本研究主要目的是針對添加1wt%的銅(Cu)元素之FCD450延性鑄鐵，進行不同沃斯回火條件(300℃-1hr、300℃-5hr、300℃-10hr、360℃-1hr、360℃-5hr、360℃-10hr)使成為沃斯回火延性鑄鐵材料(ADI)，然後進一步探討原材DI與ADI之微觀結構、機械性質與腐蝕磨耗性質的差異，以了解不同沃斯回火條件對球墨鑄鐵腐蝕磨耗性質之影響。
實驗結果顯示，沃斯回火溫度(300℃)較低者，因其過冷度大而產生的針狀下變韌體，硬度較高、殘留沃斯田鐵含量較低、殘留沃斯田鐵碳含量較高，耐磨性質較沃斯回火溫度高(360℃)者佳。隨沃斯回火時間增長殘留沃斯田鐵含量下降，碳化物析出量上升，使其強度及耐磨性質提升。對ADI而言，可以發現ADI皆比原材DI為優，而其中300℃-10hr之ADI硬度最高、耐磨性表現最佳。另外，浸泡試驗結果，因360℃之殘留沃斯田鐵量較300℃之殘留沃斯田鐵量多，較耐腐蝕，其中360℃-1hr之ADI有最佳的耐蝕性。

In the study , 1wt% copper ductile iron (FCD450) is examined in different austempering conditions (300℃-1hr、300℃-5hr、300℃-10hr、360℃-1hr、360℃-5hr、360℃-10hr) for transferring to austempered ductile iron (ADI) respectively. Then analysis of microstructures, mechanical properties,and the mechanism of corrosive wear is made to understand different austempering conditions influence the mechanism of corrosive wear of ADI.
The results of the experiment showed the needle-shaped lower bainite generated in lower austempering temperature (300℃) has higher hardness, lower retained austenite amount, higher carbon content of retained austenite and the wear resistance is better than that in higher austempering temperature(360℃). By increasing austempering time, the retained austenite amount decreases and carbide precipitate increases,and both improve the strength and the wear resistance. The findings of the study have led to the conclusion that ADI is superior to DI, and ADI in the condition of 300℃-10hr has the higest hardness and the best wear resistance.

致謝i
摘要ii
Abstractiii
目錄iv
圖目錄vii
表目錄xi
第1章 前言1
1.1研究動機1
1.2研究目的2
第2章 文獻回顧3
2.1鑄鐵的發展3
2.1.1 添加元素合金化的影響5
2.2沃斯回火延性鑄鐵的發展6
2.3沃斯回火熱處理的製程7
2.3.1沃斯回火處理過程模擬機制12
2.4 熱處理製程窗對ADI的影響14
2.5 球墨鑄鐵之主要元素效應17
2.6 石墨型態對機械性質的影響19
2.7 ADI結構分析原理20
2.7.1 X光繞射分析20
2.7.2殘留沃斯田鐵含量21
2.7.3 殘留沃斯田鐵之碳含量22
2.8 磨耗理論23
2.8.1 磨耗型態23
2.8.2 影響磨耗的因素26
2.9 腐蝕種類與機制26
第3章 實驗方法31
3.1實驗流程31
3.2 材料製備32
3.3 沃斯回火熱處理32
3.4 金相顯微分析試驗33
3.5 X光繞射分析33
3.6 殘留沃斯田鐵含量分析34
3.7殘留沃斯田鐵含碳量分析35
3.8 硬度試驗35
3.9 磨耗試驗36
3.10 浸泡試驗37
第4章 結果與討論38
4.1 材料成分分析38
4.2 ADI顯微組織觀察38
4.3 XRD分析46
4.4 殘留沃斯田鐵含量分析47
4.5殘留沃斯田鐵含碳量分析48
4.6硬度試驗50
4.7乾式磨耗試驗51
4.8溼式磨耗試驗56
4.9浸泡試驗61
第5章 結論64
參考文獻66

[1]雷興,“雪明碳鐵含量對延性鑄鐵機械性質之影響,”大同大學碩士論文, 2000, p.1.
[2]潘永寧,“鑄鐵材料之新技術發展,”高品質鑄鐵講習會, 1991.
[3]施登士,“ADI的認識與應用”, 沃斯回火球墨鑄鐵應用技術講習會講義, 1995.
[4]周兆民,“沃斯回火球墨鑄鐵(ADI)在汽機車零件上之應用” ,鑄造月刊,91 期, 1997, pp.20-23.
[5]潘國桐, “常見的鑄鐵熱處理”,鑄造月刊, 89 期, 1997 , pp.2-17.
[6]M.L.Chen, “Study on Austempering Processes and Applied Characteristics of Cobalt and Nickel Alloyed Ductile Irons ” , TTU of thesis for doctor of science, 2009, pp.11-21
[7]張瑞模, “沃斯回火球墨鑄鐵 ASTM 技術規範之建立”, 鑄造月刊, 108期, 1998, pp.5-76.
[8]Olivera Eric, Milan Jovanovic, Leposava Sidanin, Dragan Rajnovic, Slavica Zec, “The austempering study of alloyed ductile iron”, Materials&Design, vol.27 , 2006, pp.617-622.
[9]A.S. Hamid Ali and R.Elliott, “Austempering of an Mn-Mo-Cu alloyed ductile iron Part1-Austempering Kinetics and processing window”, Materials Science and Technology, vol.12 , 1996, pp.674–690.
[10]A. Adrian, H. Adrian, B. Mrzyglod “Parametric Representation of TTT Diagrams of ADI Cast Iron”, Archives of metallurgy and materials, Vol.57, 2012
[11]A Zhukov, A. Basak, and A. Yanchenko, “New viewpoints and technologies in field of austempering of Fe-C alloys”, Materials Science and Technology, Vol.13, 1997, pp.401–407.
[12]H. Bayati and R. Elliott,“Austempering Process in Manganese Al loyed Ductile Cast Iron”, Materials Science and Technology, vol.11, Feb.1995, pp.118-128.
[13]C.H. Hsu, K.T. Lin, “A study on microstructure and toughness of copper alloyed and austempered ductile irons”, Materials Science and Engineering A,vol.528,2011,pp.5706-5712.
[14]P.W. Shelton and A.A. Bonner, “The effect of copper additions to the mechanical properties of austempered ductile iron (ADI)”, Materials Processing Technology, vol.173, 2006, pp.269-274.
[15]R. C. Voligt, “Secondary Graphitization in Quenched and Tempered Ductile Cast Iron” , AFS Transactions, 1983, pp.239-256.
[16]R.B. Gundlach and J. F. Janowak “A Review of Austempered Ductile Iron Metallurgy”, First International Conference on Austempered Ductile Iron Castings, 1983, pp.1-12.
[17]B. J. Weng, S.T. Chang, H. N. Liu and S.E. Hsu, “Crack Initiation and Propagation of Austempered Ductile Iron and Its Properties”, Chinese Journal of Materials Science, Vol.23, No.3, 1992, pp.278-286.
[18]M.H. Hon and J.M. Chou, “Austempered Ductile Iron ADI”, 鑄工, 第55 期, 1997, pp.16-27.
[19]W.F. Smith, “Structure and Propeties of Engineering Alloys”, McGrae-Hill, Inc. 1993, pp.380-384.
[20]D. Kishmaraj and S. Seshan ,“Influence of Austempering Variables on the structure and Properties of Unalloyed ADI”, AFS Transactions, 1995, pp.767-776.
[21]N. Darwish and R. Elliott, “Austempering of low manganese ductile irons Part2 Influence of austenitising temperature”, Materials Science and Technology, vol.19, 1993, pp.586-602.
[22]J. Zhang, N. Zhang, M. Zhang, L. Lu, D. Zeng, and Q. Song, “Microstructure and mechanical properties of austempered ductile iron with different strength grades”, Materials Letters, vol.119, 2014, pp.47-50.
[23]ASTM A644-92, “Standard Terminology Relating to Iron Castings”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1999, pp.341-342.
[24]A.D. Boccardo, P.M. Dardati, D.J. Celentano, L.A. Godoy, “Austempering heat treatment of ductile iron: Computational simulation and experimental validation”, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, vol.134, 2017, pp.82-91.
[25]S. Vechet, J. Kohout, L. Klakurkova, “Fatigue Properties of Austempered Ductile Iron in Dependence on Transformation Temperature”, Materials Science, vol.14, 2008, pp.324-327.
[26]H. Bayati, and R. Elliott, “Austempering Process in High Manganese Alloyed Ductile”, Materials Science and Technology, 1995, pp.118-129.
[27]N. Zhang, J. Zhang, L. Lu, M. Zhang, D. Zeng, and Q. Song, “Wear and friction behavior of austempered ductile iron as railway wheel material”, Materials and Design, vol.89, 2016, pp.815-822.
[28]潘國桐、廖高宇譯“球墨鑄鐵手冊”,中華民國鑄造協會, 1994, pp.101-107.
[29]CNS 2869 B2118, “Spheroidal graphite iron castings ”, 2006, pp.1-12.
[30]H.L. Hayrynen, D.J. Moore, and K.B. Rundman,”More about the Tensile and Fatigue Properties of Relatively Pure ADI”, AFS Transactions, 1993, pp.119 -129.
[31]C.H. Hsu, J.K. Lu, and M.L. Chen, “Study on Characteristics of ADI Coated DLC/TiN/TiAlN Coatings by Cathodic Arc Evaporation”, Solid State Phenomena Vol. 118, 2006, pp.257-263.
[32]ASTN-E975-03,“Standard Parctice for X-Ray Determination of Retained Austenite in Steel with Near Random Crystallographic Orientation”, 2003, pp.1-6.
[33]E.Rabinowicz,“Friction and Wear of Materials”, Published by Wiley-Interscience, 1995, pp.128-132.
[34]K.H. Zum Gahr,“Microstructure and Wear of Materials”, Elsevier Science, 1987, pp.84-108.
[35]林峻煌,“不同碳化物型態對SUJ2磨耗行為的影響”,大同大學碩士論文, 2017, pp.21-22.
[36]柯賢文, “腐蝕及其防制（第二版）”, 全華科技圖書股份有限公司, 2012, pp.1-17.
[37]A. Kinbara, and S. Baba, Thin Solid Films, Vol.163(1988), pp.67-73.
[38]柯賢文, “腐蝕及其防制”, 全華科技圖書股份有限公司, 1995, pp.147-148.
[39]J.M, Prado, A. Pujol, J. Tartera, “Dry slidind wear of austempered ductile iron”, Materials Science and Techmology, 1995, pp.294-298.