臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

道德包含公平、正義的概念，是規範行為是否恰當的社會標準。先前研究指出右顳頂交界區在道德認知中參與推理他人心智狀態的功能。而內隱道德態度反映人們對於是非對錯的基本信念，可以透過在道德情境中的內隱聯結測驗來評估，並以D分數表示。根據我們過去的發現，我們假定高D分數組別的人在進行道德決策時會有較多右顳頂交界區活化，而低D分數組別的人在進行道德決策時右顳頂交界區的活化則較少。因此，本實驗使用非侵入性之經顱直流電刺激來調節右顳頂交界區的皮質興奮性。根據前面提到的假定，我們將受試者分成高D分數組別與低D分數組別，並假設在右顳頂交界區使用經顱直流電刺激後，會依據組別對行為造成不同的影響。
道德內隱聯結測驗的結果顯示，在右顳頂交界區使用經顱直流電刺激後，依據組別可以對內隱道德態度做出不同的調節。此外，在進行幫助行為時，右顳頂交界區內的血流動力反應顯示出經顱直流電刺激的效果。這些結果表明在右顳頂交界區使用經顱直流電刺激可以調節內隱道德態度以及進行道德行為時右顳頂交界區的活性。

Morality is the social rule about appropriateness of the behavior, containing concepts of justice, fairness, and rights. Previous studies suggested that the activation of right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) should be involved in mental state reasoning in moral cognition. Implicit moral attitude, which reflects people’s fundamental beliefs about right and wrong, could be assessed by implicit association test on moral scenarios (mIAT), as indicated by the D scores. According to our previous findings, we postulate that, during moral decision-making, the high D group would have less rTPJ involvement and the low D group would have more. Here we applied tDCS, a non-invasive neuromodulation technique, to modulate cortical excitability in rTPJ. Based on our postulation, we divided participants into high D and low D group and hypothesized that tDCS over rTPJ would modulate the behavior depending on the group.
The results revealed that, in aspect of mIAT, implicit moral attitude could be modulated differently depending on the group via tDCS over rTPJ. In addition, hemodynamic response within rTPJ showed a main effect of tDCS while carrying out the helping behavior. In conclusion, these findings indicated that tDCS over rTPJ could modulate the implicit moral attitude as well as the rTPJ activity during moral action.

中文摘要………………………………………………………………….i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………..ii
Contents………………………………………………………………….iii
List of Figures…………………………………………………………….v
List of Tables…………………………………………………………….vi
CHAPTER 1 — Introduction…………………………………………...1
1.1 A Dynamic Model of Moral Cognition……………………..2
1.2 The Role of Right Temporoparietal Junction in Moral Cognition……………………………………………………2
1.3 Implicit Moral Attitude……………………………………..3
1.4 The Aim of the Study……………………………………….4
CHAPTER 2 — Methods……………………………………………….6
2.1 Participants and Procedure………………………………….7
2.2 Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation……………………8
2.3 Justice Sensitivity Inventory………………………………..9
2.4 Moral Implicit Association Test…………………………….9
2.5 Moral Action Task…………………………………………12
2.6 Moral Evaluation: Rating of Moral Action Task…………..13
2.7 Functional MRI Scanning…………………………………13
2.8 MRI Image Processing…………………………………….15
2.9 fMRI Image Analysis……………………………………...16
CHAPTER 3 — Results……………………………………………….17
3.1 Behavior Results…………………………………………..18
3.1.1 Morality Implicit Association Test………………….18
3.1.2 Justice Sensitivity Inventory………………………..19
3.1.3 Moral Evaluation……………………………………19
3.2 fMRI Results………………………………………………20
3.2.1 Neural Correlates of Helping and Perpetrating Behaviors during Moral Action Task……………….20
3.2.2 Neural Correlates of Three tDCS Sessions during Moral Action Task…………………………………..21
3.2.3 Regions of Interest Analysis………………………..21
3.3 Correlation between the Activation within the rTPJ and the Helping Behavior………………………………………….22
CHAPTER 4 — Discussion…………………………………………...24
4.1 Cathodal tDCS Reduced the Activation in the rTPJ during Helping Behavior………………………………………….25
4.2 The tDCS over rTPJ Modulation the Implicit Moral Attitude…...…….………………………………………….25
4.3 Moral Evaluation…………………………………………..26
CHAPTER 5 — Conclusion…………………………………………...27
CHAPTER 6 — Reference…………………………………………….29
FIGURE…………………………………………………………………34
TABLE…………………………………………………………………..38
APPENDIX……………………………………………………………..41

Figure 1. Experimental Procedure………………………………………..8
Figure 2. Morality Implicit Association Test……………………………10
Figure 3. fMRI Paradigm of Moral Action Task………………………..14
Figure 4. Implicit Moral Attitude in the Sham Session…………………35
Figure 5. Interaction between tDCS and Group in the Implicit Moral Attitude………………………………………………………………….36
Figure 6. Activation within the rTPJ during Helping Behavior….……..37

Table 1. Whole Brain Analysis during Helping and Perpetrating Behavior………………………………………………………………...39
Table 2. Whole Brain Analysis during the Moral Action Task in Anodal, Cathodal, and Sham Session……………………………………………40

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