臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

淨水場目前廣泛使用硫酸鋁混凝劑或聚氯化鋁，當作廢水處理中的水化學藥劑，發現處理過後的水有殘留微量的鋁離子，理論上水中鋁濃度可以調整pH值至法規標準0.3 mg/L以下，但是淨水場操作含鋁系的混凝劑時，實際鋁的濃度超過理論上鋁的溶解度，此時水中鋁濃度會有超飽和現象，導致水中鋁濃度超標。當飲用水含有溶解性的鋁，一旦長期暴露後，對人的健康疾病有很大的衝擊，特別是神經系統並發症的潛在關聯。對於飲用水標準，大多數國家已經確定了由世界衛生組織(WHO)確定的最大允許濃度值為0.2 mg/L的總鋁。目前我國台灣飲用水總鋁為0.3 mg/L，但是中華民國一百零八年七月一日將施行鋁標準加嚴至0.2 mg/L，許多國家正在開發更多關於無毒且廉價的新吸附劑的研究，本研究選用自製幾丁質和陽離子交換樹脂(Na+-R)，當作去除鋁的吸附劑。
針對自製丁質進行材料分析，透過SEM/EDX、XRD、FTIR、BET等分析，進行與文獻中幾丁質 之比較，鑒定自製幾丁質是否成功製作幾丁質的特性，並且能成功吸附水中的鋁物質。在吸附實驗中，進行了批次實驗和管柱連續研究。在批次實驗過程中，研究了不同操作參數的影響，例如：pH、初始濃度、過濾與未過濾之影響。對於管柱連續研究，陽離子交換樹脂(Na+-R)使用連續下流式固定床與上流式流體化床，自製幾丁質則使用連續上流式流體化床研究各種操作參數例如：床高劑量、流速、pH值之影響。
結果顯示，SEM/EDX在pH 6.5的鋁與自製幾丁進行混合，觀察到含有鋁的幾丁質表面出現針狀晶體結構的形成，並且有吸附鋁離子的存在。XRD分析中，製自幾丁質2θ=19.17◦出現特徵峰，並且與文獻幾丁質XRD特徵峰吻合。FTIR分析中，發現製自幾丁質主要有C、H、O、N之官能基。BET分析中，自製幾丁質比表面積為0.472 m2/g，孔體積為0.000075 cm3/g，平均孔徑為1.82 nm。批次實驗中，鋁離子濃度影響，調整pH為6，鋁溶解度為0.006 mg/L，鋁的濃度越高，無法降至法規濃度0.3 mg/L，證明鋁出現超飽和現象。過濾與未過濾影響，證明pH6~7.5 容易產生Al(OH)3(S)沉澱物。pH值影響中，初始濃度為0.3 mg/L，陽離子交換樹脂(Na+-R)最佳pH條件為6，自製幾丁質最佳pH條件為5~7。管柱連續實驗結果顯示中，床高(劑量)、流速、pH值等各種操作條件對鋁的穿透曲線有顯著影響。在pH為5條件下，陽離子交換樹脂(Na+-R)最大吸附量為23.92 mg/g。在pH為6條件下，自製幾丁質最大吸附量為12.26 mg/g流量。在pH 為7條件下，自製幾丁質最大吸附量為28.94 mg/g流量。本研究中，使用陽離子交換樹脂(Na+-R)和自製幾丁質去除飲用水含有微量的鋁，證實對鋁去除有很好的效果。陽離子交換樹脂(Na+-R)和自製幾丁能夠成功地將鋁除去濃度低於WHO要求的標準(<0.2 mg / L)。

Aluminum sulfate coagulants and poly aluminum chloride are widely used in water purification equipment as chemicals in wastewater treatment. It was found that the treated water still has residual traces of aluminum ions. If the drinking water has soluble aluminum, it affects to human health. According to the drinking water standards by the World Health Organization (WHO), the maximum allowable concentration of total aluminum is 0.2 mg/L. In this study, self made chitin and cation exchange resins(Na+-R) are selected as adsorbents for the removal of aluminum.
The results show that in SEM analysis, self made chitin in aluminum solution at pH 6.5, the formation of needle like crystal structure on the surface of chitin containing aluminum is used. It prove s to the presence of adsorbed aluminum ions. In XRD analysis, the characteristic peak appears at chitin 2θ=19.17 ﾟ, which is similar to chitin by literature. In FTIR analysis, functional groups of chitin are mainly C, H, O, and N. In BET analysis, self made chitin h as a specific surface area of 0.472 m 2 /g, a pore volume of 0.000075 cm 3 /g, and an average pore diameter of 1.82 nm. In the batch experiments, the result of aluminum concentration, under the condition of pH 6 solution, exceeds to the regulatory standard concentration of 0.3 mg/L, which proves that aluminum is supersaturated. The effect of filtered and unfiltered water proves that Aluminum water at pH 6~7.5 easily produces Al(OH)3(S) precipitate. In the influence of pH value, the optimum pH condition of cation exchange resin (Na+-R) is pH 6, and the optimum pH condition of self made chitin is pH 5~7. The continuous experimental results of the column show that the maximum adsorption capacity of cation exchange resin (Na+-R) is 23.92 mg/g at pH 5. The maximum adsorption capacity of self made chitin is 12.26 mg/g at pH 6. The maximum adsorption capacity of self made chitin is 28.94 mg/g at pH 7.
In conclusion, self-made chitin and cation exchange resins (Na+-R) can successfully remove aluminum concentration below the WHO standard (<0.2 mg / L).

目錄
摘要 i
Abstract iii
誌謝 v
目錄 vi
表目錄 ix
圖目錄 x
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 研究內容 3
第二章 文獻回顧 5
2.1 飲用水水質與鋁污染 5
2.1.1 飲用水管理制度 5
2.1.2 淨水場鋁濃度超標 6
2.1.3 鋁的特性與危害 9
2.2 淨化水質處理技術 12
2.2.1 飲用水處理技術 12
2.2.2 鋁污染處理技術 15
2.2.3 低濃度鋁金屬處理技術 18
2.3 幾丁質簡介 20
2.3.1 幾丁質性質 20
2.3.2 幾丁質備製 22
2.3.1 幾丁質吸附機制 23
2.4 離子交換樹脂簡介 24
2.4.1 離子交換原理 24
2.4.2 離子交換樹脂之分類 27
2.4.3 離子交換樹應用 30
第三章 實驗方法與設備 32
3.1 實驗材料與設備 32
3.1.1 實驗藥品 32
3.1.2 實驗設備 34
3.2 實驗儀器分析 35
3.2.1 感應耦合電漿發射光譜分析儀(ICP-OES) 35
3.2.1 掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM/EDS) 37
3.2.2 X光粉末繞射儀(XRD) 37
3.2.3 傅利葉紅外線吸收光譜儀(FTIR) 38
3.2.4 比表面積及奈米孔洞(BET) 39
3.3 實驗流程與方法 40
3.3.1 實驗流程架構 40
3.3.2 幾丁質備製 41
3.3.3 批次實驗 44
3.3.4 管柱填充實驗 45
3.4 實驗裝置 47
3.4.1 批次反應系統裝置 47
3.4.2固定填充床與流體化床系統裝置 48
第四章 結果與討論 50
4.1 吸附劑(幾丁質)製備 50
4.1.1 掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM/EDX) 50
4.1.2 X光粉末繞射儀(XRD) 53
4.1.3 傅立葉紅外線吸收光譜儀(FTIR) 54
4.1.4 比表面積及奈米孔洞(BET) 56
4.2 鋁溶解度探討與法規的關係 57
4.3 批次實驗 60
4.3.1 鋁離子濃度影響 60
4.3.2 過濾與未過濾影響 62
4.3.3 pH值影響 64
4.4管柱填充實驗 66
4.4.1陽離子交換樹脂(Na+-R)-高劑量之影響 66
4.4.2陽離子交換樹脂(Na+-R)-低劑量之床高影響 67
4.4.3自製幾丁質-低劑量之床高影響 69
4.4.4自製幾丁質-固定床高之流速影響 70
4.4.5自製幾丁質-固定床高之pH值影響 72
第五章 結論與建議 76
5.1結論 76
5.2建議 78
參考文獻 79

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