臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

TiO2奈米線陣列在許多年以前已被廣泛應用在光電化學電解水中的光電極，但由於諸多的問題，如：載子利用效率差，表面反應動力學慢和太陽光利用效率差，始終無法應用在現實生活中。因此，尋找合適的改質材料來解決這些問題是TiO2光電極廣泛應用的關鍵。
在第一個工作中，我們開發了一種簡單且具有成本效益的方法來沉積NiO在TiO2的表面上，該方法結合了單步驟陽極電沉積和低溫退火處理。在沉積完氧化鎳之後，TiO2的光電流密度從0.15 mA/cm2增加到0.5 mA/cm2，比原始TiO2提高了三倍以上。另外，對於其性能增強的基本機制，我們也通過用時間分辨螢光光譜和電化學阻抗圖譜來闡明。
在第二項工作中，TiO2奈米線陣列先通過巰基丙酸改質後，再依序沉積CdSe量子點與石墨烯量子點在TiO2奈米線陣列的表面上，進而形成TiO2奈米線/CdSe/石墨烯量子點的複合結構。對於TiO2/CdSe複合材料，由於相對能帶結構的關係，光激發電子將從CdSe轉移到TiO2，而光激發電洞則在相反方向上傳輸。該特徵改善了電荷分離，但因為電洞的累積，CdSe會有嚴重的光腐蝕現象。石墨烯量子點具有明確的HOMO-LUMO的能帶結構，當與半導體奈米結構結合時可以幫助電荷載流子轉移。隨著在CdSe上沉積石墨烯量子點，光激發電子從石墨烯量子點轉移到CdSe然後轉移到TiO2，而電洞則從TiO2轉移到CdSe，最後轉移到石墨烯。這種電荷轉移不僅提高了載流子利用效率，而且提高了光催化應用的長期穩定性。
在第三項工作中，我們在氫摻雜的板鈦礦TiO2奈米子彈表面沉積了CdS與CdSe並研究了它們的光電化學電解水性能。與未摻雜的板鈦礦TiO2相比，氫摻雜TiO2/CdS/CdSe複合材料表現出大大增強的光電流，此大大增強的光電流導因於表面的硫化鎘與硒化鎘提高了電荷轉移的效率。此外，氫原子摻雜到TiO2中會產生氧空缺，提供額外的電荷轉移途徑並阻止電荷複合，也有利於提高光電化學電解水的性能。基於載子動力學數據，我們進一步開發了TiO2/CdS/CdSe和氫摻雜TiO2/CdS/CdSe的載子轉移模型。這項工作的結果有助於理解板鈦礦TiO2複合材料系統中的載子轉移動力學以及改善太陽能光電化學轉換的效率。
另外，時間分辨螢光光譜和電化學阻抗圖譜是兩個討論載子傳輸動力學非常強大的技術，這篇論文中也非常大量地使用這兩個技術，透過這兩個技術，我們可以更進一步了解載子傳輸動力學，也為突破目前光電化學電解水的瓶頸貢獻了一分小小的心力。

TiO2 nanowires arrays have been widely used as a photoelectrode in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, but the performance remains mediocre due to the poor carrier utilization efficiency, slow reaction kinetics at surface and poor sun light utilization. Finding a suitable modifier material to address the issues is the key to the widespread utilization of TiO2 photoelectrodes.
In the first work, a simple and cost-effective approach which combines one-step anodic electrodeposition with a low-temperature post-annealing treatment is developed for depositing NiO on the surface of TiO2. Upon NiO decoration, the photocurrent density of TiO2 was increased from 0.15 mA/cm2 to 0.5 mA/cm2, more than three times enhancement over pristine TiO2. The underlying mechanism for the performance enhancement is elucidated by inspecting the charge transfer dynamics of the samples with time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
In the second work, the samples were prepared by modifying TiO2 nanowires with mercaptopropionic acid before CdSe nanoparticles were deposited. Subsequently, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were attached to the surface of CdSe, resulting in the formation of TiO2/CdSe/GQDs composite structures. For TiO2/CdSe composites, due to the relative band alignment, the photoexcited electrons will transfer from CdSe to TiO2 and the photogenerated holes are transported in the opposite direction. This feature improved charge separation but caused severe photocorrosion at CdSe. GQDs possess well-defined HOMO-LUMO band structure and can mediate charge carrier transfer when combined with semiconductor nanostructures. With the introduction of GQDs on CdSe, the photoexcited electrons transferred from graphene quantum dots to CdSe and then to TiO2, while the photogenerated holes were transported from TiO2 to CdSe and finally to graphene. This vectorial charge transfer not only enhanced the carrier utilization efficiency but also improved the long-term stability for photocatalytic applications.
In the third work, we have synthesized CdS/CdSe co-sensitized brookite TiO2 nanostructures with hydrogen doping (H:TiO2/CdS/CdSe) in a facile solution reaction and studied their PEC performances. Compared to undoped brookite TiO2, the H:TiO2/CdS/CdSe composites exhibit much enhanced photocurrent generation, which originates from the improved charge transfer kinetics endowed by hydrogen doping and sensitization. Besides, the hydrogen doping into TiO2 generates oxygen vacancy states, providing additional charge transfer pathway and prohibiting charge recombination, beneficial for enhancing the PEC performances as well. Based on the charge dynamics data, we further develop charge transfer models for TiO2/CdS/CdSe and H:TiO2/CdS/CdSe. The findings from this work can help understanding the charge transfer dynamics in brookite TiO2-based composite systems as well as designing versatile photoelectrodes for solar energy conversion.
Additionally, TRPL and EIS were measured to quantitatively analyze the charge transfer events across the interface. The samples were further employed as the photoanode for PEC water splitting. Through systematic understanding of charge dynamics and their correlation with photocatalytic properties, insights into the mechanism behind the enhanced performance in water splitting of TiO2 was unveiled.

中文摘要 I
Abstract IV
Chapter 1. Background and Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Introduction 2
1.3 Time-resolved photoluminescence 7
1.4. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy 9
Chapter 2. Motivation 11
Chapter 3. NiO-decorated TiO2 Photoelectrodes for Enhanced PEC Hydrogen Evolution 13
3.1. Introduction 13
3.2. Experimental section 14
3.3. Results and Discussion 16
3.4. Conclusions 22
3.5. Acknowledgement 22
Chapter 4. Interfacial Charge Dynamics of TiO2/CdSe/Graphene Quantum Dots Composite Photocatalysts 23
4.1. Introduction 23
4.2. Experimental section 24
4.3. Results and Discussion 27
4.2.4. Conclusion 41
Chapter 5. CdS/CdSe co-sensitized brookite H:TiO2 nanostructures: charge carrier dynamics and PEC hydrogen generation 42
5.1. Introduction 42
5.2. Experimental Section 43
5.3. Results and Discussion 47
5.4. Conclusion 59
5.5. Acknowledgements 60
Chapter 6. Summary and Outlook 61
References 64

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