臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

杭菊（Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat）為傳統藥食兩用植物。已有許多研究發現杭菊具有抗氧化、抗癌、抗病毒及降血壓等功效，且根據中藥辭典中，杭菊可清熱明目，全株都可入藥。目前有關杭菊研究多以花為實驗對象，本研究旨在探討杭菊芽葉中與護眼有關的化學成分組成和其機能活性，開發成產品並分析其物性與安定性。本研究選用臺灣杭菊1號(白雪)及臺灣杭菊2號(黃金菊)芽葉作為實驗材料，並加工成葉茶，分析加工前後的化學成分含量及抗氧化活性，並開發成茶錠與無縫膠囊產品。結果顯示在兩種臺灣杭菊的護眼成分中，1號芽葉所含的總多酚、類黃酮、原花青素含量較2號高；類胡蘿蔔素與葉黃素的部分則是臺灣杭菊2號含量較1號高，其中2號加工成葉茶其葉黃素含量最高。由於臺灣杭菊1號葉茶含有較多的多酚類化合物，因此抗氧化活性較高。以葉茶進行通過人體試驗委員會（IRB）的人體實驗，發現每天飲用由3g杭菊葉茶沖泡成400 mL茶湯對於眼睛的靈活度有顯著的提升。將芽葉茶水萃出液以濕式造粒法加工製作成茶錠，所採用製錠配方可以有效提高多酚的安定性。臺灣杭菊2號葉茶含有較高具有抗光氧化護眼成分的油溶性類胡蘿蔔素及葉黃素，利用超臨界流體提取濃縮葉黃素，以反應曲面法求得最適化萃取條件為：溫度 84.72 ℃、壓力 7,496 psi 下操作32分鐘。葉黃素濃縮物添加至鯖魚油後利用雙軸擠壓法開發成護眼無縫膠囊，由安定性分析證明以明膠包覆配方可以有效保護含有lutein的魚油避免油脂氧化。

關鍵詞：反應曲面法、多酚、杭菊、抗氧化能力、類胡蘿蔔素、葉黃素

It has been proven by previous studies that Hangju (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) has anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, anti-virus, and blood pressure lowering effects. In addition, according to the traditional Chinese medical literatures, almost all parts of Hangju can be used for medicinal purposes, however, most researches have been mainly focused on the flower part. The purpose of this study is to investigate the eye protection related to anti-oxidative function and active chemical compositions of Hangju leaves and to develop into eye-care products to analyze its physical properties and stability.
In this study, leaf portion of Taiwan Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat No. 1 (CM1) and Taiwan Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat No. 2 (CM2) were used as the main materials and the leaves were also processed into tea. The total polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, lutein content and antioxidant properties of both leaves were determined. The results showed that the contents of total polyphenols, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins in CM1 were higher than those of CM2. However, the contents of carotenoids and lutein in CM2 were higher than CM1. Processed leaf tea of CM2 has the highest lutein content among various sample.
The CM1 leaf tea exhibited higher antioxidant activity than that of CM2 because its higher polyphenolic and flavonoids. Human study of CM1 tea, approved by the Institutional/Independent Review Board (IRB), showed that ingested 3g of CM1 tea per day would significantly increase the eye flexibility. The CM1 leaf infusion was developed into tea tablet by a wet granulation, and the tablet formulation was designed to effectively improve the stability of the polyphenols. The CM2 tea contains higher oil-soluble carotenoids and lutein which with anti-photo-oxidative activity and have been suggested to act as eye-care ingredients. Lutein in CM2 tea was further concentrated by using supercritical critical fluid extraction. The optimal extraction operation condition of 84.72°C and 7,496 psi for 32 minutes was obtained by response surface methodology (RSM). The lutein concentrate was added to mackerel oil and was developed into seamless capsules by the biaxial extrusion method. Stability testing results showed that gelatin formulation could prevent fish oil from oxidation effectively.

Keyword: Response surface methodology, RSM, polyphenols , Chrysanthemum morifolium , antioxidant activity, carotenoids, lutein.

中文摘要 II
英文摘要 III
目錄 V
1.1 前言 1
1.2 護眼機制 2
1.2.1 眼睛結構 2
1.2.2 危害物質與疾病 2
1.2.2.1紫外線 2
1.2.3 眼睛保健 6
1.3 天然抗氧化物 6
1.3.1 多酚類化合物 6
1.3.2 類胡蘿蔔素 7
1.3.3然物的護眼活性 11
1.4天然抗氧化物質萃取方式 11
1.4.1溶劑萃取 11
1.4.2利用超臨界流體萃取天然物質 12
1.5 杭菊 16
1.5.1杭菊成分物質 17
1.5.2杭菊生理活性 18
1.5研究動機與目的 20
2.1實驗架構 21
2.1.1實驗架構流程圖 21
2.1.2 樣品縮寫表 22
2.2實驗樣品 23
2.2.1樣品來源 23
2.2.2樣品製備 23
2.3實驗試藥與試劑 23
2.3.1溶劑 23
2.3.2試藥 24
2.3.3標準品 24
2.4儀器設備 25
2.4.1樣品前處理相關儀器設備 25
2.4.2化學分析相關儀器設備 25
2.4.3 超臨界流體輸送系統 25
2.4.4其他儀器設備 26
2.5.1成份特性分析測定 26
2.5.2抗氧化能力測定 29
2.5.3以反應曲面法(Response surface methodology, RSM)中求出由杭菊葉萃取出葉黃素(Lutein)最適化萃取條件參數 29
2.5.4產品開發 31
2.6統計分析 38
3.1成份分析 39
3.1.1總多酚類化合物 39
3.1.2總類黃酮 40
3.1.3原花青素 41
3.1.4類胡蘿蔔素 42
3.1.5葉黃素與玉米黃素 44
3.2 抗氧化活性分析 48
3.2.1 DPPH自由基清除能力 48
3.2.2一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO)自由基抑制能力測定(inhibition of NO) 49
3.3 超臨界流體萃取護眼成份 51
3.3.1不同溫度下的葉黃素含量 51
3.3.2不同壓力下的葉黃素含量 54
3.3.3以反應曲面法(Response surface methodology, RSM)中求出由杭菊葉萃取出葉黃素(lutein)最適化萃取參數 58
3.4產品安定性分析 68
3.4.1 杭菊葉茶錠 68
3.4.2杭菊葉魚油無縫膠囊 75
第四章 結論 83
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