紅肉丫髻鮫、非目標物種與控制組之結果2。 73
圖 20、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行LAMP反應，紅肉丫髻鮫、非目標物種與控制組之變色結果3。 74
圖 21、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行LAMP反應，紅肉丫髻鮫之魚肉、乾魚翅、非目標物種與控制組之變色結果。 75
圖 22、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行LAMP反應，以毛細管電泳分析紅肉丫髻鮫、非目標物種與控制組之結果3。 76
圖 23、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行LAMP反應，以毛細管電泳分析紅肉丫髻鮫之魚肉、乾魚翅、非目標物種與控制組之結果。 77
圖 24、以引子組Sl_CytB搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行LAMP反應，紅肉丫髻鮫、非目標物種與控制組之變色結果。 78
圖 25、以引子組Sl_CytB搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行LAMP反應，以毛細管電泳分析紅肉丫髻鮫、非目標物種與控制組之結果。 79
圖 26、以引子組Ap_ND2搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行LAMP反應，淺海狐鮫、非目標物種與控制組之變色結果。 80
圖 27、以引子組Ap_ND2搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行LAMP反應，以毛細管電泳分析淺海狐鮫、非目標物種與控制組之結果。 81
圖 28、以引子組As_COI搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行LAMP反應，深海狐鮫、非目標物種與控制組之變色結果。 82
圖 29、以引子組As_COI搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行LAMP反應，以毛細管電泳分析深海狐鮫、非目標物種與控制組之結果。 83
圖 30、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行LAMP極限濃度測試之變色結果1。 84
圖 31、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行LAMP極限濃度測試之毛細管電泳結果1。 85
圖 32、紅肉丫髻鮫之魚肉與乾魚翅樣本。 86
圖 33、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行LAMP極限濃度測試之變色結果2。 87
圖 34、以引子組Sl_ND2搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行LAMP極限濃度測試之毛細管電泳結果2。 88
圖 35、以引子組組合Ap_ND2/As_COI搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行Mutiplex LAMP反應，淺海狐鮫、深海狐鮫、非目標物種與控制組之變色結果。 89
圖 36、以引子組組合Ap_ND2/As_COI搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行Mutiplex LAMP反應，以毛細管電泳分析淺海狐鮫、深海狐鮫、非目標物種與控制組之結果。 90
圖 37、以引子組組合Sl_CytB/Ap_ND2/As_COI搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行Mutiplex LAMP反應，淺海狐鮫、深海狐鮫、紅肉丫髻鮫、非目標物種與控制組之變色結果。 91
圖 38、以引子組組合Sl_CytB/Ap_ND2/As_COI搭配WarmStart® Colormetric LAMP Kit進行Mutiplex LAMP反應，以毛細管電泳分析淺海狐鮫、深海狐鮫、紅肉丫髻鮫、非目標物種與控制組之結果。 92
圖 39、自行調配藥劑以引子組Sl_CytB搭配酚紅指示劑進行LAMP反應，紅肉丫髻鮫、非目標物種與控制組之變色結果。 93
圖 40、自行調配藥劑以引子組Sl_CytB搭配酚紅指示劑進行LAMP反應，以毛細管電泳分析紅肉丫髻鮫、非目標物種與控制組之結果。 94
圖 41、自行調配藥劑以引子組組合Sl_CytB/Ap_ND2/As_COI和引子組Sl_CytB搭配金屬指示劑（HNB）進行LAMP反應，淺海狐鮫、深海狐鮫、紅肉丫髻鮫、非目標物種與控制組之變色結果。 95
圖 42、自行調配藥劑以引子組組合Sl_CytB/Ap_ND2/As_COI和引子組Sl_CytB搭配金屬指示劑（HNB）進行LAMP反應，以毛細管電泳分析淺海狐鮫、深海狐鮫、紅肉丫髻鮫、非目標物種與控制組之結果。 96

 
附錄目錄
附錄一、LAMP 反應機制（Notomi et al., 2000）。 97
附錄二、Fish DNA Barcoding 引子表（Holmes et al., 2009）。 98
 

Abramowitz S (1996) Towards inexpensive DNA diagnostics. Trends in Biotechnology, 14(10): 397-401.
Baum JK, Kehler D, Myers RA (2005) Robust estimates of decline for pelagic shark populations in the northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Fisheries, 30(10): 27-29.
Baum JK and Myers RA (2004) Shifting baselines and the decline of pelagic sharks in the Gulf of Mexico. Ecology Letters, 7(2): 135-145.
Baum JK and Worm B (2009) Cascading top‐down effects of changing oceanic predator abundances. Journal of Animal Ecology, 78(4): 699-714.
Bonfil R (1994) Overview of world elasmobranch fisheries. Food & Agriculture Org.
Burgess GH, Beerkircher LR, Cailliet GM, Carlson JK, Cortés E, Goldman KJ, Grubbs RD, Musick JA, Musyl MK, Simpfendorfer CA (2005) Is the collapse of shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico real? Fisheries, 30(10): 19-26.
Cai XQ, Xu MJ, Wang YH, Qiu DY, Liu GX, Lin A, Tang JD, Zhang RL, Zhu XQ (2010) Sensitive and rapid detection of Clonorchis sinensis infection in fish by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Parasitology research, 106(6): 1379-1383.
Calvert AE, Biggerstaff BJ, Tanner NA, Lauterbach M, Lanciotti RS (2017) Rapid colorimetric detection of Zika virus from serum and urine specimens by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). PloS One, 12(9): e0185340.
Camhi MD (2008) Conservation status of pelagic elasmobranchs. Sharks of the Open Ocean: Biology, Fisheries and Conservation, 397-417.
Cardeñosa D, Fields AT, Babcock EA, Zhang H, Feldheim K, Shea SK, Fischer GA, Chapman DD (2018a) CITES‐listed sharks remain among the top species in the contemporary fin trade. Conservation Letters, e12457.
Cardeñosa D, Quinlan J, Shea KH, Chapman DD (2018b) Multiplex real-time PCR assay to detect illegal trade of CITES-listed shark species. Scientific Reports, 8(1): 16313.
Casey JM and Myers RA (1998) Near extinction of a large, widely distributed fish. Science, 281(5377): 690-692.
Centeno‐Cuadros A, Abbasi I, Nathan R (2017) Sex determination in the wild: a field application of loop‐mediated isothermal amplification successfully determines sex across three raptor species. Molecular Ecology Resources, 17(2): 153-160.
CITES. Retrieved June 15, 2019, from https://cites.org/eng/prog/shark/sharks.php
Cho AR, Dong HJ, Cho S (2014) Meat species identification using loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay targeting species-specific mitochondrial DNA. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources, 34(6): 799.
Chuang PS, Hung TC, Chang HA, Huang CK, Shiao JC (2016) The Species and Origin of Shark Fins in Taiwan’s Fishing Ports, Markets, and Customs Detention: A DNA Barcoding Analysis. PloS One, 11(1): e0147290.
Clarke SC, McAllister MK, Milner‐Gulland EJ, Kirkwood GP, Michielsens CG, Agnew DJ, Pikitch EK, Nakano H, Shivji MS (2006) Global estimates of shark catches using trade records from commercial markets. Ecology Letters, 9(10): 1115-1126.
Compton J (1991) Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. Nature, 350(6313): 91.
Dent F and Clarke S (2015) State of the global market for shark products. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture technical paper, (590): I
Dudley SF and Simpfendorfer CA (2006) Population status of 14 shark species caught in the protective gillnets off KwaZulu–Natal beaches, South Africa, 1978–2003. Marine and Freshwater Research, 57(2): 225-240.
Dulvy NK, Baum JK, Clarke S, Compagno LJ, Cortés E, Domingo A, Fordham S, Fowler S, Francis MP, Gibson C (2008) You can swim but you can''t hide: the global status and conservation of oceanic pelagic sharks and rays. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 18(5): 459-482.
Fawcett T (2006) An introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recognition Letters, 27(8): 861-874.
Ferretti F, Myers RA, Serena F, Lotze HK (2008) Loss of large predatory sharks from the Mediterranean Sea. Conservation Biology, 22(4): 952-964.
Fields AT, Fischer GA, Shea SK, Zhang H, Abercrombie DL, Feldheim KA, Babcock EA, Chapman DD (2018) Species composition of the international shark fin trade assessed through a retail‐market survey in Hong Kong. Conservation Biology, 32(2): 376-389.
Goto M, Honda E, Ogura A, Nomoto A, Hanaki KI (2009) Colorimetric detection of loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction by using hydroxy naphthol blue. Biotechniques, 46(3): 167-172.
Goto M, Shimada K, Sato A, Takahashi E, Fukasawa T, Takahashi T, Ohka S, Taniguchi T, Honda E, Nomoto A (2010) Rapid detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mouse feces by colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 81(3): 247-252.
Graham KJ, Andrew NL, Hodgson KE (2001) Changes in relative abundance of sharks and rays on Australian South East Fishery trawl grounds after twenty years of fishing. Marine and Freshwater Research, 52(4): 549.
Graham NA, Spalding MD, Sheppard CR (2010) Reef shark declines in remote atolls highlight the need for multi‐faceted conservation action. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 20(5): 543-548.
Guatelli JC, Whitfield KM, Kwoh DY, Barringer KJ, Richman DD, Gingeras TR (1990) Isothermal, in vitro amplification of nucleic acids by a multienzyme reaction modeled after retroviral replication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 87(5): 1874-1878.
Hamburger J, Abbasi I, Kariuki C, Wanjala A, Mzungu E, Mungai P, Muchiri E, King CH (2013) Evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification suitable for molecular monitoring of schistosome-infected snails in field laboratories. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 88(2): 344-351.
Hebert PD, Ratnasingham S, de Waard JR (2003) Barcoding animal life: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 270: S96-S99
Heithaus MR, Frid A, Wirsing AJ, Worm B (2008) Predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 23(4): 202-210.
Holmes BH, Steinke D, Ward RD (2009) Identification of shark and ray fins using DNA barcoding. Fisheries Research, 95(2-3): 280-288.
Jung JH, Park BH, Oh SJ, Choi G, Seo TS (2015a) Integration of reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification with an immunochromatographic strip on a centrifugal microdevice for influenza A virus identification. Lab on a Chip, 15(3): 718-725.
Jung JH, Park BH, Oh SJ, Choi G, Seo TS (2015b) Integrated centrifugal reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification microdevice for influenza A virus detection. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 68: 218-224.
Kono T, Savan R, Sakai M, Itami T (2004) Detection of white spot syndrome virus in shrimp by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Journal of Virological Methods, 115(1): 59-65.
Krishnan M, Ugaz VM, Burns MA (2002) PCR in a Rayleigh-Benard convection cell. Science, 298(5594): 793.
Lack M and Sant G (2006) World shark catch, production and trade 1990-2003. Department of the Environment and Heritage.
Lack M and Sant G (2011) The future of sharks: a review of action and inaction. Traffic International.
Liu SV, Chan CC, Lin O, Hu CS, Chen CA (2013) DNA barcoding of shark meats identify species composition and CITES-listed species from the markets in Taiwan. PloS One, 8(11): e79373.
Lucifora LO, García VB, Worm B (2011) Global diversity hotspots and conservation priorities for sharks. PLoS One, 6(5): e19356.
Mori Y, Nagamine K, Tomita N, Notomi T (2001) Detection of loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction by turbidity derived from magnesium pyrophosphate formation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 289(1): 150-154.
Mori Y and Notomi T (2009) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): a rapid, accurate, and cost-effective diagnostic method for infectious diseases. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, 15(2): 62-69.
Myers RA, Baum JK, Shepherd TD, Powers SP, Peterson CH (2007) Cascading effects of the loss of apex predatory sharks from a coastal ocean. Science, 315(5820): 1846-1850.
Nagamine K, Hase T, Notomi T (2002) Accelerated reaction by loop-mediated isothermal amplification using loop primers. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 16(3): 223-229.
Niessen L and Vogel RF (2010) Detection of Fusarium graminearum DNA using a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 140(2-3): 183-191.
Notomi T, Okayama H, Masubuchi H, Yonekawa T, Watanabe K, Amino N, Hase T (2000) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Research, 28(12): e63.
Oh SJ, Park BH, Jung JH, Choi G, Lee DC, Seo TS (2016) Centrifugal loop-mediated isothermal amplification microdevice for rapid, multiplex and colorimetric foodborne pathogen detection. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 75: 293-300.
Pank M, Stanhope M, Natanson L, Kohler N, Shivji M (2001) Rapid and simultaneous identification of body parts from the morphologically similar sharks Carcharhinus obscurus and Carcharhinus plumbeus (Carcharhinidae) using multiplex PCR. Marine Biotechnology, 3(3): 231-240.
Robbins WD, Hisano M, Connolly SR, Choat JH (2006) Ongoing collapse of coral-reef shark populations. Current Biology, 16(23): 2314-2319.
Roff G, Brown CJ, Priest MA, Mumby PJ (2018) Decline of coastal apex shark populations over the past half century. Communications Biology, 1(1): 223.
Safavieh M, Ahmed MU, Sokullu E, Ng A, Braescu L, Zourob M (2014) A simple cassette as point-of-care diagnostic device for naked-eye colorimetric bacteria detection. Analyst, 139(2): 482-487.
Saiki RK, Gelfand DH, Stoffel S, Scharf SJ, Higuchi R, Horn GT, Mullis KB, Erlich HA (1988) Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science, 239(4839): 487-491.
Saiki RK, Scharf S, Faloona F, Mullis KB, Horn GT, Erlich HA, Arnheim N (1985) Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Science, 230(4732): 1350-1354.
Steinke D, Bernard AM, Horn RL, Hilton P, Hanner R, Shivji MS (2017) DNA analysis of traded shark fins and mobulid gill plates reveals a high proportion of species of conservation concern. Scientific Reports, 7(1): 9505.
Stevens JD, Bonfil R, Dulvy NK, Walker PA (2000) The effects of fishing on sharks, rays, and chimaeras (chondrichthyans), and the implications for marine ecosystems. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57(3): 476-494.
Tanner NA, Zhang Y, Evans TC (2015) Visual detection of isothermal nucleic acid amplification using pH-sensitive dyes. Biotechniques, 58(2): 59-68.
Tomita N, Mori Y, Kanda H, Notomi T (2008) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of gene sequences and simple visual detection of products. Nature Protocols 3(5): 877.
Tsai JJ, Liu LT, Lin PC, Tsai CY, Chou PH, Tsai YL, Chang HG, Lee PA (2018) Validation of the Pockit Dengue Virus Reagent Set for Rapid Detection of Dengue Virus in Human Serum on a Field-Deployable PCR System. Journal of Clin Microbiol, 56(5).
Tsai YL, Wang HC, Lo CF, Tang-Nelson K, Lightner D, Ou BR, Hour AL, Tsai CF, Yen CC, Chang HG (2014) Validation of a commercial insulated isothermal PCR-based POCKIT test for rapid and easy detection of white spot syndrome virus infection in Litopenaeus vannamei. PLoS One, 9(3): e90545.
Tsai YL, Wang HT, Chang HG, Tsai CF, Lin CK, Teng PH, Su C, Jeng CC, Lee PY (2012) Development of TaqMan probe-based insulated isothermal PCR (iiPCR) for sensitive and specific on-site pathogen detection. PloS One, 7(9): e45278.
Tsen HY, Shih CM, Teng PH, Chen HY, Lin CW, Chiou CS, Wang HT, Chang HF, Chung TY, Lee PY, Chiang YC (2013) Detection of Salmonella in chicken meat by insulated isothermal PCR. Journal of Food Prot, 76(8): 1322-1329.
Vincent AC, Sadovy de Mitcheson YJ, Fowler SL, Lieberman S (2014) The role of CITES in the conservation of marine fishes subject to international trade. Fish and Fisheries, 15(4): 563-592.
Vrana KE (1996) Advancing technologies in gene amplification. Trends in Biotechnology, 14(11): 413-415.
Walker GT, Fraiser MS, Schram JL, Little MC, Nadeau JG, Malinowski DP (1992a) Strand displacement amplification—an isothermal, in vitro DNA amplification technique. Nucleic Acids Research, 20(7): 1691-1696.
Walker GT, Little MC, Nadeau JG, Shank DD (1992b) Isothermal in vitro amplification of DNA by a restriction enzyme/DNA polymerase system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 89(1): 392-396.
Ward RD, Holmes BH, White WT, Last PR (2008) DNA barcoding Australasian chondrichthyans: results and potential uses in conservation. Marine and Freshwater Research, 59(1): 57-71.
Ward RD, Zemlak TS, Innes BH, Last PR, Hebert PD (2005) DNA barcoding Australia''s fish species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 360(1462): 1847-1857.
Worm B, Davis B, Kettemer L, Ward-Paige CA, Chapman D, Heithaus MR, Kessel ST, Gruber SH (2013) Global catches, exploitation rates, and rebuilding options for sharks. Marine Policy, 40: 194-204.
行政院農業委員會漁業署。2008-2017。中華民國台閩地區漁業統計年報。高雄，台灣。
行政院農業委員會漁業署。2012。網路電子版，https://www.fa.gov.tw/（2019-6-15）
行政院農業委員會漁業署。2019。網路電子版，https://www.fa.gov.tw/（2019-6-15）
韓尚融（2018）利用隔絕式恆溫聚合酶連鎖反應及恆溫式圈環形核酸增幅技術快速鑑定平滑白眼鮫及污斑白眼鮫，國立臺灣大學生命科學院漁業科學研究所，碩士論文，共132頁。