臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究主要探討的是在社群媒體Instagram上不同形式描述運動健身的貼文是否會對瀏覽者運動健身的意圖造成影響。採用2×2×2的三因子實驗設計，主要操控了貼文人數、社群回饋和呈現方式三個變項。以便利抽樣的方法將總共1259個樣本隨機分配到八個實驗組中。實驗各自變項與依變項皆以信效度檢驗通過之量表進行測量，再以多因數變異數分析、process bootstrap法進行研究假設與研究問題之驗證。
統計分析發現貼文人數、社群回饋和呈現方式對瀏覽者運動健身意願的影響具有顯著的交互效果，其中在以身體形態為呈現方式的貼文中，貼文的人數和社群回饋的作用具有一定的衝突性。另外本研究還發現身體數據對於貼文瀏覽者運動健身意圖的直接影響有限，但可以通過影響人們數據身體意象來中介運動健身意圖。

The purpose of this study is to explore whether different forms of posts describing fitness on social media Instagram can affect the intention of viewers to exercise. A three-factor experiment design of 2×2×2 was adopted, which mainly controlled the number of posts figures, community feedback and presentation mode. A total of 1259 samples were randomly assigned to eight experimental groups by convenient sampling.
The statistical analysis shows that the number of posts, community feedback and presentation mode have a significant interactive effect.The number of posts figures and the community feedback have a certain conflict. And the direct influence of body data on the fitness intention of post readers is limited, but can be mediated by influencing the body image.

中文摘要i
英文摘要i i
誌謝i i i
目錄i v
表目錄vi
圖目錄vii
第一章 緒論1
第一節 研究背景1
第二節 研究動機與目的10
第贰章 文獻探討15
第一節 社會支持15
一、 社會支持的來源與發展16
二、社會支持與健康17
三、社群媒體與線上人際關係19
四、社會支持對運動健身的影響22
第二節 運動數據23
一、運動數據在競賽中的重要性24
二、穿戴式設備和智慧化健身26
三、運動數據在手機 app 中的使用27
第三節 主觀規範30
一、主觀規範相關理論30
二、規範的作用機制32
第四節 身體意象36
一、身體理論的起源與發展.36
二、數據身體意象38
第五節 自我監控39
一、自我監控的起源、演變與影響40
二、線上自我監控與數位自我43
第六節 研究假設與研究架構整理46
第參章 研究方法49
第一節 研究架構與實驗設計49
第二節 問卷題項與測量、分析工具51
第三節 前測55
第四節 正式問卷57
第五節 統計方法58
第肆章 資料統計與分析59
第一節 描述性統計與操弄性檢定59
第二節 問卷量表之信度分析與因素分析62
第三節 實驗假設驗證64
第五章 研究討論與結論79
第一節 研究發現與討論79
第二節 研究貢獻與限制88
參考文獻91
附錄111

一、網路資料
Apple官網（2018.9.12）Apple Watch Series 4：經過重新精心設計, 具備革新突破的通訊、健身與健康等眾多精彩功能 。取自：https://reurl.cc/D1d9le
SINCLAIR（2017.8.16）勝過千言萬語：圖像的魔力。取自：https://reurl.cc/mdGnRl
台灣動網DongTW（2017）到底怎麼看？NBA基礎、進階數據大解密, 這些數字隱藏的訊息超出你的想像。取自：https://reurl.cc/vnmE2y
周秩年,& 黃怡姍（2018.5）台灣趨勢研究報告（Taiwan Trend research） 運動服務業發展趨勢。取自：http://www.twtrend.com/share_cont.php?id=62
前瞻產業研究，姚磊（2015.9.25）五張圖告訴你，男女健身目標和行為有何不同院。取自：https://www.qianzhan.com/analyst/detail/220/150925-5e14fc21.html
星洲網（2018.10.34）臉書被拋棄•美國青少年最愛Instagram。 取自：http://www.sinchew.com.my/node/1806082
陳良乾（2014）運動賽會經營與管理。取自：ilms.cjcu.edu.tw/sys/read_attach.php?id=734399
數位時代（2018.8.21）從「抄襲」起家, 限時動態正開啟新的社群紀元。取自https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/50281/
數位時代（2019.4.3）飆汗吧科技健身。取自https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/52776/
蔡靚萱（2018.08.22）從華爾街瘋到你家巷口, 2.6兆健身狂潮解析 商業週刊 第1606期。取自：https://www.businessweekly.com.tw/magazine/
衛生福利部國民健康署（2016）健康一世：BMI維持1824。取自https://www.hpa.gov.tw/
聯合報，陳雨鑫（2016.4.21）過勞？太懶？台灣上班族不運動 亞洲之冠。取自：Focus a.udn.com/focus/2016/04/21/20134/index.html
聯合新聞網（2018.2.28）為何台灣年輕人都不健身？台男：只有___才會練吧？取自：https://oops.udn.com/oops/story/6698/3003283
Business Insider（2017）Instagram is on pace to be Facebook’s next billion-user app. Retrieved from: https://reurl.cc/mdGnxl
CNBC（2013.6.24） Instagram Video Taking a Swing at Vine: Study. Retrieved from: https://www.cnbc.com/id/100836937
CNBC（2018.6.20）Instagram crosses 1 billion monthly active accounts, unveils long-form video. Retrieved from : https://reurl.cc/vneDQL
IHEALTH（2018）減重必勝法！提高基礎代謝率, 你需要減肥熱量計算器.取自https://reurl.cc/72eXdy
IHRSA （2018.10.1）Embracing Data Standards a ‘Win-Win’ for Fitness Industry International Health, Racquet & Sportsclub Association . Retrieved from ：https://reurl.cc/rlQxEk
IHRSA （2019.1.29）The 2019 IHRSA Global Report Health, International Health, Racquet & Sportsclub Association . Retrieved from： https://reurl.cc/0z2oKl
The Six Reasons The Fitness Industry Is Booming （2018.9.26）FORBES。 Retrieved from ：https://reurl.cc/Qpjdap
Tim, O. (2006). O\'Reilly Radar> Web 2.0 Compact Definition: Trying Again.Retrieved from：http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2006/12/web_20_compact.html.
二、中文參考資料
王國川. (1998). 計劃行為理論各成份量表之設計, 發展與建立. 師大學報: 教育類.
伊慶, 李榮芝, & 張娣. (2018). “互聯網+” 模式下的移動健身應用研究. 山東體育科技, (4), 17.
肖崇好, & 黃希庭. (2009). 自我監控量表的比較研究. 心理科學(1), 74-76.
肖崇好. (2005). 自我監控理論評價. 心理科學, 28(4), 1010-1013.
肖崇好. (2005). 自我監控概念的重構. 心理科學進展, 13(2), 186-193.
封順天. (2014). 可穿戴設備發展現狀及趨勢. 資訊通信技術, 8(3), 52-57.
姬越.(2018), 互聯網+健身社交——以微信運動為例[J]. 新聞論壇,(06):81-82.
孫茜. (2006). Web2. 0 的含義, 特徵與應用研究 (Doctoral dissertation).
婁宇爽, & 李四達. (2018). 基於o2o智慧健身的服務模式研究. 藝術與設計(理論), v.2；No.374(07), 35-37.
常李豔, 華薇娜, 劉婧, 王雪芬, 潘雪蓮.（2019） 社交網站(SNS)中線上社會支持的研究現狀與趨勢分析[J]. 現代情報, 39(05):166-176.
許樹淵. (2003). 運動賽會管理. 師大書苑有限公司.
閆岩. (2014). 計畫行為理論的產生、發展和評述. 國際新聞界, 36(7), 113-129.
陳良乾（2014）運動賽會經營與管理
陳俊民. (2015). 青少年二維 [身體意象量表] 的編製. 嘉大體育健康休閒期刊, 14(3), 46-56.
陳紅衛, & 葉木華. (2010). 從馬斯洛的需要層次理論-談健身俱樂部的行銷戰略. 商場現代化, (603), 58-59.
程紹同. (2004). 運動賽會管理: 理論與實務. 揚智文化.
葉丹.(2016). 基於福柯“話語-權力”理論的健身人群身體形象建構研究——以社交網路健身自拍照為例. 暨南大學碩士論文
解登峰, & 謝章明. (2018). 自我監控:一種重要的社會認知特質. 寧波大學學報(教育科學版), 40(06), 33-39.
劉西成, 鄧朝華, & 殷平平. (2018). 微信作為運動社交產品對鍛煉行為的影響研究. 中國衛生統計, v.35(02), 88-90.
鍾才元, 楊政穎, 陳明終,& 劉晏廷. (2013) 網路社群之社會支持：以大學生 Facebook 使用者為例 臺灣網際網路研討會
顏美智, & 黃德祥. (2009). 高中職學生個人特質, 社會因素與身體意象之相關研究. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(2), 1-16.
三、英文參考資料
Abdelkrim, N. B., El Fazaa, S., & El Ati, J. (2007). Time–motion analysis and physiological data of elite under-19-year-old basketball players during competition. British journal of sports medicine, 41(2), 69-75.
Acero, R. M., Olmo, M. F. D., Sánchez, J. A., Otero, X. L., Aguado, X., & Rodríguez, F. A. (2011). Reliability of squat and countermovement jump tests in children 6 to 8 years of age. Pediatric exercise science, 23(1), 151-160.
Ahadzadeh, A. S., Sharif, S. P., & Ong, F. S. (2017). Self-schema and self-discrepancy mediate the influence of Instagram usage on body image satisfaction among youth. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 8-16.
Ajzen, I. (1985). From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior. Action Control, 11–39
Al-Eisa, E., Al-Rushud, A., Alghadir, A., Anwer, S., Al-Harbi, B., Al-Sughaier, N., ... & Al-Muhaysin, H. A. (2016). Effect of motivation by “Instagram” on adherence to physical activity among female college students. BioMed research international, 2016.
Al-Kandari, A. A., & Abdelaziz, Y. A. (2018). Selfie-taking motives and social psychological dispositions as predictors of selfie-related activities among university students in Kuwait. Mobile Media & Communication, 6(3), 291-308.
Al-Kandari, A. A., & Abdelaziz, Y. A. (2018). Selfie-taking motives and social psychological dispositions as predictors of selfie-related activities among university students in Kuwait. Mobile Media & Communication, 6(3), 291-308.
Alonso, R. A. (2012). U.S. Patent No. 8,289,185. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Altheide, D. L. (2000). Identity and the Definition of the Situation in a Mass‐Mediated Context. Symbolic interaction, 23(1), 1-27.
Andalibi, N., Ozturk, P., & Forte, A. (2017, February). Sensitive Self-disclosures, Responses, and Social Support on Instagram: the case of# depression. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work and social computing (pp. 1485-1500). ACM.
Aronson, E. (Ed.). (2003). Readings about the social animal. Macmillan.
Bagozzi, R. P., Lee, K. H., & Van Loo, M. F. (2001). Decisions to donate bone marrow: The role of attitudes and subjective norms across cultures. Psychology and Health, 16(1), 29-56.
Balsalobre-Fernández, C., Glaister, M., & Lockey, R. A. (2015). The validity and reliability of an iPhone app for measuring vertical jump performance. Journal of sports sciences, 33(15), 1574-1579.
Barrera Jr, M. (1986). Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. American journal of community psychology, 14(4), 413-445.
Barrera, M. (1986). Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. American journal of community psychology, 14(4), 413-445.
Barrick, M. R., Parks, L., & Mount, M. K. (2005). Self‐monitoring as a moderator of the relationships between personality traits and performance. Personnel Psychology, 58(3), 745-767.
Basil, M. D. (1996). Identification as a mediator of celebrity effects. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 40(4), 478-495.
Ben-Tovim, D. I., & Walker, M. K. (1991). The development of the Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ), a new measure of women's attitudes towards their own bodies. Psychological medicine, 21(3), 775-784.
Berkman, L. F., & Glass, T. (2000). Social integration, social networks, social support, and health. Social epidemiology, 1, 137-173.
Berkman, L. F., & Syme, S. L. (1979). Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: a nine-year follow-up study of Alameda County residents. American journal of Epidemiology, 109(2), 186-204.
Berkman, N. D., Davis, T. C., & McCormack, L. (2010). Health literacy: what is it?. Journal of health communication, 15(S2), 9-19.
Berndt, T. J. (1981). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child Development, 636-643.
Bolger, N., Zuckerman, A., & Kessler, R. C. (2000). Invisible support and adjustment to stress. Journal of personality and social psychology, 79(6), 953.
Bolger, N., Zuckerman, A., & Kessler, R. C. (2000). Invisible support and adjustment to stress. Journal of personality and social psychology, 79(6), 953.
Brock, T. C. (1967). Communication discrepancy and intent to persuade as determinants of counterargument production. Journal of experimental social psychology, 3(3), 296-309.
Brown, B. B., Bakken, J. P., Ameringer, S. W., & Mahon, S. D.(2008). A comprehensive conceptualization of the peer influence process in adolescence. New York, NY: Guilford Press
Burrow, A. L., & Rainone, N. (2017). How many likes did I get?: Purpose moderates links between positive social media feedback and self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 69, 232-236.
Buunk, A. P., & Gibbons, F. X. (2006). Social comparison orientation: A new perspective on those who do and those who don’t compare with others. Social comparison and social psychology: Understanding cognition, intergroup relations, and culture, 15-32.
Buunk, B. P. (1990). Affiliation and helping interactions within organizations: A critical analysis of the role of social support with regard to occupational stress. European review of social psychology, 1(1), 293-322.
Carman, T. (1999). The body in husserl and merleau-ponty. Philosophical topics, 27(2), 205-226.
Cheng, C. M., & Chartrand, T. L. (2003). Self-monitoring without awareness: using mimicry as a nonconscious affiliation strategy. Journal of personality and social psychology, 85(6), 1170.
Cialdini, R. B. (2007). Descriptive social norms as underappreciated sources of social control. Psychometrika, 72(2), 263.
Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of personality and social psychology, 58(6), 1015.
Cohen, S. (1988). Psychosocial models of the role of social support in the etiology of physical disease. Health psychology, 7(3), 269.
Cohen, S. (1988). Psychosocial models of the role of social support in the etiology of physical disease. Health psychology, 7(3), 269.
Cooper, C. L., & Antoniou, A. S. G. (Eds.). (2013). The Psychology of the Recession on the Workplace. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Cornwell, B. (2003). The dynamic properties of social support: Decay, growth, and staticity, and their effects on adolescent depression. Social forces, 81(3), 953-978.
Cramer, K. M., & Gruman, J. A. (2002). The Lennox and Wolfe revised self-monitoring scale: Latent structure and gender invariance. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(4), 627-637.
Davis, J. H. (1973). Group decision and social interaction: A theory of social decision schemes.
Duncan, M. J., Lyons, M., & Nevill, A. M. (2008). Evaluation of peak power prediction equations in male basketball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(4), 1379-1381.
Dwyer, D. B., & Gabbett, T. J. (2012). Global positioning system data analysis: Velocity ranges and a new definition of sprinting for field sport athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(3), 818-824.
Elek, E., Miller-Day, M., & Hecht, M. L. (2006). Influences of personal, injunctive, and descriptive norms on early adolescent substance use. Journal of Drug Issues, 36(1), 147-172.
Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P. C., Vartanian, L. R., & Halliwell, E. (2015). Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women's body image concerns and mood. Body image, 13, 38-45.
Feng, Y., & Xie, W. (2015). Digital divide 2.0: the role of social networking sites in seeking health information online from a longitudinal perspective. Journal of health communication, 20(1), 60-68.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1977). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research.
Fogg, B. J. (2009, April). A behavior model for persuasive design. In Proceedings of the 4th international Conference on Persuasive Technology (p. 40). ACM.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
Fortin, D. R., & Dholakia, R. R. (2005). Interactivity and vividness effects on social presence and involvement with a web-based advertisement. Journal of business research, 58(3), 387-396.
Foucault, M. (1988). Technologies of the self: A seminar with Michel Foucault. Univ of Massachusetts Press.
Fried, Y., & Tiegs, R. B. (1993). The main effect model versus buffering model of shop steward social support: A study of rank‐and‐file auto workers in the USA. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(5), 481-493.
Gane, M. J. (Ed.). (2002). Radical Sociology of Durkheim and Mauss. Routledge.
Giglietto, F. (2012). If likes were votes: An empirical study on the 2011 italian administrative elections. In Sixth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media.
Godin, G., Conner, M., & Sheeran, P. (2005). Bridging the intention–behaviour gap: The role of moral norm. British journal of social psychology, 44(4), 497-512.
Goffman, E. (2017). Asylums: Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates. Routledge.
Goffman, Erving. （1959）The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Doubleday and Anchor Books
Hall, S. (2001). Foucault: Power, knowledge and discourse. Discourse theory and practice: A reader, 72, 81.
Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling.
Hayes, A. F., Montoya, A. K., & Rockwood, N. J. (2017). The analysis of mechanisms and their contingencies: PROCESS versus structural equation modeling. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 25(1), 76-81.
Hayes, R. A., Carr, C. T., & Wohn, D. Y. (2016). One click, many meanings: Interpreting paralinguistic digital affordances in social media. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 60(1), 171-187.
Hewitt, J. P., & Shulman, D. (1979). Self and society: A symbolic interactionist social psychology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Higgins, E. T. (1989). Self-discrepancy theory: What patterns of self-beliefs cause people to suffer?. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 22, pp. 93-136). Academic Press.
Higgins, J. P. (2016). Smartphone Applications for Patients’ Health and Fitness. The American Journal of Medicine, 129(1), 11–19.
Hoffman, L., & Joseph, M. (2003).A Multivariate Statistical Analysis of the NBA.
Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of psychosomatic research.
Hu, F., & Zidek, J. V. (2004). Forecasting NBA basketball playoff outcomes using the weighted likelihood. In A Festschrift for Herman Rubin (pp. 385-395). Institute of Mathematical Statistics.
Johnson, M. B. (2002). The relationship between self-monitoring and successful ingratiation (Doctoral dissertation).
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2009). The fairyland of Second Life: Virtual social worlds and how to use them. Business horizons, 52(6), 563-572.
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business horizons, 53(1), 59-68.
Kaplan, B. H., Cassel, J. C., & Gore, S. (1977). Social support and health. Medical care, 15(5), 47-58.
Kaplan, B. H., Cassel, J. C., & Gore, S. (1977). Social support and health. Medical care, 15(5), 47-58.
Kim, D. H., Seely, N. K., & Jung, J. H. (2017). Do you prefer, Pinterest or Instagram? The role of image-sharing SNSs and self-monitoring in enhancing ad effectiveness. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 535-543.
Kim, M. S. (1999). Self-monitoring, and individual expectation of performance-norms in sport teams. Perceptual and motor skills, 89(3_suppl), 1129-1132.
King, A. C., Blair, S. N., Bild, D. E., Dishman, R. K., Dubbert, P. M., Marcus, B. H., ... & Yeager, K. K. (1992). Determinants of physical activity and interventions in adults. Medicine & science in sports & exercise.
Kirschenbaum, D. S., Ordman, A. M., Tomarken, A. J., & Holtzbauer, R. (1982). Effects of differential self-monitoring and level of mastery on sports performance: Brain power bowling. Cognitive therapy and Research, 6(3), 335-341.
Koliska, M., & Roberts, J. (2015). Selfies| selfies: Witnessing and participatory journalism with a point of view. International Journal of Communication, 9, 14.
Kuhl, J. (1985). Volitional mediators of cognition-behavior consistency: Self-regulatory processes and action versus state orientation. In Action control (pp. 101-128). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Lee, E., Lee, J. A., Moon, J. H., & Sung, Y. (2015). Pictures speak louder than words: Motivations for using Instagram. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(9), 552-556.
Lee, E., Lee, J. A., Moon, J. H., & Sung, Y. (2015). Pictures speak louder than words: Motivations for using Instagram. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(9), 552-556.
Leibenstein, H. (1950). Bandwagon, snob, and Veblen effects in the theory of consumers' demand. The quarterly journal of economics, 64(2), 183-207.
Lenhart, A., Rainie, L., & Lewis, O. (2001). Teenage life online: The rise of the instant-message generation and the Internet's impact on friendships and family relationships.
Lennox, R. D., & Wolfe, R. N. (1984). Revision of the self-monitoring scale.
Levordashka, A., Utz, S., & Ambros, R. (2016, March). What’s in a like? Motivations for pressing the like button. In Tenth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media.
Li, F., & Zhang, Y. (1998). Measuring self-monitoring ability and propensity: a two-dimensional Chinese scale. The Journal of social psychology, 138(6), 758-765.
Liang, T. P., Ho, Y. T., Li, Y. W., & Turban, E. (2011). What drives social commerce: The role of social support and relationship quality. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 16(2), 69-90.
Litrownik, A. J., & Freitas, J. L. (1980). Self-monitoring in moderately retarded adolescents: Reactivity and accuracy as a function of valence. Behavior Therapy, 11(2), 245-255.
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological review, 50(4), 370.
Maslow, A. H. (1948). “Higher” and “lower” needs. The journal of psychology, 25(2), 433-436.
Meyers, A. W., Schleser, R., Cooke, C. J., & Cuvillier, C. (1979). Cognitive contributions to the development of gymnastics skills. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 3(1), 75-85.
Miller, L. M. S., & Bell, R. A. (2012). Online health information seeking: The influence of age, information trustworthiness, and search challenges. Journal of Aging and Health, 24(3), 525-541.
Monroe, S. M., & Steiner, S. C. (1986). Social support and psychopathology: interrelations with preexisting disorder, stress, and personality. Journal of abnormal psychology, 95(1), 29.
Monroe, S. M., & Steiner, S. C. (1986). Social support and psychopathology: interrelations with preexisting disorder, stress, and personality. Journal of abnormal psychology, 95(1), 29.
Parks-Leduc, L., Pattie, M. W., Pargas, F., & Eliason, R. G. (2014). Self-monitoring as an aggregate construct: Relationships with personality and values. Personality and individual differences, 58, 3-8.
Peng, C. T., Wu, T. Y., Chen, Y., & Atkin, D. J. (2019). Comparing and modeling via social media: The social influences of fitspiration on male instagram users’ work out intention. Computers in Human Behavior, 99, 156-167.
Pereira, A., Izquierdo, M., Silva, A. J., Costa, A. M., Bastos, E., González-Badillo, J. J., & Marques, M. C. (2012). Effects of high-speed power training on functional capacity and muscle performance in older women. Experimental gerontology, 47(3), 250-255.
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In Communication and persuasion (pp. 1-24). Springer, New York, NY.
Pittman, M., & Reich, B. (2016). Social media and loneliness: Why an Instagram picture may be worth more than a thousand Twitter words. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 155-167.
Powell, E., Wang-Hall, J., Bannister, J. A., Colera, E., & Lopez, F. G. (2018). Attachment security and social comparisons as predictors of Pinterest users’ body image concerns. Computers in Human Behavior, 83, 221-229.
Rebedew, D. (2015). Myfitnesspal. Family practice management, 22(2), 31-31.
Reifegerste, D., & Rossmann, C. (2017). Promoting physical activity with group pictures. Affiliation-based visual communication for high-risk populations. Health communication, 32(2), 161-168.
Reifegerste, D., & Rossmann, C. (2017). Promoting physical activity with group pictures. Affiliation-based visual communication for high-risk populations. Health communication, 32(2), 161-168.
Reno, R. R., Cialdini, R. B., & Kallgren, C. A. (1993). The transsituational influence of social norms. Journal of personality and social psychology, 64(1), 104.
Ridgway, J. L., & Clayton, R. B. (2016). Instagram unfiltered: Exploring associations of body image satisfaction, Instagram# selfie posting, and negative romantic relationship outcomes. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(1), 2-7.
Ridgway, J. L., & Clayton, R. B. (2016). Instagram unfiltered: Exploring associations of body image satisfaction, Instagram# selfie posting, and negative romantic relationship outcomes. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(1), 2-7..
Rini, C., Manne, S., DuHamel, K., Austin, J., Ostroff, J., Boulad, F., ... & Sexson, S. (2008). Social support from family and friends as a buffer of low spousal support among mothers of critically ill children: A multilevel modeling approach. Health Psychology, 27(5), 593.
Rivis, A., & Sheeran, P. (2003). Social influences and the theory of planned behaviour: Evidence for a direct relationship between prototypes and young people's exercise behaviour. Psychology and Health, 18(5), 567-583.
Rodacki, A. L. F., Fowler, N. E., & Bennett, S. J. (2002). Vertical jump coordination: fatigue effects. Medicine & Science in sports & exercise, 34(1), 105-116.
Rote, A. E., Klos, L. A., Brondino, M. J., Harley, A. E., & Swartz, A. M. (2015). The efficacy of a walking intervention using social media to increase physical activity: a randomized trial. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 12(6 Suppl 1), S18-S25.
Sannicolas, N. (1997). Erving Goffman, dramaturgy, and on-line relationships. Cibersociology. Site.
Schaller, M., & Cialdini, R. B. (1988). The economics of empathic helping: Support for a mood management motive. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24(2), 163-181.
Schultz, P. W., Nolan, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2007). The constructive, destructive, and reconstructive power of social norms. Psychological science, 18(5), 429-434.
Schyns, B. (2001). The relationship between employees’ self-monitoring and occupational self-efficacy and transformational leadership. Current research in social psychology., 7(3), 30-42.
Sevón, G. (1996). Organizational imitation in identity transformation. Translating organizational change, 56.
Sheldon, P., & Bryant, K. (2016). Instagram: Motives for its use and relationship to narcissism and contextual age. Computers in human Behavior, 58, 89-97.
Sheldon, P., Rauschnabel, P. A., Antony, M. G., & Car, S. (2017). A cross-cultural comparison of Croatian and American social network sites: Exploring cultural differences in motives for Instagram use. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 643-651.
Sherman, L. E., Payton, A. A., Hernandez, L. M., Greenfield, P. M., & Dapretto, M. (2016). The power of the like in adolescence: Effects of peer influence on neural and behavioral responses to social media. Psychological science, 27(7), 1027-1035.
Snyder, M. (1974). Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology, 30(4), 526.
Snyder, M. (1979). Self-monitoring processes. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 85-128). Academic Press.
Sparks, P., & Shepherd, R. (1992). Self-identity and the theory of planned behavior: Assesing the role of identification with" green consumerism". Social psychology quarterly, 388-399.
Spartz, J. T., Su, L. Y. F., Griffin, R., Brossard, D., & Dunwoody, S. (2017). YouTube, social norms and perceived salience of climate change in the American mind. Environmental Communication, 11(1), 1-16.
Spencer, M., Lawrence, S., Rechichi, C., Bishop, D., Dawson, B., & Goodman, C. (2004). Time–motion analysis of elite field hockey, with special reference to repeated-sprint activity. Journal of sports sciences, 22(9), 843-850.
Ståhl, T., Rütten, A., Nutbeam, D., Bauman, A., Kannas, L., Abel, T., ... & Van Der Zee, J. (2001). The importance of the social environment for physically active lifestyle—results from an international study. Social science & medicine, 52(1), 1-10.
Teixeira, V., Voci, S. M., Mendes-Netto, R. S., & da Silva, D. G. (2017). The relative validity of a food record using the smartphone application MyFitnessPal. Nutrition & Dietetics, 75(2), 219–225.
Terry, D. J., Hogg, M. A., & White, K. M. (1999). The theory of planned behaviour: self‐identity, social identity and group norms. British journal of social psychology, 38(3), 225-244.
Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological review, 96(3), 506.
Turkle,& Sherry (1995). Life on the screen: identity in the age of the Internet. New York: Simon & Schuster. 347pp. Cognitive Studies, 3(3), 3_99-3_100.
Uchino, B. N. (2006). Social support and health: a review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes. Journal of behavioral medicine, 29(4), 377-387.
VanMeter, R. A., Grisaffe, D. B., & Chonko, L. B. (2015). Of “likes” and “pins”: The effects of consumers' attachment to social media. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 32, 70-88.
Vogels, E. A. (2018). Loving oneself: The associations among sexually explicit media, body image, and perceived realism. The Journal of Sex Research, 1-13.
Walker, S. N., Sechrist, K. R., & Pender, N. J. (1995). Health promotion model-instruments to measure health promoting lifestyle: Health-promoting lifestyle profile [HPLP II](Adult version).
Walther, J. B. (1996). Computer-mediated communication: Impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction. Communication research, 23(1), 3-43.
Wang, C. S., & Wang, C. H. (2004). The revision of the translated multidimensional body-self relations questionnaire. 臺灣運動心理學報, (5), 101-126.
Whelan, J. P., Mahoney, M. J., & Meyers, A. W. (1991). Performance enhancement in sport: A cognitive behavioral domain. Behavior Therapy, 22(3), 307-327.
Zhao, S. (2005). The digital self: Through the looking glass of telecopresent others. Symbolic interaction, 28(3), 387-405.
Zimmerman, B. J., & Kitsantas, A. (1996). Self-regulated learning of a motoric skill: The role of goal setting and self-monitoring. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 8(1), 60-75.