臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

蒸發散作用為蔬果種植時，作為其灌溉的重要指標，受到周圍環境相當大程度的影響，其中包括光照、相對濕度、空氣溫度和風速等等。農夫的灌溉方法基本都是以過去經驗結合對現場環境的判斷所得出，不但對於天氣的敏感度相對低下，實際灌溉的用水量與作物的實際需求也有不小的落差，時常造成灌溉用水的浪費。
本研究通過設置於溫室內部之各式環境感測器，透過網路取得作物生長時的環境資料，並以此作為基礎，利用蒸發散模型預測作物之蒸發散量，為溫室內部灌溉系統提供較為精確的植物需水量，幫助農夫判斷其灌溉需求。期望以此能夠改善新手農夫對於灌溉用水的判斷，節約農夫們日常的灌溉用水，使溫室內的灌溉環節更有效率。

In the field of agriculture, evapotranspiration is always a significant indicator for irrigation scheduling. However, to a great extent, it is influenced by the surrounding environment, including illumination, relative humidity (RH), air temperature and wind speed, etc. Since growers typically irrigate crops based on their personal experience, this experience-oriented method cannot cope with the weather in a relatively efficient way and the irrigation water requirement of irrigation is at variance with the crop water requirement. As a result of that, this approach often causes the water waste of irrigation.
This study is designed to obtain environmental data during crop growth through the Internet by installing various environmental sensors in the greenhouse. Moreover, based on the environmental data, the evapotranspiration model in the article is able to predict the evapotranspiration of crops which can provide a more accurate crop water requirement for the greenhouse irrigation system, assisting growers to make better judgement according to their irrigation needs. This study is expected to improve the judgment of novice growers on irrigation needs, hoping growers can save more irrigation water and achieve higher efficiency in the greenhouse irrigation system at the same time.

目次
致謝辭 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目次 v
表目次 viii
圖目次 ix
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究動機與目的 1
第二章 文獻探討 2
2.1 溫室技術 2
2.2 植物的蒸發散作用 2
2.3 蒸氣壓差(Vapor Pressure Deficit, VPD) 3
2.3.1 蒸氣壓(Vapor Pressure) 3
2.3.2 蒸氣壓差(Vapor Pressure Deficit, VPD) 4
2.4 影響蒸發散的氣象因素 5
2.4.1 光 5
2.4.2 相對濕度 5
2.4.3 溫度 6
2.4.4 風速 6
2.5 蒸發散量 7
2.5.1 蒸發散量的測量 7
2.5.2 蒸發散模型 7
2.6 植物蒸發散或蒸散模型 8
2.6.1 HORTITRANS蒸發散模型 8
2.6.2 FAO Penman蒸發散模型 9
2.6.3 FAO Penman-Monteith蒸發散模型 9
2.6.4 FAO Radiation蒸發散模型 10
2.6.5 Stanghellini蒸發散模型 10
2.7 灌溉系統 12
2.7.1 灌溉系統概況 12
2.7.2 滴灌技術 14
2.7.3 滴灌技術優點 14
第三章 研究方法 16
3.1 實驗設備 16
3.1.1 BH1750環境光感測器 16
3.1.2 SHT31高精度溫溼度感測器 17
3.2 實驗地點 18
3.3 蒸散量推估 19
3.4 系統概念 21
第四章 實驗設計與結果 23
4.1 設施中環境因子變化情況 23
4.2 預測灌溉量與實際灌溉量 24
4.3 灌溉流程 27
4.3.1 肥料液與清水 27
4.3.2 最低灌溉水量限制 28
4.4 系統實作 29
4.4.1 設施內環境資料擷取 29
4.4.2 推薦灌溉 29
4.5 系統使用流程 30
第五章 結論與未來研究方向 32
參考文獻 33


表目次
表 1 環境光感測晶片規格 16
表 2 SHT31高精度溫溼度感測器規格 17
表 3於HORTITRANS蒸發散模型所使用的參數 21


圖目次
圖 1密閉空間的水分子冷凝與蒸發現象 3
圖 2 VPD如何增強或抑制作物的蒸散作用 5
圖 3溫度和相對濕度對葉片及空氣蒸氣壓力的影響 6
圖 4在乾燥和潮濕的天氣條件下風速對蒸發散的影響 7
圖 5 BH1750環境光感測器 16
圖 6 SHT31高精度溫溼度感測器 17
圖 7溫室示意圖 18
圖 8溫室內部 19
圖 9番茄葉柄示意圖 20
圖 10紅圈處為感測器位置 21
圖 11系統概念圖 22
圖 12 2019/4/25溫度變化 23
圖 13 2019/4/25相對濕度變化 24
圖 14 2019/4/25照度變化 24
圖 15 2019/4/18至2019/4/30預測蒸散量與實際灌溉比較 25
圖 16 2018/11/30至2018/12/7預測蒸散量與實際灌溉比較 25
圖 17 2019/4/20至2019/4/25平均氣溫變化 26
圖 18 2019/4/20至2019/4/25平均相對濕度變化 26
圖 19 2019/4/20至2019/4/25平均照度變化 27
圖 20灌溉流程 28
圖 21設施內環境資料 29
圖 22灌溉推薦 30
圖 23灌溉系統頁面 31

[1]何逸騟、吳孟洋, "推廣省水管路灌溉之成效," 農政與農情第133期, 2003.
[2]黃裕益, "溫室標準圖集及其選用原則," 2008.
[3]林明仁、洪東奇, "訂定農業用溫室標準圖樣及其結構計算書簡介," 農政與農情第188期, 2008.
[4]R. G. Allen, L. S. Pereira, D. Raes, and M. J. F. Smith, Rome, "Crop evapotranspiration-Guidelines for computing crop water requirements-FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56," vol. 300, no. 9, p. D05109, 1998.
[5]W. G. Hopkins and N. Hünter, "Introducction to plant physiology," 2008.
[6]J. J. Prenger and P. P. Ling, "Greenhouse condensation control understanding and using vapor pressure deficit (VPD)," 2001.
[7]W. F. F. Ilahi, "Evapotranspiration Models in Greenhouse," 2009.
[8]M. Fernández et al., "Measurement and estimation of plastic greenhouse reference evapotranspiration in a Mediterranean climate," vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 497-509, 2010.
[9]C. J. A. E. J. Chen, "PREDICTION OF LONGITUDINAL VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY EOR EVAPORATIVE COOLING GREENHOUSES," vol. 12, no. 3&4, pp. 143-164, 2003.
[10]O. J. J. o. A. E. R. Jolliet, "HORTITRANS, a model for predicting and optimizing humidity and transpiration in greenhouses," vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 23-37, 1994.
[11]H. L. J. P. o. t. R. S. o. L. S. A. M. Penman and P. Sciences, "Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass," vol. 193, no. 1032, pp. 120-145, 1948.
[12]S. J. Acquah et al., "Application and evaluation of Stanghellini model in the determination of crop evapotranspiration in a naturally ventilated greenhouse," vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 95-103, 2018.
[13]盛中德. (2002). 設施生產自動化技術 Available: http://www.ecaa.ntu.edu.tw/weifang/Hort/Chap09.htm
[14]謝明憲, "節水省肥的滴灌栽培," 科學發展第496期, 2014.
[15]艾群 %J 農業工程與節能減碳學術研討會專刊, "農業生產節水技術與系統研發," pp. 21-37, 2010.
[16]AERC. (2018). 推廣省水管路灌溉. Available: http://dryfarm.aerc.org.tw/DryPublic/
[17]F. F. Blanco and M. V. J. H. B. Folegatti, "A new method for estimating the leaf area index of cucumber and tomato plants," vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 666-669, 2003.
[18]戴榮賦, "農業物聯網整合系統規劃," 2015.