臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

無論我們想探索形成早期宇宙的何種物質，我們在粒子物理的前沿都有多方面成功的成就，例如標準模型、暗物質的發現等等。然而有一些自然現象無法以標準模型解釋，因此我們拓展了標準模型規範群，引入 U(1)規範對稱下的規範玻色子Z'，其輕子數可為電子、渺子及濤子。接著我們應用觀測超新星1987A的物理性質，來限制規範玻色子Z'的衰變長度及亮度。藉此討此新模型的限制，規範耦合常數gZ'以及規範玻色子Z'的質量mZ'。因此我們提出此模型參數區域的限制，該限制則由超新星1987A觀測數據決定。

We want to explore matter which is formed the Universe in earlier time. We have had lots of success in particle physics frontier within the standard model (SM). However, some phenomena in the nature that SM cannot explain yet, so that we need to extend the SM gauge group as a new gauge boson Z' of U(1) gauge symmetry with charged lepton number Li; i can be electron, muon, or tau. Next, we apply the observation of supernova 1987A (SN1987A) in the determination of Z' decay length and luminosity. In this thesis, we try to figure out the new model with constrains on it mainly; specifically, constraints on two additional parameters which are gauge coupling constant, gZ' and mass of new gauge boson Z', mZ'. Therefore, we will estimate a specific range of gZ' and mZ' (MeV) in considering constraints on new light gauge boson Z' from the observation SN1987A.

摘要 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Gauged U(1)Lµ−Lτ model and new gauge boson Z′ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 Square amplitude of neutron-proton through OPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 One loop correction of µ and τ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3 Emissivity and Luminosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1 Emissivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Absorption length and decay length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3 Luminosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.4 SN1987A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4 Results and conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1 Expected emissivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2 Luminosity and constraints on two new parameters gZ′ and mZ′ . . . . . . . . 24
4.2.1 Result of Luminosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.2.2 Constraints on the two parameters gZ′ and mZ′ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2.3 Next plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Appendix A Determination of the minimal standard model (MSM) with three generations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Appendix B Loop level and squared amplitude of NN scattering . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Appendix C Decay rate of new gauge boson Z′ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Appendix D The conversion of natural units into S.I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

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