臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究旨在探討不同個人背景之受試者，在依附類型與囤積行為嚴重程度之差異情形並進行分析，以了解不同依附類型對囤積行為之影響。本研究採調查法，以大臺北地區之成年人作為研究對象，於108年1月間進行施測，共發放700份問卷，回收694份問卷，回收率為99.14%，經剔除無效問卷後，有效問卷為 672 份。研究工具包括「成人依戀量表台灣修訂版」（黃玉蓮、陳淑惠，2011）及「強迫性囤積評定量表」（李玟蒨，2013）。其中「成人依戀量表台灣修訂版」用以評估依附型態程度，據以分類依附類型為：(1)安全依附型、(2)焦慮逃避依附型、(3)過度依靠依附型、(4)害怕逃避依附型。「強迫性囤積評定量表」用以了解「囤積行為」之嚴重程度，量表構面包含：(1)雜亂的程度、(2)丟棄物品的困難度、(3)獲取∕取得物品的程度。並依據問卷所得之調查資料，分析結果如下。
1.本研究以「強迫性囤積評定量表」所訂囤積傾向界定值進行分析，發現全體受試者中，有64名受試者之囤積行為嚴重程度得分等於或大於41分，人數佔全體受試者之9.5%。
2.成年人「依附型態程度」會因年齡 (F=3.757, p<.05)、居住情形(F=4.336, p< .01) 及婚姻狀況 (F=13.182, p< .001) 之不同而存在顯著差異。
3.成年人之囤積行為嚴重程度會因性別 (t=-2.007, p< .05) 及健康情形 (F=3.847, p< .05) 之不同而有顯著差異。
4.整體囤積行為嚴重程度會因受試者「依附類型」(F=12.13, p< .001) 之不同而存在顯著差異，其中受試者為安全依附型之囤積行為嚴重程度顯著小於「過度依靠依附型」及「害怕逃避依附型」。
5.在不同之「依附型態程度」中，僅「焦慮依附程度」對囤積行為嚴重程度有顯著之解釋力 (R2 =.09)。
6.在不同之「依附型態」中，「過度依靠依附型」及「害怕逃避依附型」在囤積行為之嚴重程度上有解釋力 (R2 =.071)。
本研究結果顯示，不同「依附類型」與個人之囤積行為嚴重程度有顯著之關係，據此結果提供家庭、社會、政府單位以及後續研究者作為探討有關議題或政策之參考。

The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in the attachment type and the severity of hoarding behavior among subjects with different personal backgrounds and to understand the impact of different attachment types on hoarding behavior. This study adopts survey method, in which the subjects included adults in the Greater Taipei area. Study participants were recruited during January 2019, and 700 questionnaires were distributed and 694 questionnaires were collected. The response rate was 99.14%. After eliminating the invalid questionnaires, the valid questionnaires were 672. The questionnaires consisted of the “Revised Adult Attachment Scale, Chinese Translated version” (Huang & Chen, 2011) and the “Traditional Chinese version of Saving Inventory-Revised” (Lee, 2013). The “Revised Adult Attachment Scale, Chinese Translated version” is used to examine the degree of attachment type, and the types of attachment includes: (1) secure, (2) dismissive-avoidant, (3) preoccupied, and (4) fearful-avoidant. The “Traditional Chinese version of Saving Inventory-Revised” is used to understand the severity of the hoarding behavior, and the results are as follows.
1.According to the “Traditional Chinese version of Saving Inventory-Revised” scale, there were 64 study participants scored equal to or greater than 41 (9.5%) which indicated the possibility of hoarding behavior.
2.Significant statistically differences were found in adults’ degrees of attachment types in age (F=3.757, p<.05), living conditions (F=4.336, p< .01), and marital status (F=13.182, p< .001).
3.Significant statistically differences were found in adults’ severity of hoarding behavior in gender (t=-2.007, p< .05) and health condition (F=3.847, p< .05).
4.Significant statistically differences were found in adults’ overall severity of hoarding behavior in their attachment types (F=12.13, p< .001), and those who were “secured” showed higher severity in hoarding than those were “preoccupied” and “fearful-avoidant.”
5.In different “degrees of attachment type”, only the “degree of anxiety attachment” has significant explanatory power for the severity of hoarding (R2=.09).
6.In different “attachment types,” “preoccupied” and “fearful-avoidant” had explanatory power in the severity of hoarding behavior (R2=.071).
The results of this study show that different attachment types have a significant relationship with the severity of individual hoarding behavior. The research results are provided to families, societies, government, and researchers for future studies.

目錄
致謝辭 i
中文摘要 iii
英文摘要 v
目錄 vii
表目錄 ix圖目錄 xiii
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的與問題 5
第三節 名詞解釋 6
第二章 文獻探討 9
第一節 依附類型之意涵及其相關研究 9
第二節 囤積行為之意涵及其相關研究 31
第三章 研究方法 47
第一節 研究架構 47
第二節 研究假設 49
第三節 研究對象 51
第四節 研究工具 54
第五節 研究程序 59
第六節 資料處理與分析 62
第四章 研究結果與分析 65
第一節 成人「依附風格」及「囤積行為傾向」之現況 66
第二節 不同「個人背景變項」之成人在「依附向度」之差異 72
第三節 不同「個人背景變項」之成人在「囤積行為」嚴重程
度之差異 81
第四節 成人「依附風格」在「囤積行為」嚴重程度之差異 97
第五節 成人「依附向度」對「囤積行為」嚴重程度之解釋力
與「個人背景變項」對「囤積行為傾向」之區別力 99
第六節 綜合討論 108
第五章 結論與建議 115
第一節 研究結論 115
第二節 研究限制 117
第三節 研究建議 119
參考文獻 121
中文部分 121
西文部分 124
附錄 133
附錄一 研究問卷 133
附錄二 「成人依戀量表台灣修訂版」使用同意函 143
附錄三 「強迫性囤積評定量表」授權同意書 144

參考文獻
中文部分
Cervone, D. & Pervin, L. A. (2017). Personality Psychology: Theory and Research [性格心理學：理論與研究] (Intl ed.)。（葉光輝譯）。臺北市：雙葉。（原著出版年：2013）。

王宗揚、劉英杰、楊誠弘（2017）。偷竊，購物狂及儲物症。臨床醫學月刊，79（2），75-82。

王建雅（2010）。八向度幽默風格量表之發展暨其與自尊、人格特質、依附風格關係之探討。（博士論文）。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/c369gf

王秋棋（2005）。依附風格、負向情緒與組織承諾在軍事壓力情境中之關係探討。（碩士論文）。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/wxw3pw

白嘉玲（2010）。不同背景變項的單身成人依附風格、宗教認同態度和人際親密能力之關係研究。（碩士論文）。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/c848wd

朱斌妤、何文光（1999年12月）。臺灣地區拾荒老人問題之研究。 口頭發表於中央研究院社會學研究所舉辦之「臺灣社會問題研究學術研討會」，臺北市。

吳文嘉（2006）。不同依附風格老人之憂鬱與社會支持之關係。（碩士論文）。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/3d9ne9

李玟蒨（2014）。強迫性囤積評定量表與日常活動檢核表（囤積版）之翻譯與驗證研究。（碩士論文）。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/9ze964

 
李靜如、林邦傑、修慧蘭（2011）。成人依附，社交自我效能，困擾的自我揭露、寂寞與憂鬱之關係：以有戀愛經驗的大學生為例。教育心理學報，43（1），155-174。

林宛萱（2017）。依附風格、情緒調節策略與憂鬱之關係。（碩士論文）。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/tsrv4a

孫頌賢、修慧蘭（2007）。成人依附的測量：成人世界中不同依附對象的測量差異與關連。中華心理衛生學刊，20（1），31-51。

許雅楓（2014）。老人依附傾向、依附對象、生命意義和憂鬱之關係研究。（碩士論文）。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/bfvcrc.

郭靜晃（2017）。心理學概論（二版）。新北市：揚智。

陳秀逸（2008）。彩霞滿天：老人情感依附之研究。（碩士論文）。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/es5q7r

陳姣伶、龔美娟、陳學怡（2014）。嬰幼兒發展與保育（再版）。新北市：啟英。

陳婉瑜、王美玲、吳建明（2017）。人際依附與生活滿意度：自我效能之中介效果。商管科技季刊，18（1），101-121。

陳皎眉、林宜雯、徐富珍、孫文暐、張滿玲（2014）。心理學（一版）。臺北市：雙葉。

程千芳、游一龍（2015）。普通心理學（二版）。臺北市：華杏。

黃玉蓮、陳淑惠（2011）。成人依戀量表台灣修訂版的心理計量特性與預測心理適應之探討。中華心理學刊，53（2），209-227.

黃有志（2001）。中年危機的調適。 健康世界，181，9-11。

黃淑滿、周麗端、葉明芬（2008）。依附與其相關因素之後設分析-臺灣近二十年文獻的研究。教育心理學報，40（1），39-62。

曾馨霈（2015）。孩子你感到安全嗎?-探討依附關係與親職。家庭教育雙月刊，55，57-62。

廖慈惠、溫金豐（2012）。中年危機？角色壓力，健康壓力與就業力對職場退縮傾向的影響。 人力資源管理學報，12（2），49-66。

劉敏珍（2000）。老年人之人際親密、依附風格與幸福感之關係研究。（碩士論文）。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/ytmn6t

賴雅純（2006）。成人依附風格與人際衝突事件及其衝突知覺與解決策略對大學生憂鬱的影響。（碩士論文）。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/m7qwxw

顏辰珊（2017）。親密關係中依附風格與寂寞感之相關研究--以溝通模式為調節變項。（碩士論文）。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/564ah7

蘇建文、丁心平、許錦云（1990）。陌生情境中嬰兒行為及其依附風格研究初探。教育心理學報，23，49-70。
doi:10.6251/BEP.19900601.3
 
西文部分
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1969). Object relations, dependency, and attachment: A theoretical review of the infant-mother relationship. Child Development, 40(4), 969-1025. doi:10.2307/1127008

Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Bell, S. M. (1970). Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. Child Development, 41, 49-67.

Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. N. (2015). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. New York, NY: Psychology Press.

Ainsworth, M. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44(4), 709.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Ayers, C. R., & Dozier, M. E. (2015). Predictors of hoarding severity in older adults with hoarding disorder. International psychogeriatrics, 27(7), 1147-1156.

Ayers, C. R., Dozier, M. E., & Mayes, T. L. (2017). Psychometric evaluation of the saving inventory-revised in older adults. Clinical Gerontologist, 40(3), 191-196.

Ayers, C. R., Saxena, S., Golshan, S., & Wetherell, J. L. (2010). Age at onset and clinical features of late life compulsive hoarding. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(2), 142-149.

Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7(2), 147-178.

Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226.

Bennett, S., & Nelson, J. K. (2011). Contemporary theory and research on adult attachment: Where is the field today? In Bennett S., Nelson J. (Eds.) Adult attachment in clinical social work (pp. 31-55). New York, NY: Springer.

Black, D. W., Monahan, P., Gable, J., Blum, N., Clancy, G., & Baker, P. (1998). Hoarding and treatment response in 38 nondepressed subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(8), 420-425.

Bowlby, J. (1977). The making and breaking of affectional bonds: I. Aetiology and psychopathology in the light of attachment theory. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 130(3), 201-210.

Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664.

Bretherton, I. (1990). Communication patterns, internal working models, and the intergenerational transmission of attachment relationships. Infant Mental Health Journal, 11(3), 237-252.

Cath, D. C., Nizar, K., Boomsma, D., & Mathews, C. A. (2017). Age-specific prevalence of hoarding and obsessive compulsive disorder: A population-based study. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(3), 245-255.

Chater, C., Shaw, J., & McKay, S. M. (2013). Hoarding in the home: A toolkit for the home healthcare provider. Home Healthcare Now, 31(3), 144-154.

Cherrier, H., & Ponnor, T. (2010). A study of hoarding behavior and attachment to material possessions. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 13(1), 8-23.

Collins, N. L. (1996). Working models of attachment: Implications for explanation, emotion, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(4), 810.

 
Collins, N. L., & Feeney, B. C. (2004). Working models of attachment shape perceptions of social support: Evidence from experimental and observational studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(3), 363.

Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(4), 644.

Crone, C., Kwok, C., Chau, V., & Norberg, M. M. (2019). Applying attachment theory to indecisiveness in hoarding disorder. Psychiatry Research, 273, 318-324. doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.055

Danet, M., & Secouet, D. (2018). Insecure attachment as a factor in hoarding behaviors in a non-clinical sample of women. Psychiatry research, 270, 286-292. doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.053

Dozier, M. E., & Ayers, C. R. (2017). Phenomenology of hoarding disorder. In Abramowitz J. S., McKay D., Storch, E.A. (Eds), The Wiley Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive Disorders, 2, (pp. 832-846). New York, NY: Wiley. doi: doi.org/10.1002/9781118890233.ch47

Dozier, M. E., Porter, B., & Ayers, C.R. (2016). Age of onset and progression of hoarding symptoms in older adults with hoarding disorder. Aging & Mental Health, 20(7), 736-742. doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1033684

Dozier, M. E., Wetherell, J. L., Twamley, E. W., Schiehser, D. M., & Ayers, C. R. (2016). The relationship between age and neurocognitive and daily functioning in adults with hoarding disorder. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 31(12), 1329-1336. doi:10.1002/gps.4438

Feeney, J. A., & Noller, P. (1990). Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 281.

Fraley, R. C., & Davis, K. E. (1997). Attachment formation and transfer in young adults’ close friendships and romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 4(2), 131-144.
Frankenburg, F. R. (1984). Hoarding in anorexia nervosa. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 57(1), 57-60.

Fried, D. (2014). Compulsive hoarding: Psychopathologies of print, phenomenologies of text. Culture, Theory and Critique, 55(3), 342-364.

Frost, R. O., & Gross, R. C. (1993). The hoarding of possessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31(4), 367-381.

Frost, R. O., & Hartl, T. L. (1996). A cognitive-behavioral model of compulsive hoarding. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(4), 341-350.

Frost, R. O., Hartl, T. L., Christian, R., & Williams, N. (1995). The value of possessions in compulsive hoarding: patterns of use and attachment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(8), 897-902.

Frost, R. O., & Hristova, V. (2011). Assessment of hoarding. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(5), 456-466.

Frost, R. O., Hristova, V., Steketee, G., & Tolin, D. F. (2013). Activities of daily living scale in hoarding disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2(2), 85-90.

Frost, R. O., & Steketee, G. (1998). Hoarding: Clinical aspects and treatment strategies. Obsessive Compulsive Disorders: Practical Management, 533-554.

Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., & Grisham, J. (2004). Measurement of compulsive hoarding: Saving inventory- revised. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(10), 1163-1182.

Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., Tolin, D. F., & Renaud, S. (2008). Development and validation of the clutter image rating. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 30(3), 193-203.

Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., & Williams, L. (2000). Hoarding: A community health problem. Health & Social Care in the Community, 8(4), 229-234.
Frost, R. O., Rosenfield, E., Steketee, G., & Tolin, D. F. (2013). An examination of excessive acquisition in hoarding disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2(3), 338-345.

Gordon, O. M., Salkovskis, P. M., & Oldfield, V. B. (2013). Beliefs and experiences in hoarding. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(3), 328-339.

Greenberg, D. (1987). Compulsive hoarding. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 41(3), 409-416.

Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 430.

Grisham, J. R., Brown, T. A., Liverant, G. I., & Campbell-Sills, L. (2005). The distinctiveness of compulsive hoarding from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(7), 767-779.

Grisham, J. R., Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., Kim, H. J., & Hood, S. (2006). Age of onset of compulsive hoarding. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(5), 675-686.

Grisham, J. R., Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., Kim, H. J., Tarkoff, A., & Hood, S. (2009). Formation of attachment to possessions in compulsive hoarding. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(3), 357-361.

Grisham, J. R., Martyn, C., Kerin, F., Baldwin, P. A., & Norberg, M. M. (2018). Interpersonal functioning in Hoarding Disorder: An examination of attachment styles and emotion regulation in response to interpersonal stress. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 16, 43-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.12.001

Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511.

Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5(1), 1-22.
Horowitz, L. M., Rosenberg, S. E., & Bartholomew, K. (1993). Interpersonal problems, attachment styles, and outcome in brief dynamic psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(4), 549.

International OCD Foundation. (2018). Is it hoarding, clutter, collecting, or squalor? Retrieved from https://hoarding.iocdf.org/about-hoarding/is-it-hoarding-clutter-collecting-or-squalor/

Kellman-McFarlane, K., Stewart, B., Woody, S., Ayers, C., Dozier, M., Frost, R. O., ... & Welsted, A. (2019). Saving inventory–Revised: Psychometric performance across the lifespan. Journal of Affective Disorders, 252, 358-364.

Kim, H. J., Steketee, G., & Frost, R. O. (2001). Hoarding by elderly people. Health & Social Work, 26(3), 176-184.

Konok, V., Gigler, D., Bereczky, B. M., & Miklósi, Á. (2016). Humans’ attachment to their mobile phones and its relationship with interpersonal attachment style. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 537-547. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.062

Lee, S. P., Ong, C., Sagayadevan, V., Ong, R., Abdin, E., Lim, S., ... & Subramaniam, M. (2016). Hoarding symptoms among psychiatric outpatients: confirmatory factor analysis and psychometric properties of the Saving Inventory–Revised (SI-R). BMC psychiatry, 16(1), 364.

Lucini, G. L., Monk, I. M., & Szlatenyi, C. S. (2009). An analysis of fire incidents involving hoarding households. Retrieved from https://web.cs.wpi.edu/~rek/Projects/MFB_D09.pdf

Main, M. (1990). Cross-cultural studies of attachment organization: Recent studies, changing methodologies, and the concept of conditional strategies. Human Development, 33(1), 48-61.

Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 66-104.
 
Malerstein, A. J. (2005). Comparison of attachment theory and cognitive-motivational structure theory. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 59(4), 307-317.

Marx, M. S., & Cohen-Mansfield, J. (2003). Hoarding behavior in the elderly: a comparison between community-dwelling persons and nursing home residents. International Psychogeriatrics, 15(3), 289-306.

Medard, E., & Kellett, S. (2014). The role of adult attachment and social support in hoarding disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 42(5), 629-633.

Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Pereg, D. (2003). Attachment theory and affect regulation: The dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies. Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 77-102.

Neave, N., Tyson, H., McInnes, L., & Hamilton, C. (2016). The role of attachment style and anthropomorphism in predicting hoarding behaviours in a non-clinical sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 33-37. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.067

Nedelisky, A., & Steele, M. (2009). Attachment to people and to objects in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an exploratory comparison of hoarders and non-hoarders. Attachment & Human Development, 11(4), 365-383.

Norberg, M. M., Crone, C., Kwok, C., & Grisham, J. R. (2018). Anxious attachment and excessive acquisition: The mediating roles of anthropomorphism and distress intolerance. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(1), 171-180.

Nordsletten, A. E., de la Cruz, L. F., Billotti, D., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2013). Finders keepers: The features differentiating hoarding disorder from normative collecting. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(3), 229-237.

 
Nordsletten, A. E., Fernández de la Cruz, L., Aluco, E., Alonso, P., López-Solà, C., Menchón, J. M., ... & Campos-Lima, A. L. (2018). A transcultural study of hoarding disorder: Insights from the United Kingdom, Spain, Japan, and Brazil. Transcultural Psychiatry, 55(2), 261-285.

Norris, J. I., Lambert, N. M., DeWall, C. N., & Fincham, F. D. (2012). Can’t buy me love?: Anxious attachment and materialistic values. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(5), 666-669.

Pertusa, A., Fullana, M. A., Singh, S., Alonso, P., Menchón, J. M., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2008). Compulsive hoarding: OCD symptom, distinct clinical syndrome, or both? American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(10), 1289-1298.

Ricks, M. H. (1985). The social transmission of parental behavior: Attachment across generations. Monographs of the society for Research in Child development, 50, 211-227. doi:10.2307/3333834

Samuels, J. F., Bienvenu, O. J., Grados, M. A., Cullen, B., Riddle, M. A., Liang, K. Y., ... & Nestadt, G. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of hoarding behavior in a community-based sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(7), 836-844.

Solomon, J., & George, C. (2008). The measurement of attachment security and related constructs in infancy and early childhood. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications (2nd ed.). (pp.383-416). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Spittlehouse, J. K., Vierck, E., Pearson, J. F., & Joyce, P. R. (2016). Personality, mental health and demographic correlates of hoarding behaviours in a midlife sample. PeerJ, 4, e2826. doi:10.7717/peerj.2826

Sroufe, L. A. (1986). Appraisal: Bowlby’s contribution to psychoanalytic theory and developmental psychology; Attachment: Separation: Loss. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27(6), 841-849.

 
Steketee, G., & Frost, R. (2003). Compulsive hoarding: current status of the research. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(7), 905-927.Steketee, G., Frost, R. O., & Kyrios, M. (2003). Cognitive aspects of compulsive hoarding. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(4), 463-479.

Timpano, K. R., Çek, D., Fu, Z. F., Tang, T., Wang, J. P., & Chasson, G. S. (2015). A consideration of hoarding disorder symptoms in China. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 57, 36-45.

Tidwell, M. C. O., Reis, H. T., & Shaver, P. R. (1996). Attachment, attractiveness, and social interaction: A diary study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(4), 729.

Timpano, K. R., Exner, C., Glaesmer, H., Rief, W., Keshaviah, A., Brahler, E., & Wilhelm, S. (2011). The epidemiology of the proposed DSM-5 hoarding disorder: exploration of the acquisition specifier, associated features, and distress. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,72(6),780-6. doi:10.4088/JCP.10m06380

Tolin, D. F., Frost, R. O., & Steketee, G. (2010). A brief interview for assessing compulsive hoarding: The hoarding rating scale-interview. Psychiatry research, 178(1), 147-152.

Tolin, D. F., Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., Gray, K. D., & Fitch, K. E. (2008). The economic and social burden of compulsive hoarding. Psychiatry Research, 160(2), 200-211.

Tolin, D. F., Meunier, S. A., Frost, R. O., & Steketee, G. (2010). Course of compulsive hoarding and its relationship to life events. Depression and Anxiety, 27(9), 829-838.

van Bennekom, M. J., Blom, R. M., Vulink, N., & Denys, D. (2015). Case Report: A case of digital hoarding. BMJ case reports, 2015, bcr2015210814. doi:10.1136/bcr-2015-210814

Waters, E., Merrick, S., Treboux, D., Crowell, J., & Albersheim, L. (2000). Attachment security in infancy and early adulthood: A twenty‐year longitudinal study. Child Development, 71(3), 684-689.