健康相關資訊在網路上四處流竄，並且更新速度甚之為快，保健、疾病症狀及流行病等各種資訊皆能輕易取得。但是網路資訊品質難以掌控，因此可能引起相對的效應。「網路疑病症」為相對較新的術語，用於解決與線上健康資訊相關的健康焦慮。因此，本研究試圖探討人們那些潛在因素影響人們提升疑病症之可能，如：較差的情緒、不確定性及健康焦慮等。並且，本研究以網路上的健康資訊為研究基礎，探討健康資訊品質是否會分別影響人們的情緒、不確定性及健康品質。本研究採用問卷調查法蒐集資料，共收回有效問卷為431份，並以SPSS與AMOS為分析工具進行信度、效度雙檢測量表之可靠性及正確性分析並以結構方程式檢定研究架構各變數間因果關係驗證。結果顯示，健康資訊品質會顯著的正向影響情緒；健康資訊品質會顯著的影響不確定性，但為正向；健康資訊品質不會顯著影響健康焦慮；不確定性會顯著負向影響情緒、正向影響健康焦慮；情緒會顯著的影響網路疑病症，但為正向；不確定性會顯著的影響網路疑病症，但為負向；健康焦慮不會顯著的影響網路疑病症。在影響網路疑病症因素中特別又以情緒的影響程度最大。本研究之研究結果可讓人們更了解影響網路疑病症的潛在因素，及後續網路疑病症相關研究之參考。

Health related information sloshing around on the Internet, and update speed so fast, health care, disease symptoms and epidemic, etc all information can be obtained easily. However, the network information quality is difficult to control, and therefore may cause the opposite effect. "cyberchondria" is a relatively new term, used to solve the online health information related to health anxiety. Therefore, the present study sought to explore the people those potential factors that influence people to enhance the hypochondria of the possible, such as: poor emotions, uncertainty, and health anxiety. And, this study based on the research of health information on the Internet, to explore the health information quality will affect people's emotions, uncertainty and health quality. This study adopts questionnaire survey to collect data, a total of 431 effective questionnaires were taken back, and with SPSS and AMOS as analysis tool of test reliability and validity of the double scale reliability and validity analysis and structural equation to the verification study architecture the causal relationship between variables. Results show that the health information quality significantly affects the emotion; Health information quality will significantly affect the uncertainty, but is positive; Health information quality will not significantly affect anxiety; Uncertainty will be significantly negative affect emotion, positive affect health anxiety; Emotion will significantly affect cyberchondria, but is positive; Uncertainty will significantly affect cyberchondria, but is negative; Health anxiety will not significantly affect cyberchondria. Among the factors affecting cyberchondria, emotion is the most important. The results of this study will provide a better understanding of the potential factors that may influence the development of cyberchondria and provide a reference for further research on cyberchondria.

摘要 i
ABSTRACT ii
誌　謝 iv
目錄 v
表目錄 vii
圖目錄 viii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 研究流程 3
第二章 文獻探討 3
2.1 網路疑病症 4
2.1.1 定義 4
2.1.2 相關實徵研究 5
2.2 健康資訊品質 5
2.2.1 定義 5
2.2.2 相關實徵研究 7
2.3 情緒 8
2.3.1 定義 8
2.3.2 相關實徵研究 9
2.4 健康焦慮 10
2.4.1 定義 10
2.4.2 相關實徵研究 11
2.5 不確定性 11
2.5.1 定義 11
2.5.2 相關實徵研究 12
第三章 研究方法 13
3.1 研究架構 13
3.2 研究假說 14
3.2.1 健康資訊品質與情緒、不確定性及健康焦慮 14
3.2.2 不確定性與情緒及健康焦慮 14
3.2.3 情緒、不確定性、健康焦慮與網路疑病症 15
3.3 研究工具 16
3.4 資料處理 17
第四章 資料分析 17
4.1 基本資料分析 18
4.2 信度及效度檢測 20
4.2.1 信度檢測 20
4.2.2 效度檢測 20
4.3 結構方程式 22
4.3.1 多元常態分配 22
4.3.2 測量模型分析 24
4.3.3 結構模型分析 29
第五章 討論與結論 32
5.1 討論 32
5.1.1 假說驗證結果 32
5.1.2 假說討論 33
5.2 研究貢獻與未來研究 36
5.2.1 學術貢獻 36
5.2.2 實務貢獻 37
5.2.3 研究限制與未來研究 37
5.3 結論 38
參考文獻 39
中文文獻 39
英文文獻 39
附錄一 研究問卷 53
附錄二 過錄編碼簿 56

中文文獻
1.王芳和劉軍(2008)。網絡環境中醫學信息用戶信息需求研究(Doctoral dissertation)。中國醫院，12(2)，20-23。
2.吳統雄(1984)。電話調查：理論與方法。新北市：聯經出版社。
3.周欣誼(2016)。應用健康信念模式探討台灣民眾網路健康資訊尋求行為之影響因素。國立中山大學企業管理學研究所碩士論文，高雄市。
4.施佳佐(2020)。整天心神不寧、睡不好？ 3症狀是焦慮警訊。長春月刊。取自https://news.campaign.yahoo.com.tw/lung-health/arti.p hp?id=13c0c1a9-a878-3c86-ad20-18ec0cf76c48。
5.財團法人台灣網路資訊中心(2019)。2019 台灣網路報告。取自http://web.nchu.edu.tw/pweb/users/wtsay/lesson/11680.pdf。
6.許丹陽、丁佳麗和楊智輝(2018)。網絡疑病症發生機制及影響的質性研究。中國全科醫學，21 (22)，2755-2759。
7.陳寬裕(2010)。論文統計分析：SPSS與AMOS的應用。台中市：五南出版社。
8.張偉豪和鄭時宜(2012)。與結構方程模型共舞：曙光初現。新北市：前程文化。
9.張凱玲(2012)。探討護理資訊系統使用者滿意度之研究。中正大學資訊管理學研究所碩士論文，1-84。
10.黃芳銘（2007）。結構方程模式理論與應用（五版）。台中市：五南出版社。
11.潘家鑫 (2007)。網路健康資訊處理：價值涉入感與來源訊效果。第4屆數位傳播與文化行銷學術與實務國際研討會，台北市。
12.臺南市政府(2020)。臺南市政府全球資訊網。取自https://www.tainan.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=13371&s=7656 448&Create=1

英文文獻
1.Abramowitz, J. S., & Braddock, A. E. (2011). Hypochondriasis and health anxiety. MA:Hogrefe Publishing.
2.Al-Jefri, M., Evans, R., Uchyigit, G., & Ghezzi, P. (2018). What is health information quality? Ethical dimension and perception by users. Frontiers in medicine, 5, 260.
3.Allen, D. K., Karanasios, S., & Norman, A. (2014). Information sharing and interoperability: The case of major incident management. European Journal of Information Systems , 23(4), 418–432.
4.Asmundson, G. J., Abramowitz, J. S., Richter, A. A., & Whedon, M. (2010). Health anxiety: current perspectives and future directions. Current psychiatry reports, 12(4), 306-312.
5.Asmundson, G. J., & Taylor, S. (2020). How health anxiety influences responses to viral outbreaks like COVID-19: What all decision-makers, health authorities, and health care professionals need to know. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 71, 102211.
6.Babin, B. J., & Darden, W. R. (1995). Consumer self-regulation in a retail environment. Journal of retailing, 71(1), 47-70.
7.Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 16(1), 74-94.
8.Bagozzi, R. P., Gopinath, M., & Nyer, P. U. (1999). The role of emotions in marketing. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 27(2), 184-206.
9.Bajcar, B., & Babiak, J. (2020). Neuroticism and cyberchondria: The mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty and defensive pessimism. Personality and Individual Differences, 162, 110006.
10.Ballou, D. P., & Pazer, H. L. (1985). Modeling data and process quality in multi-input, multi-output information systems. Management science, 31(2), 150-162.
11.Barke, A., Bleichhardt, G., Rief, W., & Doering, B. K. (2016). The Cyberchondria Severity Scale (CSS): German validation and development of a short form. International journal of behavioral medicine, 23(5), 595-605.
12.Barsky, A. J., & Klerman, G. L. (1983). Overview: hypochondriasis, bodily complaints, and somatic styles. The American journal of psychiatry, 140(3), 273.
13.Baumgartner, S. E., & Hartmann, T. (2011). The role of health anxiety in online health information search. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking, 14(10), 613-618.
14.Bell, D. E. (1985). Disappointment in decision making under uncertainty. Operations research, 33(1), 1-27.
15.Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606.
16.Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246.
17.Berland, G. K., Elliott, M. N., Morales, L. S., Algazy, J. I., Kravitz, R. L., Broder, M. S., ... & Watkins, K. E. (2001). Health information on the Internet: accessibility, quality, and readability in English and Spanish. Jama, 285(20), 2612-2621.
18.Biermann, J. S., Golladay, G. J., Greenfield, M. L. V., & Baker, L. H. (1999). Evaluation of cancer information on the Internet. Cancer, 86(3), 381-390.
19.Boelen, P. A., & Reijntjes, A. (2009). Intolerance of uncertainty and social anxiety. Journal of anxiety disorders, 23(1), 130-135.
20.Bollen, K.A. (1989) Structural Equations with Latent Variables. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
21.Bollen, K. A. (1990). Overall fit in covariance structure models: Two types of sample size effects. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 256-259.
22.Boomsma, A. (1982). The robustness of LISREL against small sample sizes in factor analysis models. Systems under indirect observation: Causality, structure, prediction, 149-173.
23.Breivik, E., & Olsson, U. H. (2001). Adding variables to improve fit: The effect of model size on fit assessment in LISREL, Structural equation modeling: Present and future(169-194). NY:North-Holland.
24.Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Testing structural equation models, 136-162.
25.Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Behaviour research and therapy, 40(8), 931-945.
26.Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. (2007). Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Journal of anxiety disorders, 21(1), 105-117.
27.Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Thibodeau, M. A., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. (2012). Increasingly certain about uncertainty: Intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depression. Journal of anxiety disorders, 26(3), 468-479.
28.CDC. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms. [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/coron avirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html
29.Chinazzi, M., Davis, J. T., Ajelli, M., Gioannini, C., Litvinova, M., Merler, S., ... & Viboud, C. (2020).The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak.Science.
30.Cinar, D. (2020). The Effect of Consumer Emotions on Online Purchasing Behavior. In Tools and Techniques for Implementing International E-Trading Tactics for Competitive Advantage, 221-241.
31.Deale, A. (2005). Understanding severe health anxiety. The Foundation Years, 1(3), 12-15.
32.DeLone, W. H., & McLean, E. R. (1992). Information systems success: The quest for the dependent variable. Information systems research, 3(1), 60-95.
33.Diviani, N., van den Putte, B., Meppelink, C. S., & van Weert, J. C. (2016). Exploring the role of health literacy in the evaluation of online health information: Insights from a mixed-methods study. Patient Education and Counseling, 99(6), 1017–1025.
34.Doherty-Torstrick, E. R., Walton, K. E., & Fallon, B. A. (2016). Cyberchondria: parsing health anxiety from online behavior. Psychosomatics, 57(4), 390-400.
35.Dugas, M. J., Freeston, M. H., & Ladouceur, R. (1997). Intolerance of uncertainty and problem orientation in worry. Cognitive therapy and research, 21(6), 593-606.
36.Ellis, A. (1995). Rational emotive behavior therapy. Current psychotherapies, 5, 162-196.
37.Fergus, T. A., & Spada, M. M. (2017). Cyberchondria: Examining relations with problematic Internet use and metacognitive beliefs. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy , 24(6), 1322–1330.
38.Flavell, J. H. (1976). Metacognitive aspects of problem solving. The nature of intelligence, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
39.Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
40.Fox, S., & Rainie, L. (2000). The Online Health Care Revolution: How the Web Helps Americans Take Better Care of Themselves. The Pew Internet and American Life Project Online Report. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/reports/pdfs /PIP_Health_ Report. pdf.
41.Fox, S. (2013). How many people use "ask a doctor" sites? Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2013/02/25/how-many-people-use-ask-a-doctor-sites/
42.Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry?. Personality and individual differences, 17(6), 791-802.
43.Gibler, R. C., Jastrowski Mano, K. E., O’Bryan, E. M., Beadel, J. R., & McLeish, A. C. (2019). The role of pain catastrophizing in cyberchondria among emerging adults. Psychology, health & medicine, 24(10), 1267-1276.
44.Gordon, M. (2010). Manual of Nursing Diagnosis. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
45.Greco, V., & Roger, D. (2001). Coping with uncertainty: The construction and validation of a new measure. Personality and individual differences, 31(4), 519-534.
46.Greco, V., & Roger, D. (2003). Uncertainty, stress, and health. Personality and Individual differences, 34(6), 1057-1068.
47.Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). London:Prentice Hall International.
48.Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). New Jersey : Prentice-Hall.
49.Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis (4th ed.). NJ:Pearson Prentice Hall.
50.Han, P. K. (2013).Conceptual, Methodological, and Ethical Problems in Communicating Uncertainty in Clinical Evidence. Medical Care Research and Review, 70, 14-36.
51.Hardin, K. A., Meyers, F., & Louie, S. (2008). Integrating palliative care in severe chronic obstructive lung disease. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 5(4), 207-220.
52.Harding, K. J. K., Skritskaya, N., Doherty, E. R., & Fallon, B. A. (2010). Understanding health anxiety (pp. 103-115). Cambridge University Press, NY, USA.
53.Harland, J., & Bath, P. (2007). Assessing the quality of websites providing information on multiple sclerosis: evaluating tools and comparing sites. Health Informatics Journal, 13(3), 207-221.
54.Heathcote, L. C., & Eccleston, C. (2017). Pain and cancer survival: a cognitive-affective model of symptom appraisal and the uncertain threat of disease recurrence. Pain, 158(7), 1187-1191.
55.Herry, C., Bach, D. R., Esposito, F., Salle, F. D., Perrig, W. J., Scheffler, K., … Seifritz, E. (2007). Processing of Temporal Unpredictability in Human and Animal Amygdala. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(22), 5958–5966.
56.Heydayati, M., Dugas, M. J., Buhr, K., & Francis, K. (2003, November). The relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and the interpretation of ambiguous and unambiguous information. In Poster presented at the Annual Convention of the Association for Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, Boston, MA.
57.Hirsh, J. B., Mar, R. A., & Peterson, J. B. (2012). Psychological entropy: A framework for understanding uncertainty-related anxiety. Psychological review, 119(2), 304.
58.Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic management journal, 20(2), 195-204.
59.Illari, P., & Floridi, L. (2014). Information quality, data and philosophy. The Philosophy of Information Quality. Cham:Springer.
60.Jadad, A. R., & Gagliardi, A. (1998). Rating health information on the Internet: navigating to knowledge or to Babel?. Jama, 279(8), 611-614.
61.Jalloh, M. F., Li, W., Bunnell, R. E., Ethier, K. A., O’Leary, A., Hageman, K. M., ... & Marston, B. J. (2018). Impact of Ebola experiences and risk perceptions on mental health in Sierra Leone, July 2015. BMJ global health, 3(2), e000471.
62.Jensen, D., & Heimberg, R. G. (2015). Domain-specific intolerance of uncertainty in socially anxious and contamination-focused obsessive–compulsive individuals. Cognitive behaviour therapy, 44(1), 54-62.
63.Jokić-Begić, N., Mikac, U., Čuržik, D., & Jokić, C. S. (2019). The Development and Validation of the Short Cyberchondria Scale (SCS). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 41(4), 662-676.
64.Jungmann, S. M., & Witthöft, M. (2020). Health anxiety, cyberchondria, and coping in the current COVID-19 pandemic: Which factors are related to coronavirus anxiety? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 73, 102239.
65.Kahneman, D. (2002). Maps of Bounded Rationality: A Perspective on Intuitive Judgment and Choice. The Nobel Prizes 2002, 449-489.
66.Kaiser, H. F. (1958). The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 23(3), 187-200.
67.Kasten, N., Burgard, T., Wedderhoff, O., Bosnjak, M., & Gnambs, T. (2019). A meta‐analytic investigation of the factor structure of the PANAS. In Research Synthesis 2019 incl. Pre-Conference Symposium Big Data in Psychology, Dubrovnik, Croatia. ZPID (Leibniz Institute for Psychology Information).
68.Klein, B. D. (2001). User perceptions of data quality: Internet and traditional text sources. Journal of computer information systems, 41(4), 9-15.
69.Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
70.Kline, R. B. (2011). Methodology in the Social Sciences. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
71.King, S. C., & Meiselman, H. L. (2010). Development of a method to measure consumer emotions associated with foods. Food Quality and Preference, 21(2), 168-177.
72.Knight, S. A., & Burn, J. (2005). Developing a framework for assessing information quality on the World Wide Web. Informing Science, 8.
73.Kosic, A., Lindholm, P., Järvholm, K., Hedman-Lagerlöf, E., & Axelsson, E. (2020). Three decades of increase in health anxiety: Systematic review and meta-analysis of birth cohort changes in university student samples from 1985 to 2017. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 102208.
74.Laato, S., Islam, A. K. M., Islam, M. N., & Whelan, E. (2020). Why do people share misinformation during the Covid-19 pandemic?. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.09600.
75.Ladouceur, R., Dugas, M. J., & Freeston, M. H. (1995). Intolerance of uncertainty in normal and excessive worry. In World Congress of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. Copenhagen, Denmark.
76.Lambert, S. D., & Loiselle, C. G. (2007). Health information—seeking behavior. Qualitative health research, 17(8), 1006-1019.
77.Laros, F. J., & Steenkamp, J. B. E. (2005). Emotions in consumer behavior: a hierarchical approach. Journal of business Research, 58(10), 1437-1445.
78.Lee, Y. W., Strong, D. M., Kahn, B. K., & Wang, R. Y. (2002). AIMQ: a methodology for information quality assessment. Information & management, 40(2), 133-146.
79.Lewis, T. (2006). Seeking health information on the internet: Lifestyle choice or bad attack of cyberchondria? Media Culture & Society , 28(4), 521–539.
80.Lin, L., Savoia, E., Agboola, F., & Viswanath, K. (2014). What have we learned about communication inequalities during the H1N1 pandemic: A systematic review of the literature. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 484.
81.MacCallum, R. C., & Hong, S. (1997). Power analysis in covariance structure modeling using GFI and AGFI. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 32, 193-210.
82.Maier, C., Laumer, S., Eckhardt, A., & Weitzel, T. (2014). Giving too much social support: Social overload on social networking sites. European Journal of Information Systems, 24(5), 1–18.
83.Maloney, S., Ilic, D., & Green, S. (2005). Accessibility, nature and quality of health information on the Internet: a survey on osteoarthritis. Rheumatology, 44(3), 382-385.
84.Marcus, D. K., Hughes, K. T., & Arnau, R. C. (2008). Health anxiety, rumination, and negative affect: a mediational analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64(5), 495-501.
85.Martens, R., Burton, D., Vealey, R., Bump, L., and Smith, D. (1990). Development and validation of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2. Competitive anxiety in sport IL: Human Kinetics. 1990, 117-213.
86.Maruyama, G. M. (1998). Basics of structural equation modeling. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781483345109
87.Mathes, B. M., Norr, A. M., Allan, N. P., Albanese, B. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2018). Cyberchondria: Overlap with health anxiety and unique relations with impairment, quality of life, and service utilization. Psychiatry Research , 261(3), 204–211.
88.McCormick, K. M. (2002). A concept analysis of uncertainty in illness. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 34(2), 127-131.
89.McElroy, E., & Shevlin, M. (2014). The development and initial validation of the cyberchondria severity scale (CSS). Journal of anxiety disorders, 28(2), 259-265.
90.McElroy, E., Kearney, M., Touhey, J., Evans, J., Cooke, Y., & Shevlin, M. (2019). The CSS-12: Development and validation of a short-form version of the cyberchondria severity scale. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(5), 330-335.
91.McEvoy, P. M., & Mahoney, A. E. (2012). To be sure, to be sure: Intolerance of uncertainty mediates symptoms of various anxiety disorders and depression. Behavior therapy, 43(3), 533-545.
92.McKay, H. G., King, D., Eakin, E. G., Seeley, J. R., & Glasgow, R. E. (2001). The diabetes network internet-based physical activity intervention: a randomized pilot study. Diabetes care, 24(8), 1328-1334.
93.McMullan, R. D., Berle, D., Arnáez, S., & Starcevic, V. (2019). The relationships between health anxiety, online health information seeking, and cyberchondria: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 245, 270-278.
94.Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
95.Meppelink, C. S., Smit, E. G., Fransen, M. L., & Diviani, N. (2019). “I was right about vaccination”: Confirmation bias and health literacy in online health information seeking. Journal of health communication, 24(2), 129-140.
96.Mitchell, K. J., Ybarra, M. L., Korchmaros, J. D., & Kosciw, J. G. (2014). Accessing sexual health information online: use, motivations and consequences for youth with different sexual orientations. Health education research, 29(1), 147-157.
97.Mulaik, S. A., James, L. R., Altine, J. V., Bennett, N., Lind, S., & Stilwell, C. D. (1989). Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 430-445.
98.Muse, K., McManus, F., Leung, C., Meghreblian, B., & Williams, J. M. G. (2012). Cyberchondriasis: fact or fiction? A preliminary examination of the relationship between health anxiety and searching for health information on the Internet. Journal of anxiety disorders, 26(1), 189-196.
99.Myrick, J. G. (2017). The role of emotions and social cognitive variables in online health information seeking processes and effects. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 422-433.
100.Norr, A. M., Allan, N. P., Boffa, J. W., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). Validation of the Cyberchondria Severity Scale (CSS): replication and extension with bifactor modeling. Journal of anxiety disorders, 31, 58-64.
101.Noyes Jr, R. (1999). The relationship of hypochondriasis to anxiety disorders. General Hospital Psychiatry, 21(1), 8-17.
102.Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
103.Pauli, P., & Alpers, G. W. (2002). Memory bias in patients with hypochondriasis and somatoform pain disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 52(1), 45-53.
104.Price, S. L., & Hersh, W. R. (1999). Filtering Web pages for quality indicators: an empirical approach to finding high quality consumer health information on the World Wide Web. Proceedings. AMIA Symposium, 911–915.
105.Recupero, P. R. (2010). The mental status examination in the age of the Internet. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 38(1), 15-26.
106.Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of personality and social psychology, 39(6), 1161.
107.Salkovskis, P. M., & Warwick, H. M. (1986). Morbid preoccupations, health anxiety and reassurance: a cognitive-behavioural approach to hypochondriasis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24(5), 597-602.
108.Salkovskis, P. M., Rimes, K. A., Warwick, H. M. C., & Clark, D. M. (2002). The Health Anxiety Inventory: development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychological medicine, 32(5), 843-853.
109.Sajid, M. S., Iftikhar, M., Monteiro, R. S., Miles, A. F. W., Woods, W. G. A., & Baig, M. K. (2008). Internet information on colorectal cancer: commercialization and lack of quality control. Colorectal Disease, 10(4), 352-356.
110.Simon, H. A. (1972). Theories of Bounded Rationality. Decision and Organization. 1(1):161-176.
111.Singh, K., & Brown, R. J. (2014). Health-related Internet habits and health anxiety in university students. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 27(5), 542-554.
112.Song, H. J., Lee, C. K., Kang, S. K., & Boo, S. J. (2012). The effect of environmentally friendly perceptions on festival visitors’ decision-making process using an extended model of goal-directed behavior. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1417-1428.
113.Spielberger, C. D. (1966). Anxiety and behavior. London: Academic Press.
114.Starcevic, V., & Berle, D. (2013). Cyberchondria: towards a better understanding of excessive health-related Internet use. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 13(2), 205-213.
115.Starcevic, V. (2013). Hypochondriasis and health anxiety: conceptual challenges. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(1), 7-8.
116.Starcevic, V., & Berle, D. (2015). Mental health in the digital age: Grave dangers, great promise. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
117.Starcevic, V. (2017). Cyberchondria: challenges of problematic online searches for health-related information. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 86(3), 129-133.
118.Starcevic, V., Baggio, S., Berle, D., Khazaal, Y., & Viswasam, K. (2019). Cyberchondria and its relationships with related constructs: A network analysis. Psychiatric quarterly, 90(3), 491-505.
119.Strout, T. D., Hillen, M., Gutheil, C., Anderson, E., Hutchinson, R., Ward, H., ... & Han, P. K. (2018). Tolerance of uncertainty: A systematic review of health and healthcare-related outcomes. Patient education and counseling, 101(9), 1518-1537.
120.Tao, D., LeRouge, C., Smith, K. J., & De Leo, G. (2017). Defining information quality into health websites: a conceptual framework of health website information quality for educated young adults. JMIR human factors, 4(4), e25.
121.Taylor, S., & Asmundson, G. J. (2004). Treating health anxiety: A cognitive-behavioral approach. NY: Guilford Press.
122.Taylor, S. (2004). Understanding and treating health anxiety: A cognitive-behavioral approach. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 11(1), 112-123.
123.Tian, Y., & Robinson, J. D. (2009). Incidental health information use on the Internet. Health communication, 24(1), 41-49.
124.Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-291.
125.Vismara, M., Caricasole, V., Starcevic, V., Cinosi, E., Dell'Osso, B., Martinotti, G., & Fineberg, N. A. (2020). Is cyberchondria a new transdiagnostic digital compulsive syndrome? A systematic review of the evidence. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 99, 152167.
126.Wand, Y., & Wang, R. Y. (1996). Anchoring data quality dimensions in ontological foundations. Communications of the ACM, 39(11), 86-95.
127.Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological bulletin, 98(2), 219.
128.Watson, D. (1988). Intraindividual and interindividual analyses of positive and negative affect: their relation to health complaints, perceived stress, and daily activities. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(6), 1020.
129.Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(6), 1063.
130.Weiss, E., & Moore, K. (2003). An assessment of the quality of information available on the internet about the IUD and the potential impact on contraceptive choices. Contraception, 68(5), 359-364.
131.Westerwick, A., Johnson, B. K., & Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2017). Change your ways: Fostering health attitudes toward change through selective exposure to online health messages. Health Communication, 32(5), 639–649.
132.White, R. W., & Horvitz, E. (2009). Cyberchondria: studies of the escalation of medical concerns in web search. ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), 27(4), 1-37.
133.Winker, M. A., Flanagin, A., Chi-Lum, B., White, J., Andrews, K., Kennett, R. L., ... & Musacchio, R. A. (2000). Guidelines for medical and health information sites on the internet: principles governing AMA web sites. Jama, 283(12), 1600-1606.
134.Wright, K. D., Lebell, M. A. A., & Carleton, R. N. (2016). Intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety sensitivity, health anxiety, and anxiety disorder symptoms in youth. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 35-42.
135.Xiao, N., Sharman, R., Rao, H. R., & Upadhyaya, S. (2014). Factors influencing online health information search: An empirical analysis of a national cancer-related survey. Decision Support Systems, 57, 417-427.
136.Zillmann, D., & Brosius, H. B. (2012). Exemplification in communication: The influence of case reports on the perception of issues. Oxfor: Routledge.