研究背景與動機：塑化劑主要為軟化或液化材質的添加物，經常使用於塑料產品、化妝品、地板、牆壁等各產品中。塑化劑的使用以鄰苯二甲酸酯類（Phthalate Easters，PAEs）最為廣泛，且有部分的PAEs被視為環境荷爾蒙，會造成人體內分泌異常等健康問題。目前已有一些塑化劑的環境暴露研究提到，PAEs殘留於家戶環境中，恐造成居住者暴露的健康問題。本研究欲探討台灣花蓮鄉村地區家戶環境中PAEs塑化劑的暴露情形，以及與生活習慣及產品使用情形之關聯性。
研究方法： 本研究對象以花蓮農業鄉鎮之家戶為主，進行47戶室內灰塵採樣，以及問卷調查。樣本以乙酸乙酯萃取濃縮後，以氣相層析儀質譜儀分析台灣環境中5種常見PAEs塑化劑，包括DMP、DBP、DiBP、BBzP、DEHP。
結果: 室內採樣結果偵測率最高的PAEs塑化劑為DEHP（85%），第50百分位數濃度為78.92 ng/g；其次是DMP，偵測率為62%，第50百分位數濃度為106.2 ng/g。使用清潔劑清潔地板比沒有使用者，DMP高出47.69%（P=0.005），推測清潔劑中可能含DMP。家中存放保鮮膜產品比沒有存放者，以及家中使用紙杯飲水容器比沒有使用者， DiBP分別高出62.25%（P=0.001）及43.47%（P=0.008），可能是DiBP普遍存在此二項產品中。家戶地板使用磁磚比塑膠複合地板，以及家中使用塑膠瓶的習慣比沒有使用習慣者，BBzP分別高出49.48%（P=0.006）及42.61%（P=0.014），推測磁磚地板所使用黏著劑及塑膠瓶含BBzP。與其他PAEs塑化劑情況類似，DEHP殘留在較頻繁清潔地板習慣的家戶，有較高的趨勢（P=0.039），清潔地板有使用清潔劑與家中有使用塑膠飲水容器者，其DEHP分別高出38.68%（P=0.015）與34.17%（P=0.024）。
討論與結論：本研究中發現有許多生活習慣與產品，會影響PAEs塑化劑於環境中的殘留，因此建議家戶產品的選擇上應留意其內容成分，以及居家清掃時應適量使用清潔劑，方可降低PAEs塑化劑的暴露。
關鍵字：鄰苯二甲酸酯類塑化劑、家戶特性、生活習慣、家戶灰塵

Background: Plasticizers are additives used in plastic products, cosmetics, floors walls and other products for softening and liquefying purposes. Phthalate easters (PAEs) are the most widely used plasticizers, and some PAEs are regarded as environmental hormones which could cause health problems such as abnormal human endocrine. Currently, environmental exposure studies of plasticizers have mentioned that PAEs remaining in the household environments may cause health problems for residents. This
study intended to explore the exposure to PAEs in rural household environments of Hualian, Taiwan, and to examine the relationships with lifestyle habits and product usage.
Methods: This study conducted questionnaires and dust sampling in 47 rural houses
of Hualien, Taiwan. Dust samples were extracted with ethyl acetate and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 5 major PAEs (DEHP, DiBP, BBzP, DBP, DMP) that were prevalently used in Taiwan.
Results: DEHP had the highest detection rate (85%) of dust sample analysis, and the 50th percentile concentration was 78.92 ng/g. DMP was the second highest PAE in detection (62%) and the 50th percentile concentration was 106.21 ng/g. The multivariate regression analysis indicated that DMP in houses without using detergents to clean floors was 47.69% (P = 0.005) higher than that with using detergents, suggesting DMP present in the detergents. Homes with plastic wrap products or paper cups resulted in DiBP concentrations significantly higher than those without (62.25% [P = 0.001] and 43.47% [P = 0.008], respectively). It was likely that DiBP was used in either product. As for BBzP, the concentrations were 49.48% (P = 0.006) higher on tile flooring than on PVC flooring, suggesting that adhesives for tile flooring could contain more BBzP. Also, homes with use of plastic bottles had the concentrations of BBzP 42.61% (P = 0.014) higher than that in the homes without, indicating BBzP on the surfaces of bottles. Similarly, DEHP were found to be higher in concentration in the households using detergents to clean floors (38.68% [P = 0.015]) and using plastic containers for drinking (34.17% [P = 0.024]) than that found in the households that did not.
Discussion and conclusion: This study found a number of factors (e.g., life styles, habits) that were associated with PAE residue in house dust. In order to lower exposure to PAEs in the homes, we recommend that people should pay attention to contents in the products they purchase, and limit the use of detergents for home cleaning.

Keyword: Phthalates, home characteristics, life style, habit, household dust.

目錄
中文摘要 1
Abstract 2
表目錄 6
圖目錄 7
第一章 緒論 8
第一節 研究背景與動機 8
第二節 研究目的 9
第二章 文獻探討 12
第一節 鄰苯二甲酸類(PAEs)塑化劑 12
一、 定義、介紹 12
二、 暴露來源 13
三、 相關暴露因子 13
第二節 環境荷爾蒙 17
一、 環境荷爾蒙之流行病學 17
第三章 研究方法 20
第一節 研究架構 20
第二節 研究對象 20
第三節 採樣流程 20
第四節 實驗儀器與材料 22
第五節 採樣方法 23
一、 室內採樣 23
第六節 樣品前處理 25
第七節 儀器分析 26
一、 氣相層析儀設定參數 26
二、 偵測極限（LOQ） 27
第八節 資料統計分析 28
第三章 結果 29
第一節 PAEs塑化劑濃度結果 29
一、 室內採樣濃度結果 29
第二節 家戶問卷資料結果 30
一、 家戶特性與PAEs塑化劑檢出之關聯 30
第肆章 討論與結論 44
一、 鄰苯二甲酸塑化劑(PAEs)濃度之趨勢 44
二、 鄰苯二甲酸塑化劑(PAEs)與家戶特性、產品使用習慣之趨勢 45
第伍章 研究限制 47
參考文獻 48
附錄一、研究對象同意書 53
附錄二、花蓮慈濟醫院研究倫理委員會計畫審查許可書 56
附錄三、運用地理資訊系統探討農地參數與家戶灰塵殺蟲劑之關聯問卷 57

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