背景：在全球肥胖率持續提升的情況下，亞洲女性的肥胖風險也不斷攀升。高強度間歇訓練近期被視為是個有效且省時的減肥策略，而咖啡因被認為是個具有產熱、減重、控制食慾及運動增能的膳食成分。本研究欲調查高強度間歇訓練的介入並同時搭配咖啡因增補是否能有效改善肥胖年輕女性之身體組成、血糖控制、荷爾蒙、心肺適能和無氧能力。方法：招募24名年齡介於18-30歲的肥胖台灣女性，隨機分配至安慰劑（HIIT-PLA）或咖啡因（HIIT-CAF）組，分別在高強度間歇訓練前一小時給予安慰劑和咖啡因補充劑，劑量均為每公斤體重3毫克。所有受試者每週皆進行三次高強度間歇訓練（10組60秒的飛輪訓練，強度設定為90%的最大心率，組間休息60秒），共持續8週，並在訓練介入前後分別測量身體組成、血糖控制能力、荷爾蒙、心肺適能和無氧能力。結果：HIIT-PLA及HIIT-CAF兩組皆降低體脂肪百分率及睪固酮濃度，並提升心肺適能及無氧能力，不過兩組在胰島素敏感度、血糖控制及內毒素方面卻有分歧的結果，HIIT-PLA組在訓練後顯著提升血糖和胰島素，內毒素有上升的趨勢，而HIIT-CAF組則抑制了此效果。在身體質量指數及血脂肪檢驗（高密度脂蛋白膽固醇及三酸甘油酯）方面並沒有任何改變。結論：高強度間歇訓練可以提升心肺適能、無氧能力，並且降低體脂肪百分率及睪固酮。然而，對年輕肥胖女性而言，搭配咖啡因增補可以改善因高強度間歇訓練所誘導之內毒素提升及胰島素敏感度下降等負面結果。

Background: Global obesity rates continue to rise, especially in Asia, and females are known to be at an increased risk. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been recently proposed as a time efficient strategy for fat loss outcomes, while caffeine is a dietary ingredients recommended for its thermogenic and weight loss, appetite control and ergogenic effects. The present study investigates whether an HIIT intervention combined with caffeine is effective in improving body composition, glycemic control, hormonal, cardiorespiratory, and anaerobic capacity outcomes in obese young female participants. Methods: Twenty-four obese Taiwanese females aged 18-30 years were recruited and randomly assigned to placebo (HIIT-PLA) or caffeine (HIIT-CAF) group, and the dose are both 3 mg.kg-1.BW-1, given one hour prior to HIIT. All subjects performed HIIT three times per week for 8 weeks (10 × 60-s cycling efforts at 90% maximal heart rate, 60-s recovery). Anthropometric, body composition, glycemic control, hormones, cardiorespiratory, and anaerobic capacity were measured at baseline before commencing the training and after the training completion. Results: Both HIIT-CAF and HIIT-PLA groups showed significant reduction in body fat percentage (BF%) and testosterone, and significant improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness and anaerobic capacity. Differential improvement was found for insulin sensitivity, glucose control, and endotoxin, in which HIIT elevated both glucose and insulin responses significantly, and a trend toward increase in endotoxin post the intervention in the HIIT-PLA, whereas suppressed them in the HIIT-CAF group. No significant change was found in BMI or lipid profile (HDL-C and TG) in either condition. Conclusion: HIIT improves cardiorespiratory, anaerobic fitness, and reduces BF% and testosterone. However, adverse HIIT-induced endotoxic and insulin sensitivity responses, which may be related to hormonal responses, can may be ameliorated by caffeine intake in young females with obesity.

ORIGINAL STATEMENT………………………...…………..…………ii
VERIFICATION LETTER…………..………………………………….iii
ENGLISH ABSTRACT……………………...…………………………..iv
CHINESE ABSTRACT……………………….…………………………vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………….………………………viii
CONTENTS………………………………………...…………………….ix
LIST OF TABLES………………………………….…………………….xi
LIST OF FIGURES………………………………….…………………..xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………..………………….xiii
CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND………………………………………...1
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Obesity problem……………………………………….………..3
2.2 Gut microbiota and health……………………………………….4
2.3 Caffeine…………………………………………………………5
2.3.1 Caffeine source and intake……………………….………5
2.3.2 Caffeine metabolism……………………………………..6
2.3.3 Caffeine and body composition………………………….7
2.3.4 Caffeine as an ergogenic aid…………………………….9
2.4 HIIT……………………………………………………………11
CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Study design and participants……………………..……………14
3.2 Experiment procedures………………………………………...14
3.2.1 Baseline assessment…………………………………….15
3.2.2 Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)…………………….15
3.2.3 Hormones, endotoxins, and lipid profiles tests...………..15
3.2.4 Cardiorespiratory capacity assessment…………………16
3.2.5 Anaerobic capacity test……………………………..…..16
3.2.6 Supplementation protocol……………………………....16
3.2.7 HIIT protocol……………….…………………………..17
3.2.8 Post intervention measurements………………………..17
3.3 Data analysis and statistics……………………………………..17
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS
4.1 Body composition and lipid profile outcomes……………..…...18
4.2 Metabolic outcomes of glucose and insulin……………………19
4.3 Hormones: endotoxins, testosterone and cortisol outcomes……22
4.4 Obesity secondary outcomes of cardiorespiratory and anaerobic capacity……………………………………………………………………25
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Main finding……………………………………..…………….27
5.2 Body composition and lipid profile outcomes……...…………..27
5.3 Metabolic outcomes of glucose and insulin……………………29
5.4 Hormones: endotoxins, testosterone and cortisol outcomes……30
5.5 Obesity secondary outcomes of cardiorespiratory and anaerobic capacity……………………………………………………………………33
5.6 Conclusion……………………………………………………..34
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………..36

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