臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

世界衛生組織指出工作壓力嚴重影響員工健康和企業效能，因此企業對壓力管理計劃投入了大量資源，其中辦公空間之改善為其中一項有效策略。現今上班族大多數時間都待在室內工作，辦公室療癒環境設計遂成為當代重要課題。大量研究也證實辦公室自然景觀確實能減輕人們壓力，引發正向情緒（如愉悅、寧靜、放鬆等）和降低負面情绪，同時，人類對自然有與生俱來的偏好，一部分原因也是自然能提供人們從壓力中恢復的能力。因此如何引介自然改善辦公環境對企業主而言是一項「智能投資」。
辦公室自然景觀根據空間位置不同，可分為窗景、桌面盆栽、地面盆栽以及牆面裝飾四類。然而，過去研究多就單一或兩種室內自然引介方式進行評估。實際上，上述辦公環境的自然設計方式應是多重方案組合，而非僅能單一存在。聯合分析是利用周詳的實驗設計，以假設之各種替選方案，供受測者依偏好或知覺程度加以排序或給予評值，建立心理選擇模式，以了解各屬性及屬性水準對受測者的相對重要性，並找到最佳之組合方案。因此本研究將利用聯合分析法，對辦公室自然設計方案之心理效用進行評估。此外，不同類型上班族對辦公室自然景觀之方案偏好與心理效用可能不同，性別、年齡、職業類別等個人特性也會影響自然景觀之效益，需要了解不同上班族群之心理效益。
本研究共選取窗景內容、桌面盆栽內容、地面盆栽數量、牆面裝飾內容4個屬性，共16個水準，組成25個替選方案，利用模擬圖片以舒壓感受、愉悅情緒、平靜情緒以及偏好四類知覺感受對上班族進行評值調查。研究結果顯示，四類心理效益間，重要的屬性並不完全相同。最影響舒壓感受之屬性為窗景內容，其當窗景為都市公園景觀時，壓力感受值最低。而對愉悅情緒、平靜情緒及偏好，相對重要性最高之屬性為牆面裝飾；影響愉悅情緒之最佳效用牆面裝飾水準為自然景觀壁畫，對於平靜情緒，最佳效益之牆面裝飾水準則為無牆面裝飾；而對於偏好來說，最佳效用之牆面裝飾水準為自然藝術掛畫。辦公室自然景觀對不同個人特性上班族群之屬性重要性也不完全一致。

According to the World Health Organization, stresses from work seriously affects employee health and business effectiveness. Therefore, enterprises have invested a large number of resources in stress management programs, and the improvement of workspace design is one of the effective strategies. Nowadays, office workers spend most of their time working indoors, the natural environment design of a workspace has become an important topic. Numerous studies have shown that the natural environment of a workspace can relieve stress, trigger positive emotions (such as pleased, calm, relax, etc.), and reduce negative emotions. Also, people have an inherent preference for nature because nature can provide human beings the ability to recover from stress. Therefore, providing a natural environment in the office is a "smart investment" for business owners.
The natural environment design of a workspace can divide into four categories: window view, desktop potted plant, floor potted plant, and wall decoration. Past studies mostly evaluated one or two indoor natural design methods; however, the natural environment design of a workspace should be a combination of multiple solutions, rather than just a single existence. The conjoint analysis is the use of a detail-designed experiment to let individuals to rank or value various plans according to their preference or perception and to establish a psychological selection model, to understand the relative importance of different levels attributes and find the best combination. Therefore, this study uses the conjoint analysis method to evaluate the psychological utility of natural design in the workplace. Also, different types of office workers may have different preferences and psychological effects. Personal characteristics such as gender, age, and occupation, may also affect the utility of natural design. It is needed to understand the psychological benefits of different working groups.
This study selected 4 major attributes, including window view, desktop potted plant, floor potted plant, and wall decoration content. The number of plants on the floor and the content of wall decoration, totally 16 levels, and 25 combinations were simulated.. Office workers were asked to valued the simulated pictures in 4 types of perception, stress relief, pleased, calm, and preference. The result shows that the important attributes are different among the four psychological benefits. The attribute that most affects the relieve of stress is the window view content; when the window view is an urban park landscape, the pressure perception value is the lowest. For pleased, calm, and preference perception, the wall decoration is the most important attribute. The best effect on the pleasant emotion is the natural landscape mural; for the calmness emotion, the best attribute is no wall decoration; and the natural art painting affects the preference the most. The natural design of workspace is not completely consistent with the attributes of the different personal characteristic.

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 iii
目錄 v
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 ix
第一章 緒論 1
第二章 文獻回顧 5
第一節 上班族壓力管理與投資 5
第二節 辦公室自然景觀 10
第三節 自然景觀之心理效益 16
第四節 個體特性對環境知覺之影響 20
第五節 聯合分析法 24
第三章 研究方法 33
第一節 研究工具 33
第二節 聯合分析研究設計 35
第三節 資料收集及流程 45
第四節 資料分析方法 47
第四章 研究結果 50
第一節 樣本特性資料分析 50
第二節 方案評值分析 53
第三節 全樣本聯合分析 57
第四節 人口統計變數聯合分析 82
第五章 結論與建議 86
第一節 結果與討論 86
第二節 未來應用及後續研究建議 94
參考文獻 97
附錄1 調查問卷 105

王琦文、陳惠美，（2018），設計師如何創造工作場所之療癒環境?—A''國際設計大賽獲獎作品之內容分析研究，2018休閒、遊憩、觀光學術研討會，台北：中華民國戶外遊憩學會。
石曉蔚，（無日期），辦公環境的規劃與設計，下載日期：2019/01/27。取自：http://www.iali.com.tw/articles/article-15.htm。
危芷芬譯，McAndrew, F. T.著，（1995），環境心理學，台北市：五南圖書。
行政院主計總處，（2016a），中華民國行業標準分類，下載日期：2019/01/27，取自：https://www.stat.gov.tw/np.asp?ctNode=1308。
行政院主計總處，（2016b），工商業及服務業普查，下載日期：2019/05/25，取自：https://www.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=44241&ctNode=543&mp=4。
李素馨，（1999），都市視覺景觀偏好之研究，都市與計劃，26(1)，19-40。
李琬琬，（1984），室內環境設計，台北市：東大圖書。
林晏州，（2000），遊憩區選擇行為之研究-敘述偏好模式之應用，戶外遊憩研究，3(1)，63-86。
洪佳君、張俊彥，（2001），高山、水體、森林、公園、都市景觀之生心理效益，興大園藝，27(3)，79-86。
徐俊冕譯，Cavanaugh, J. C.著，（1997），成人心理學：發展與老化，台北：五南出版社。
張紹勳、張劭評、林秀娟，（2000），SPSS for Windows 統計分析：初等統 計與高等統計（上冊），第四版，臺北：松岡電腦圖書資料股份有限公司。
許媁鈞、林晏州，（2015），環境色彩組成與調和對情緒體驗與景觀偏好之影響，戶外遊憩研究，28(3)，37-60。
陳婷芳、陳惠美、陸洛，（2012），景觀知覺與景觀偏好對餐廳消費者行為意圖之影響，戶外遊憩研究，25(2)，1-24。
麥均洪、徐楓，(2015)，基於聯合分析的我國綠色金融影響因素研究，宏觀經濟研究，5，23-37。
梁金樹、丁吉峰、劉逸文，（2007），應用聯合分析法評估定期航運公司之品牌權益：四大國際航商之實證分析，運輸學刊，19(4)，333-362。
張俊彥，（2000），造園設計中植栽色彩對觀賞者效益之研究，造園景觀學報，7(1)，45-65。
張俊彥、李采薇、張元毓，（2011），職場園藝治療活動實務分享，工業安全衛生，(260)，13-17。
張俊彥、陳炳錕，（2001），以腦電波探討具恢復力之環境對生心理影響之研究，興大園藝，26(2)，49-61。
勞工安全衛生研究所，（2016），電腦工作桌椅尺寸建議值，下載日期：2019/01/27，取自：https://www.ilosh.gov.tw/menu/1188/1201/%E4%BA%BA%E9%AB%94%E8%A8%88%E6%B8%AC%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E6%A1%8C%E6%A4%85%E5%B0%BA%E5%AF%B8%E5%BB%BA%E8%AD%B0%E5%80%BC/。
黃俊英，(2000)，多變量分析，7版，臺北：中國經濟企業研究所。
葉德銘，（2010），淨化室內空氣之植物應用及管理手册，臺北：行政院環境保護署。
葉婉榆、胡佩怡，（2012），我國勞工心理衛生狀況調查，勞動部勞動與職業安全衛生研究。
臺北市交通局，（2018），臺北捷運各站旅運量，下載日期：2019/01/27，取自： https://www.metro.taipei/cp.aspx?n=FF31501BEBDD0136。
臺北市商業處，（2018），商業登記家數統計表，下載日期：2019/01/27，取自：https://www.tcooc.gov.taipei/News.aspx?n=536FD32C56F537F3&sms=65021DAA6C6F68CC。
廖思婷、林晏州，(2004)，觀葉植物消費行為之研究，中國園藝，50(1)，99-115。
歐聖榮、蘇瑋佳，（2001），以立面綠化設計改善都市商業街道視覺品質之模式研究，興大園藝，26(1)，43-56。
Adachi, M., Rohde, C. L. E., & Kendle, A. D. (2000). Effects of floral and foliage displays on human emotions. HortTechnology, 10, 59–63.
Aldana, S. G. (2001). Financial impact of health promotion programs: a comprehensive review of the literature. American journal of health promotion, 15(5), 296–320.
Aries, M. B. C., Veitch, J. A., & Newsham, G. R. (2010). Windows, view, and office characteristics predict physical and psychological discomfort. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 533-541.
Alves, S., Aspinall, P. A., Ward Thompson, C., Sugiyama, T., Brice, R., & Vickers, A. (2008). Preferences of older people for environmental attributes of local parks: The use of choice-based conjoint analysis. Facilities, 26(11/12), 433-453.
Arnberger, A. & Eder, R. (2015). Are urban visitors’ general preferences for green-spaces similar to their preferences when seeking stress relief? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(4), 872-882.
Aronsson, G. & Gustafsson, K. (2005). Sickness presenteeism: Prevalence, attendance-pressure factors, and an outline of a model for research. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 47(9), 958-966.
Aspinall, P.A., Hill, A.R., Dhillon, B., Armbrecht, A.M., Nelson, P., Lumsden, C., …Buchholz, P. (2007). Quality of life and relative importance: a comparison of time trade-off and conjoint analysis methods in patients with age-related macular degeneration. British journal of ophthalmology, 91(6), 766-772.
Berto, R. (2005). Exposure to restorative environments helps restore attentional capacity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25(1), 51-71.
Beute, F., Kort, Y. A. W. d., Elsten, T. J. M. M., Esch, M. W. M. v., Kosnar, P., & Wang, D. (2011). Framing well-being: The combined beneficial effects of daylight and a natural view on health, mood, and cognitive performance of office employees. 9th Biennial conference on environmental psychology – Environment 2.0, Eindhoven, Netherlands.
Bringslimark, T., Hartig, T., & Patil, G. G. (2009). The psychological benefits of indoor plants: A critical review of the experimental literature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(4), 422-433.
Bringslimark, T., Hartig, T., & Patil, G. G. (2007). Psychological benefits of indoor plants in workplaces-putting experimental results into context. HortScience, 42(3), 581–587.
Carmone, F. J., Green, P. E., & Jain, A. K. (1978). Robustness of Conjoint Analysis: Some Monte Carlo Results. Journal of Marketing Research, 15, 300-303.
Cattin, P., & Wittink, D. R. (1982). Commercial use of conjoint analysis: A survey. The Journal of Marketing, 46(3), 44-53.
Chang, C.-Y., & Chen, P.-K. (2005). Human response to window views and indoor plants in the workplace. HortScience, 40(5), 1354-1359.
Cooper C. L & Marshall J. (1976).Occupational sources of stress: a review of the 37 literature relating to coronary heart disease and ill health. Journal of occupational psychology, 49(1),11-28.
Danielsson, C. B. & Bodin, L. (2008). Office type in relation to health, well-being, and job satisfaction among employees. Environment and Behavior, 40(5), 636-668.
de Kort, Y., Meijnders, A., Sponselee, A., & IJsselsteijn, W. (2006). What''s wrong with virtual trees? Restoring from stress in a mediated environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26(4), 309-320.
Dijkstra, K., Pieterse, M. E., & Pruyn, A. (2008). Stress-reducing effects of indoor plants in the built healthcare environment: The mediating role of perceived attractiveness. Preventive Medicine, 47(3), 279-283.
Felsten, G. (2009). Where to take a study break on the college campus: An attention restoration theory perspective. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29, 160–167.
Fjeld, T., Veiersted, K. B., Sandvik, L., Riise, G., & Levy, F. (1998). The effect of indoor foliage plants on health and discomfort symptoms among office workers. Indoor and Built Environment, 7(4), 204-209.
Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2002). What can economists learn from happiness research?, Journal of Economic literature, 40(2), 402-435.
Goetzel, R. Z., & Ozminkowski, R. J. (2008). The health and cost benefits of work site health-promotion programs. Annual Review of Public Health, 29, 303-323.
Green, P. E., & Srinivasan, V. (1978). Conjoint Analysis in Consumer Research: Issues and Outlook. Journal of Consumer Research, 5(2), 103-123.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hakeberg, M., Berggren, U., & Carlsson, S. G. (1992). Prevalence of dental anxiety in an adult population in a major urban area in Sweden. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 20, 97-101.
Hartig, T. (1993). Nature experience in transactional perspective. Landscape and Urban Planning, 25(1-2), 17-36.
Heerwagen, J. H., & Orians, G. H. (1986). Adaptations to windowlessness: a study in the use of visual decor in windowed and windowless offices. Environment and Behavior, 18, 623–639.
Hegney, D., Plank, A., & Parker, V. (2003). Nursing workloads: the results of a study of Queensland Nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 11(5), 307-314.
Herzog, T. R., Colleen, P., Maguire, M., & Nebel, B. (2003). Assessing the restorative components of environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23, 159–170.
Honeyman, M. K. (1992). Vegetation and stress: a comparison study of varying amounts of vegetation in countryside and urban scenes. In D. Relf (ed.), The role of horticulture in human well-being and social development (pp. 140-146), Portland: Timber Press.
Isen, A. (1993). Positive affect and decision making. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of Emotions (pp. 261-277). New York: Guilford.
Isikhan, V., Comez, T., & Danis, M. Z. (2004). Job stress and coping strategies in health care professionals working with cancer patients. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 8(3), 234-244.
Ivancevich, J. M., & Matteson, M. T. (1980). Stress and work: A managerial perspective. New York: Scott Foresman.
Jacobs, R., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (1985). A closer look at halo error in preference ratings. Academy of Management Journal, 28(1), 201-212.
Jex, X. M. & Beehr, T. A. (1991). Emerging theoretical and methodological issues in the study of work-related stress. Research in personnel and human resources management, 9, 311-365.
Kaplan, R. (1973). Some psychological benefits of gardening. Environment and Behavior, 5, 145-162.
Kaplan, R. (1993). The role of nature in the context of the workplace. Landscape and Urban Planning, 26, 193-201.
Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perpective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kaplan, R., Kaplan, S., & Ryan, L. R. (1998). With People in Mind: Design and management of everyday nature. Washington, D. C.: Island Press.
Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), 169-182.
Kim, E., & Mattson, R. H. (2002). Stress recovery effects of viewing red-flowering geraniums. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture, 13, 4-12.
Korpela, K., De Bloom, J., Sianoja, M., Pasanen, T., & Kinnunen, U. (2017). Nature at home and at work: Naturally good? Links between window views, indoor plants, outdoor activities and employee well-being over one year. Landscape and Urban Planning, 160, 38-47.
Korpela, K., & Hartig, T. (1996). Restorative qualities of favorite places. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 16(3), 221-233.
Korpela, K. M., Hartig, T., Kaiser, F.G., & Fuhrer, U. (2001). Restorative Experience and Self-Regulation in Favorite Places. Environment and Behavior, 33(4), 572-589.
Kweon, B.-S., Ulrich, R. S., Walker, V. D., & Tassinary, L. G. (2008). The role of landscape posters in an office setting. Environment and Behavior, 40(3), 355-381.
Lancaster, K. J. (1966). A new approach to consumer theory. Journal of Political Economy, 74(2), 132-157.
Largo-Wight, E., Chen, W. W., Dodd, V., & Weiler, R. (2011). Healthy Workplaces：The Effects of Nature Contact at Work on Employee Stress and Health. Public Health Reports, 126 (1), 124-130.
Larsen, L., Asams, J., Deal, B., Kweon, B.-S., & Tyler, E. (1998). Plants in the workplace-the effects of plant density on productivity,attitudes,and perceptions. Environment and Behavior, 30(3), 261-281.
Leather, P., Pyrgas, M., Beale, D., & Lawrence, C. (1998). Windows in the workplace — Sunlight, view, and occupational stress. Environment and Behavior, 30(6), 739-762.
Lewis, C. A. (1995). Human health and well-being: The psychological, physiological, and sociological effects of plants on people. Acta Horticuturae, 391, 31-39.
Linnan, L,, Bowling, M., Childress, J., Lindsay, G., Blakey, C., Pronk, S., …Royall, P. (2008). Results of the 2004 National Worksite Health Promotion Survey. American Journal of Public Health, 98(8): 1503-1509.
Logan, D. E., & Rose, J. B. (2004). Gender differences in post-operative pain and patient controlled analgesia use among adolescent surgical patients. Pain, 109, 481-487.
Lohr, V.I., Pearson-Mims, C. H., & Goodwin, G. K. (1996). Interior plants may improve worker productivity and reduce stress in a windowless environment. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 14(2), 97–100.
Lottrup, L., Grahn, P., & Stigsdotter, U. K. (2013). Workplace greenery and perceived level of stress: Benefits of access to a green outdoor environment at the workplace. Landscape and Urban Planning, 110, 5-11.
Lottrup, L., Stigsdotter, U. K., Meilby, H., & Claudi, A. G. (2013). The workplace window view: A determinant of office workers’ work ability and job satisfaction. Landscape Research, 40(1), 57-75.
Luce, R. D. & Tukey, J.W. (1964). Simultaneous Conjoint Measurement: A New Type of Fundamental Measurement. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 1(1), 1-27.
Mazzola, J. J., Schonfeld, I. S., & Spector, P. E. (2011). What qualitative research has taught us about occupational stress. Stress and Health, 27(2), 93-110.
Michie, S. (2002). Causes and management of stress at work. Occupational and environmental medicine, 59(1), 67-72.
Monti, F., Agostini, F., Dellabartola, S., Neri, E., Bozicevic, L., & Pocecco, M. (2012). Pictorial intervention in a pediatric hospital environment: effects on parental affective perception of the unit. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32(3), 216-224.
Newell, P. B. (1997). A cross-cultural examination of favorite places. Environment and Behavior, 29, 495-514.
Nordh, H., Alalouch, C., & Hartig, T. (2011). Assessing restorative components of small urban parks using conjoint methodology. Urban forestry & urban greening, 10(2), 95-103.
Nordh, H., Hartig, T., Hagerhall, C. M., & Fry, G. (2009). Components of small urban parks that predict the possibility for restoration. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 8, 225-235.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (n.d.). Work-life balance. Retrieved from http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/work-life-balance/.
Orwell, R. L., Wood, R. L., Tarran, J., Torpy, F., & Burchett, M. D. (2004). Removal of benzene by the indoor plant/substrate microcosm and implications for air quality. Water, air, and soil pollution, 157, 193-207.
Park, S.-H., Mattson, R. H., & Kim, E. (2004). Pain tolerance effects of ornamental plants in a simulated hospital patient room. Acta Horticulture, 639, 241-247.
Raanaas, R. K., Evensen, K. H., Rich, D., Sjøstrøm, G., & Patil, G. (2011). Benefits of indoor plants on attention capacity in an office setting. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(1), 99-105.
Rashid, M., & Zimring, C. (2008). A review of the empirical literature on the relationships between indoor environment and stress in health care and office settings—Problems and prospects of sharing evidence. Environment and Behavior, 40, 151–190.
Rossman, B. B. & Ulehla, Z. J. (1977). Psychological reward values associated with wilderness use: A functional-reinforcement approach. Environment and Behavior, 9(1), 41-66.
Russell, J. A., & Snodgrass, J. (1987). Emotion and the environment. Handbook of Environmental Psychology, 1(1), 245-281.
Russell, J. A., Ward, L. M., & Pratt, G. (1981). Affective quality attributed to environments: A factor analytic study. Environment and Behavior, 13(3), 259-288.
Schmitz, N., Neumann, W., & Oppermann, R. (2000). Stress, burnout and locus of control in German nurses. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 37(2), 95-99.
Shapira, Z., & Griffith, T. L. (1990). Comparing the work values of engineers with managers, production, and clerical workers: A multivariate analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11, 281-292.
Shin, W. S. (2007). The influence of forest view through a window on job satisfaction and job stress. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 22(3), 248-253.
Shibata, S., & Suzuki N. (2002). Effects of the foliage plant on task performance and mood. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 22(3), 265-272.
Shibata, S., & Suzuki N. (2004). Effects of an indoor plant on creative task performance and mood. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 45, 373–381.
Smith, A., & Pitt, M. (2008, June). Preference for plants in an office environment. In Healthy and Creative Facilities, Proceedings of the CIB W70 Conference in Facilities Management, Edinburgh, UK, 16th-18th, 629-37. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Snyder, S.D. (1995). Environmental interiorscapes: A designer’s guide to interior plantscaping and automated irrigation systems. Watson: Guptill Publications.
Sonnenfeld, J. (1966). Variable values in space and landscape: an enquiry into the nature of environmental necessity. Journal of Social Issues, 22 (4): 71-82.
Stigsdotter, U. A., & Grahn, P. (2004). A garden at your workplace may reduce stress. Design & Health, 147-157.
Stone, N. J., & Irvine, J. M. (1994). Direct or indirect window access, task type, and performance. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 14(1), 57-63.
Ulrich, R. S. (1981). Natural versus urban scenes-some psychophysiology effects. Environment and Behavior, 13(5), 523-556.
Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery. Science, 224(4647), 420-421.
Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losito, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A., & Zelson, M. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11(3), 201-230.
Ulrich, R. S., Zimring, C., Quan, X., & Joseph, A. (2006). The environment’s impact on stress. Improving healthcare with better building design, 37-61.
Van den Berg, A. E., Koole, S. L., & van der Wulp, N. Y. (2003). Environmental preference and restoration: (How) are they related? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(2), 135-146.
Van der Klink, J. J. L., Blonk, R. W. B., Schene, A. H., & Van Dijk, F. J. H. (2001). The benefits of interventions for work-related stress. American Journal of Public Health, 91(2), 270–276.
Van Hecke, L., Ghekiere, A., Van Cauwenberg, J., Veitch, J., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Van Dyck, D., …Deforche, B. (2018). Park characteristics preferred for adolescent park visitation and physical activity: A choice-based conjoint analysis using manipulated photographs. Landscape and Urban Planning, 178, 144-155.
Veitch, J., Salmon, J., Deforche, B., Ghekiere, A., Van Cauwenberg, J., Bangay, S., & Timperio, A. (2017). Park attributes that encourage park visitation among adolescents: A conjoint analysis. Landscape and Urban Planning, 161, 52-58.
Verhaeghe, R., Vlerick, P., De Backer, G., Van Maele, G., & Gemmel, P. (2008). Recurrent changes in the work environment, job resources and distress among nurses: A comparative cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(3), 382-392.
Vischer, J. C. (2007). The effects of the physical environment on job performance: towards a theoretical model of workplace stress. Stress and Health, 23(3), 175–184.
Vriens, M., Loosschilder, G. H., Rosbergen, E., & Wittink, D. R. (1998). Verbal versus realistic pictorial representations in conjoint analysis with design attributes. The Journal of Product Innovation Management, 15, 455-467.
White, M., Smith, A., Humphryes, K., Pahl, S., Snelling, D., & Depledge, M. (2010). Blue space: The importance of water for preference, affect, and restorativeness ratings of natural and built scenes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 482-493.
Wilson, E. O. (1984). Biophilia. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.
Wittink, D. R., Cattin, P. (1989). Commercial use of conjoint analysis: An update. Journal of marketing, 53(3), 91-96.
World Health Organization. (2004). Prevention of mental disorders: Effective interventions and policy options: Summary report. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2008). The world health report 2008 – primary health care now more than ever. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization, (2011). Psychosocial risk factors and hazards. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/risks_psychosocial/en/.