臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

環境中大量的塑膠微粒因人類的生產和使用而日俱增，這些微粒可被進一步分解成塑膠奈粒，而難以被廢水處理和攔截。除此之外，塑膠奈粒容易與生物長期接觸，可能會干擾生物能量攝取並對其生長與生殖造成影響。為釐清塑膠奈粒對於環境生物的衝擊，本研究選用聚苯乙烯(polystyrene, PS)為塑膠奈粒，大水蚤(Daphnia magna)為試驗生物，以7天能量分配(dynamic energy budget, DEB)與21天慢毒性試驗評估不同濃度塑膠奈粒對水蚤的生長、繁殖及能量分配的關聯性。結果顯示PS塑膠奈粒對水蚤21日半致死濃度(LC50)和半數生殖抑制濃度(IC50)分別為8.74 mg/L與5.24 mg/L，均具有一定程度上的生殖抑制毒性。研究結果發現，PS塑膠奈粒濃度在7.5 mg/L以上，不僅會促使水蚤蛻皮頻率增加，也會造成水蚤母代與子代體長變短，並延緩第一代水蚤子代產出時間和總子代數量減少。水蚤的能量分配評估結果也顯示當PS塑膠奈粒濃度為7.5–8.5 mg/L，即會造成能量中斷，進而使得水蚤停止繁殖；PS塑膠奈粒會干擾水蚤能量的攝取與額外增加蛻皮的能量，而抑制水蚤的生長與繁殖能力，長期暴露下會對水環境生物具有潛在危害性。

The existence of plastic particles (microplastics) in the aquatic environment are generally originated from human production and use. These microplastics can be further decomposed into nanoplastic particles, which are difficult to intercept and prone to contact with organisms for a long time. Besides, those nanoplastics can interfere with the energy intake, growth and reproduction of organisms. In order to clarify the impact of nanoplastics on organisms, this study investigated the correlation of the concentration of polystyrene (PS) nanoplastics on the growth, reproduction and energy budget of Daphnia magna by conducting 7-day dynamic energy budget (DEB) and 21-day chronic toxicity tests. The 21d-LC50 and 21d-IC50 of Daphnia magna were found to be 8.74 mg/L and 5.24 mg/L, respectively. The results of the chronic toxicity test showed that the body length of daphnids and their first generation of progeny became shorter when the concentration of PS nanoplastics was over 7.5 mg/L. However, the molting frequency of daphnids was increased. In addition, PS nanoplastics delayed the production time of the first-generation progeny as well as reduced the total number of offspring. The energy budget evaluation revealed that there was an energy interruption, which stopped the propagation of daphnids when the concentration of PS nanoplastics ranged between 7.5–8.5 mg/L. In summary, PS nanoplastics would induce the significant growth and reproduction inhibition of daphnids due to the reduction of the energy intake and the assimilation energy with increasing molting energy. Hence, nanoplastics would have far-reaching implications in ecological toxicity as the long-term exposure.

摘 要 I
Abstract II
致 謝 IV
目 錄 VII
表目錄 IX
圖目錄 X
第一章 前 言 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究目的與項目 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1 塑膠奈粒的環境流布與毒性 3
2.1.1 塑膠奈粒的組成及特性 3
2.1.2 塑膠奈粒在環境中的傳輸 5
2.1.3 塑膠奈粒的生態毒性 6
2.2 水蚤特性及其在毒性試驗的應用 9
2.2.1 水蚤種類與外觀 9
2.2.2 水蚤生長特性與生殖方式 11
2.2.3 水蚤於毒性試驗之應用 12
2.3 塑膠奈粒對水蚤的毒性效應 14
2.4 能量分配對水蚤生長與生殖的影響 16
第三章 研究方法 19
3.1 研究架構 19
3.2 含塑膠奈粒之試驗水樣配製 21
3.3 塑膠奈粒表面特性分析 22
3.4 水蚤慢毒性試驗與流程 24
3.4.1 水蚤飼養 24
3.4.2 水蚤毒性試驗流程 25
3.4.3 水蚤觀察終點之判定 27
3.4.4 水蚤能量分配評估 29
3.5 數據分析 34
第四章 結果與討論 35
4.1 塑膠奈粒表面特性 35
4.1.1 塑膠奈粒特性的表面型態與粒徑 35
4.1.2 PS塑膠奈粒表面官能基 37
4.2 塑膠奈粒影響水蚤生殖毒性 39
4.2.1 塑膠奈粒對水蚤的致死與生殖抑制濃度 39
4.2.2 塑膠奈粒濃度對水蚤的生長影響 41
4.2.3 塑膠奈粒對水蚤的繁殖毒性效應 47
4.3 塑膠奈粒對水蚤能量分配影響 50
4.3.1 PS濃度對水蚤同化率和維持率的關係 51
4.3.2 PS濃度對水蚤生長和繁殖能量的關係 53
第五章 結論與建議 56
5.1 結論 56
5.2 建議 56
參考文獻 57

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