近期關於感測技術的進步，使得利用拇指微型手勢作為輸入方式得以實現，然而，過去跟介面設計相關的研究主要著重在觸控筆以及手指直接觸控的介面上，關於使用者是如何操作拇指微型手勢仍有許多值得探討的地方。所以，我們讓使用者在不同狀態（靜止站著、行進中）及手位於不同位置（胸前、身體側邊）的狀況下，去利用拇指及食指操作我們所指定的手勢，並將其動作軌跡記錄下來做分析。我們發現：(1)手勢的軌跡會明顯受到不同身體活動的影響，走路時所畫出來的軌跡較不精確(2)在不同的手擺放位置下，手勢的大小、位置以及書寫習慣均會受到影響(3)因為手指結構的關係，手勢本身的複雜度和幾何特徵均會影響到手勢的表現。基於這些發現，我們提出了一些設計的準則，供未來研究或設計拇指微型手勢時，可以設計出好操作的手勢以及具有穩定表現的互動介面。

Recent advances of input sensing technology enable users to perform thumb-tip micro gestures. However, the researches related to interface design mainly focus on stylus and touchscreen input. How well can people perform micro gestures in thumb-tip interactions remains unknown. We conducted an empirical study by analyzing kinematics of fingers when participants performed a series of micro gestures in different mobility (standing and walking) and hand postures (in front or at side of body). Our findings are as follows: (1) The stroke paths were significantly influenced by mobility conditions. Participants drew less accurate gestures when walking. (2) With different hand postures, the sizes, centroid positions, and writing behaviors of micro gestures were also affected. (3) Owing to the hand anatomy, the complexity and the geometry features of micro gestures affects the gesture performance. Based on the findings, we propose design guidelines for easy-to-perform gestures and interfaces with stable performance in thumb-tip micro gesture input.

論文口試委員審定書 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
List of Figures vii
List of Tables ix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Related Work 3
2.1 MicroGestureInput 3
2.2 Thumb-TipInputTechniques 4
2.3 ErgonomicStudyaboutThumbGestures 4
Chapter 3 Gestures Used in the Experiment 6
Chapter 4 Gesture Features 12
4.1 Performance 13
4.1.1 Average Speed 13
4.1.2 Articulation Time 13
4.1.3 Indicative Angle Difference between the Drawn Gesture and Template Gesture 13
4.1.4 Proportional Shape Distance(PSD) 15
4.1.5 Aperture between the Initial Point and the End Point of the Closed Gestures 15
4.2 Writing Behavior 16
4.2.1 Angle between Thumb and the Plane of Index Finger 16
4.2.2 Angle Difference between the Regression Plane of the Drawn Gesture and the Plane of the Index Finger 16
4.2.3 Movement on Horizontal Axis 17
4.2.4 Movement on Vertical Axis 17
Chapter 5 Experiment 18
5.1 Participants 18
5.2 Apparatus 18
5.3 Task and Procedure 19
Chapter 6 Results and Analysis 21
6.1 Overall Gesture 21
6.1.1 Performance 21
6.1.2 Writing Behavior 25
6.2 Categorized Gestures 29
6.2.1 Complexity(Simplevs.Complex) 29
6.2.2 Turning Direction (Clockwise vs. Counterclockwise) 30
6.2.3 Corner Shape(Right Angle vs. Acute Angle) 31
6.2.4 Segment Shape(Straight Line vs. Curve) 32
6.3 Subjective Evaluation 34
6.3.1 Accuracy 34
6.3.2 Finger Fatigue 35
Chapter 7 Discussion 36
Chapter 8 Conclusions 40
Bibliography 41

Reference
[1] T. H. Andersen and S. Zhai. “Writing with Music”: Exploring the Use of Auditory Feedback in Gesture Interfaces. ACM Trans. Appl. Percept., 7(3):17:1–17:24, June 2008.
[2] J. Bergstrom-Lehtovirta and A. Oulasvirta. Modeling the Functional Area of the Thumb on Mobile Touchscreen Surfaces. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’14, pages 1991–2000, New York, NY, USA, 2014. ACM.
[3] D. Bonnet, C. Appert, and M. Beaudouin-Lafon. Extending the Vocabulary of Touch Events with ThumbRock. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2013, GI ’13, pages 221–228, Toronto, Ont., Canada, Canada, 2013. Canadian Information Processing Society.
[4] S. Boring, D. Ledo, X. A. Chen, N. Marquardt, A. Tang, and S. Greenberg. The Fat Thumb: Using the Thumb’s Contact Size for Single-handed Mobile Interaction. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Human-computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, MobileHCI ’12, pages 39–48, New York, NY, USA, 2012. ACM.
[5] X. Cao and S. Zhai. Modeling Human Performance of Pen Stroke Gestures. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’07, pages 1495–1504, New York, NY, USA, 2007. ACM.
[6] S. J. Castellucci and I. S. MacKenzie. Graffiti vs. Unistrokes: An Empirical Comparison. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’08, pages 305–308, New York, NY, USA, 2008. ACM.
[7] L. Chan, R.-H. Liang, M.-C. Tsai, K.-Y. Cheng, C.-H. Su, M. Y. Chen, W.-H. Cheng, and B.-Y. Chen. FingerPad: Private and Subtle Interaction Using Fingertips. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’13, pages 255–260, New York, NY, USA, 2013. ACM.
[8] K.-Y. Chen, K. Lyons, S. White, and S. Patel. uTrack: 3d Input Using Two Mag- netic Sensors. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’13, pages 237–244, New York, NY, USA, 2013. ACM.
[9] C. Corsten, S. Voelker, A. Link, and J. Borchers. Use the Force Picker, Luke: Space- Efficient Value Input on Force-Sensitive Mobile Touchscreens. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’18, pages 661:1–661:12, New York, NY, USA, 2018. ACM.
[10] A. Dementyev and J. A. Paradiso. WristFlex: Low-power Gesture Input with Wristworn Pressure Sensors. In Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’14, pages 161–166, New York, NY, USA, 2014. ACM.
[11] J. Gong, Y. Zhang, X. Zhou, and X.-D. Yang. Pyro: Thumb-Tip Gesture Recog- nition Using Pyroelectric Infrared Sensing. In Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’17, pages 553–563, New York, NY, USA, 2017. ACM.
[12] K. Hasan, J. Kim, D. Ahlstro ̈m, and P. Irani. Thumbs-Up: 3d Spatial Thumb- Reachable Space for One-Handed Thumb Interaction on Smartphones. In Proceedings of the 2016 Symposium on Spatial User Interaction, SUI ’16, pages 103–106, New York, NY, USA, 2016. ACM.
[13] S. Heo, J. Gu, and G. Lee. Expanding Touch Input Vocabulary by Using Consecu- tive Distant Taps. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’14, pages 2597–2606, New York, NY, USA, 2014. ACM.
[14] S. Heo and G. Lee. Force Gestures: Augmenting Touch Screen Gestures with Normal and Tangential Forces. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’11, pages 621–626, New York, NY, USA, 2011. ACM.
[15] S. Heo and G. Lee. Forcetap: Extending the Input Vocabulary of Mobile Touch Screens by Adding Tap Gestures. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, MobileHCI ’11, pages 113–122, New York, NY, USA, 2011. ACM.
[16] S. Heo and G. Lee. ForceDrag: Using Pressure As a Touch Input Modifier. In Proceedings of the 24th Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference, OzCHI ’12, pages 204–207, New York, NY, USA, 2012. ACM.
[17] D.-Y. Huang, L. Chan, S. Yang, F. Wang, R.-H. Liang, D.-N. Yang, Y.-P. Hung, and B.-Y. Chen. DigitSpace: Designing Thumb-to-Fingers Touch Interfaces for One- Handed and Eyes-Free Interactions. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’16, pages 1526–1537, New York, NY, USA, 2016. ACM.
[18] A. K. Karlson and B. B. Bederson. Studies in One-Handed Mobile Design: Habit, Desire and Agility. Technical report, Proceedings of the 4th ERCIM Workshop on User Interfaces for All (UI4ALL ’98, 2006.
[19] P.-O. Kristensson and S. Zhai. SHARK2: A Large Vocabulary Shorthand Writing System for Pen-based Computers. In Proceedings of the 17th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’04, pages 43–52, New York, NY, USA, 2004. ACM.
[20] L.-C. Kuo, H.-Y. Chiu, C.-W. Chang, H.-Y. Hsu, and Y.-N. Sun. Functional workspace for precision manipulation between thumb and fingers in normal hands. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 19(5):829–839, Oct. 2009.
[21] Y.-C. Liao, Y.-C. Chen, L. Chan, and B.-Y. Chen. Dwell+: Multi-Level Mode Se- lection Using Vibrotactile Cues. In Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’17, pages 5–16, New York, NY, USA, 2017. ACM.
[22] C. Loclair, S. Gustafson, and P. Baudisch. PinchWatch: A Wearable Device for One-Handed Microinteractions. page 4, 2010.
[23] A. C. Long, Jr., J. A. Landay, L. A. Rowe, and J. Michiels. Visual Similarity of Pen Gestures. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’00, pages 360–367, New York, NY, USA, 2000. ACM.
[24] K. B. Perry and J. P. Hourcade. Evaluating One Handed Thumb Tapping on Mobile Touchscreen Devices. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2008, GI ’08, pages 57–64, Toronto, Ont., Canada, Canada, 2008. Canadian Information Processing Society.
[25] A. Roudaut, E. Lecolinet, and Y. Guiard. MicroRolls: Expanding Touch-screen Input Vocabulary by Distinguishing Rolls vs. Slides of the Thumb. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’09, pages 927–936, New York, NY, USA, 2009. ACM.
[26] D. Rubine. Specifying Gestures by Example. In Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, SIGGRAPH ’91, pages 329–337, New York, NY, USA, 1991. ACM.
[27] T. S. Saponas, D. S. Tan, D. Morris, R. Balakrishnan, J. Turner, and J. A. Landay. Enabling Always-available Input with Muscle-computer Interfaces. In Proceedings of the 22Nd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’09, pages 167–176, New York, NY, USA, 2009. ACM.
[28] K. Tsukada and M. Yasumura. Ubi-Finger: a Simple Gesture Input Device for Mobile and Ubiquitous Environment, journal of Asian Information. Science and Life (AISL, pages 111–120, 2004.
[29] H. Tu, X. Ren, and S. Zhai. A Comparative Evaluation of Finger and Pen Stroke Gestures. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’12, pages 1287–1296, New York, NY, USA, 2012. ACM.
[30] H. Tu, X. Ren, and S. Zhai. Differences and Similarities Between Finger and Pen Stroke Gestures on Stationary and Mobile Devices. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum.Interact., 22(5):22:1–22:39, Aug. 2015.
[31] E. Whitmire, M. Jain, D. Jain, G. Nelson, R. Karkar, S. Patel, and M. Goel. DigiTouch: Reconfigurable Thumb-to-Finger Input and Text Entry on Head-mounted Displays. Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol., 1(3):113:1– 113:21, Sept. 2017.
[32] J. O. Wobbrock, B. A. Myers, and J. A. Kembel. EdgeWrite: A Stylus-based Text Entry Method Designed for High Accuracy and Stability of Motion. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’03, pages 61–70, New York, NY, USA, 2003. ACM.
[33] J. O. Wobbrock, A. D. Wilson, and Y. Li. Gestures Without Libraries, Toolkits or Training: A $1 Recognizer for User Interface Prototypes. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’07, pages 159–168, New York, NY, USA, 2007. ACM.
[34] K. Wolf, R. Schleicher, and M. Rohs. Ergonomic Characteristics of Gestures for Front- and Back-of-tablets Interaction with Grasping Hands. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Human-computer Interaction with Mobile Devices & Services, MobileHCI ’14, pages 453–458, New York, NY, USA, 2014. ACM.
[35] S. H. Yoon, K. Huo, V. P. Nguyen, and K. Ramani. TIMMi: Finger-worn Textile Input Device with Multimodal Sensing in Mobile Interaction. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction, TEI ’15, pages 269–272, New York, NY, USA, 2015. ACM.
[36] C. Zhang, A. Waghmare, P. Kundra, Y. Pu, S. Gilliland, T. Ploetz, T. E. Starner, O. T. Inan, and G. D. Abowd. FingerSound: Recognizing Unistroke Thumb Gestures Using a Ring. Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol., 1(3):120:1– 120:19, Sept. 2017.