跳到主要內容

臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

(18.97.9.170) 您好!臺灣時間:2024/12/06 03:40
字體大小: 字級放大   字級縮小   預設字形  
回查詢結果 :::

詳目顯示

: 
twitterline
研究生:廖曼庭
研究生(外文):Liao, Man-Ting
論文名稱:自駕車資料法制之比較研究
論文名稱(外文):Comparative Study of Data Regulation in Autonomous Vehicle
指導教授:莊弘鈺莊弘鈺引用關係
指導教授(外文):Chuang, Hung-Yu
口試委員:李崇僖陳誌雄
口試委員(外文):Lee, Chung HsiChen, Chih-hsiung
口試日期:2020-07-07
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立交通大學
系所名稱:科技法律研究所
學門:法律學門
學類:專業法律學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2020
畢業學年度:108
語文別:中文
論文頁數:156
中文關鍵詞:自駕車無人車聯網車先進駕駛輔助系統資料保護資料搜集隱私權車輛資料
外文關鍵詞:Autonomous VehicleSelf-Driving CarConnected VehicleAdvanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS)Data ProtectionData CollectionPrivacyVehicle Information
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:2
  • 點閱點閱:603
  • 評分評分:
  • 下載下載:68
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:1
自動駕駛技術依其自動化的程度可以分為許多等級,從目前已經被廣泛使用的碰撞預警系統到如同電影中未來世界所有車輛皆會自動行駛的場景都屬於自動駕駛技術的其中一個環節。在車輛上的應用範圍廣使其具有高度的發展性,且在不久的將來道路交通以自動駕駛之車輛為主亦非難以想像之事,種種因素下自動駕駛技術已經成為炙手可熱的新興科技。
自駕車技術仰賴眾多的感測器取代人類眼睛之工作,並配合上人工智慧演算法,利用感測器所回報之數據計算出正確的操作。這些感測器所收集之資料具有不可或缺之地位,然而其中完整的資料蒐集問題卻僅有零星的討論,更遑論法規層面能有全面的規範。各國目前響應自駕車產業的發展多有相對應的政策、指南或是已訂立出法律,然而其中針對資料蒐集議題之規範不僅屈指可數,且在自駕車資料蒐集議題未被完整的暸解與討論之前亦容易有所缺漏。在自駕車成為普及的交通運輸前,解決自駕車資料蒐集議題不僅可以確保公共之利益以及私人之權益受到保障,同時也是促使廠商能有遵循的依據,並增加人民對新興產業的信任與信賴。
有鑒於我國於2018年通過《無人載具科技創新實驗條例》,目前自駕車已進入測試之階段,因此本文擬透過相關文獻先行定義出自駕車資料蒐集之議題,其後透過分析與比較各國相關討論、指南、法規與草案等針對自駕車資料蒐集議題提出管制之利與弊,以期未來在我國自駕車資料蒐集議題之立法上能夠貢獻出綿薄之力。本文也增加了實證研究中的質性訪談,透過與產業與學術界之專家學者深入對談以增添更加不同角度之見解與看法,以期能夠提出實質有效的結論與建議。
Technology of autonomous driving spans over many levels of automation, ranging from the widely-used collision avoidance systems in contemporary vehicles to the futuristic visions in scientific fictions where self-driving cars dominate human mobility. The rich applicability of autonomous driving technology highlights its great potential in the industry, and it is not unimaginable that autonomous vehicles will become our major style of transportation in the near future. Techniques of autonomous driving have, therefore, grown into a huge excitement in modern technology.
Autonomous vehicles rely on numerous sensors to gather real-time data, where these data are fed into artificial intelligent algorithms to produce accurate manipulations that have been made through human sensations. As a result, data collected from the sensors play an essential role in autonomous driving. However, there has only been occasional discussion around the data collection problem in autonomous driving, and its legitimate regulations are far from complete. Despite existing policies, guidelines and regulations in different countries in response to the prospering industrial development of autonomous vehicles, few of them have addressed the issue of data collection, and these regulations can likely be incomprehensive without detailed investigations and disputes. It is yet crucial to have a thorough understanding of the data collection issue prior to the foreseeable extensive spread of autonomous vehicles, which will ensure protection of public interests and individual rights, provide specific guidelines for manufacturers, and elevate people’s confidence and trusts in the emerging industry.
Given that Taiwan has newly added the Unmanned Vehicles Technology Innovative Experiment Act, autonomous vehicles have already entered their testing phase in the country. This thesis first outlines the issue data collection issue in autonomous vehicles from existing literature. Second, this thesis compares discussion, guidelines, regulations and bills from different countries regarding data collection in autonomous driving technology. It also analyzes their strengths and weaknesses, with anticipation to contribute to Taiwan’s forthcoming legislation on the focal data collection issue. Lastly, this thesis incorporates qualitative research to arrive at practical suggestions on resolving the data collection issue, through the diverse lens of experts from academia and the autonomous driving industry.
摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iv
表次 vii
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 前言 1
第二節 問題意識 2
第三節 研究動機 3
第四節 研究目的 4
第五節 研究方法 5
一、文獻回顧法 5
二、實證研究法 5
第六節 研究限制 6
第七節 研究架構 6
第二章 文獻回顧 8
第一節 自駕車之技術與發展 8
第二節 自駕車相關法制現況 10
第三節 自駕車可能面臨之困境 11
第四節 自駕車在資訊蒐集層面上之問題 12
一、私人企業使用自駕車資料 13
二、政府使用自駕車資料 15
三、其他可能引發之問題 15
(一)資料使用目的之差異 16
(二)資料上傳、儲存與傳輸 16
(三)自駕車應用於租賃、共享經濟與共享汽車 18
(四)資料所有權(控制權)之問題 18
第五節 小結 19
第三章 各國自動駕駛車輛規範 21
第一節 美國 21
一、聯邦規範 21
(一)聯邦自動駕駛車輛政策指引(FAVP) 22
(二)自動駕駛法案 27
(三)啟動自駕車法案 28
(四)車輛安全與隱私法案 30
(五)駕駛隱私法(Driver Privacy Act) 32
二、各州規範 33
(一)加州《消費者車輛資料選擇與控制法案》 34
(二)加州車輛法規(Vehicle Code) 35
三、自律規範 38
(一)消費者隱私保護原則 38
(二)IEEE道德設計指南 40
第二節 歐洲 42
一、歐盟 42
(一)阿姆斯特丹宣言 42
(二)第38屆國際資料保護及隱私委員會議 42
(三)協同式智慧運輸系統 44
(四)機器人民法規則建議報告 45
(五)在聯網車與相關應用程式下之個人資料處理指南 46
二、德國 48
(一)道路交通法第八修正案 50
(二)聯網與自動駕駛道德委員會 51
三、自律規範 53
第三節 新加坡 54
一、自駕車相關政策與立法發展現況 54
二、自駕車資料蒐集相關規範 56
第四節 中國 57
一、自駕車相關政策與立法發展現況 57
二、北京市自駕車相關規範 59
三、北京市、上海市、重慶市與全國性自駕車規範比較 60
(一)全面性之比較 60
(二)資料蒐集相關規範之比較 60
第五節 我國 63
第六節 小結 65
第四章 自動駕駛車輛資料蒐集法規比較 66
第一節 消費者隱私保護議題 67
第二節 租賃、共享經濟與共享汽車 68
第三節 資料所有權(控制權) 69
第四節 事件與事故等資料記錄 70
第五節 資料共享與資料庫 73
第六節 資料儲存時間 74
第七節 一般資料保護規則(GDPR)適用可能性 75
第八節 我國個人資料保護法適用的可能性 77
第九節 小結 79
第五章 實證研究—質性訪談 81
第一節 質性訪談之目的 81
第二節 質性研究方法 81
一、紮根理論 81
二、受訪對象之選擇 82
三、訪談流程與後續資料處理 82
第三節 質性訪談結果 83
一、開放式編碼 83
二、主軸編碼 88
三、選擇編碼 94
(一)自駕車資料運用之體系 95
(二)個人資料的保護 96
(三)提升自駕車準備程度 97
第四節 小結 98
第六章 結論與建議 100
參考文獻 103
附錄 訪談逐字稿 111
中文書籍
李開復,王詠剛,《人工智慧來了》,天下文化出版,台灣(2017)。
劉少山,唐潔,吳雙,李力耘,《無人駕駛真的來了:第一本從技術面深入的實作書》,佳魁資訊出版,台灣(2018)。
財團法人資訊工業策進會科技法律研究所編,《自駕車的第一本法律書》,書泉出版,台灣(2018)。
張陳弘、莊植寧,《新時代之個人資料保護法制:歐盟GDPR與臺灣個人資料保護法的比較說明》,新學林出版,台灣(2019)。
林淑馨,《質性研究:理論與實務》,巨流圖書公司出版,台灣(2010)。
中文期刊
潘俊良,〈自駕車之發展與挑戰-以德國法制為借鑒〉,《科技法律透析》,第30卷第12期,頁48-72,2018年12月。
谢一驰,〈我国自动驾驶汽车法律规制探析〉,《北京工业大学学报(社会科学版)》,第18卷第6期,頁72-77,2018年11月。
刘骏,〈制度创新如何面对自动驾驶——基于道路测试制度的观察与反思〉,《中国科技论坛》,第7期,頁44-60,2019年7月。
唐安然,〈自动驾驶汽车行政规制的域外借鉴〉,《山西警察学院学报》,第27卷第2期,頁45-50,2019年4月。
孙文玲、林于凯,〈自动驾驶车辆所涉法制议题研析——以台湾地区“无人载具科技创新实验条例”为例〉,《武陵学刊》,第44卷第4期,頁54-59,2019年7月。
洪揚,〈我國自動駕駛車輛申請道路測試規定介紹〉,《車安通訊季刊》,第108-03期,頁35-40,2019年3月。
張陳弘,〈個人資料之認定―個人資料保護法適用之啟動閥〉,《法令月刊》,第67卷第5期,頁67-101,2016年5月。
其他中文參考文獻
李珣瑛,工研院攜手新竹市府 自駕車南寮首航,聯合新聞網:https://udn.com/news/story/7241/4118955(最後點閱時間:2020年6月23日)。
李綱,自動駕駛技術的歷史、現況及未來展望,台大機械系電子報第12期第1卷:http://www.me.ntu.edu.tw/epaper/20190331/index_004-2.html(最後點閱時間:2020年4月20日)
新加坡LTA與NTU及JTC共同宣布建立新加坡第一個自駕車測試中心,資訊工業策進會科技法律研究所:https://stli.iii.org.tw/article-detail.aspx?tp=5&i=2&d=7975&no=57 (最後點閱時間:2019年9月24日)
智慧運輸系統發展建設計畫,行政院:https://www.ey.gov.tw/Goals/4BDAC992C15E36DA(最後點閱時間:2019年10月3日)
劉家岳,誰說一定要買車!共享汽車時代來臨,Zipcar、iRent、Unicar 三強解析,isCar:http://iscarmg.com/index.php/hottest/hot-talk/47466-carshare-2018-04-20(最後點閱時間:2019年10月17日)。
洪美秀,全台第1輛掛牌自駕車 10月開上新竹漁港馬路,自由時報:https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/2909435(最後點閱時間:2019年10月8日)
Shervin Shahidi Hamedani,2017日本汽車進出口統計分析,FASTENER WORLD: https://www.fastener-world.com/ebook/page_rwd.php?sect=FW_170_C&p=53&m=0(最後點閱時間:2019年10月7日)
陳梅英,歐盟最嚴個資法GDPR 明天上路,自由時報:https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/focus/paper/1203274(最後點閱時間:2019年11月13日)
Zipcar 如何運作,Zipcar:https://www.zipcar.com.tw/how(最後點閱時間:2019年10月7日)。
立法院法案評估,無人載具科技創新實驗條例草案,立法院:https://www.ly.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=6588&pid=174512(最後點閱時間:2019年10月3日)
「台灣智駕測試實驗室」啟動,科技部在臺南沙崙打造自駕車研發生態聚落,國家實驗研究室: https://www.narlabs.org.tw/tw/xmdoc/cont?xsmsid=0I148622737263495777&sid=0J056552148023934022(最後點閱時間:2019年10月3日)
王凱嵐,新加坡無人車測試之法制配套評析,資訊工業策進會科技法律研究所:https://stli.iii.org.tw/article-detail.aspx?tp=3&i=74&d=7840&no=66 (最後點閱時間:2019年9月25日)
国务院关于印发新一代人工智能发展规划的通知,中華人民共和國中央人民政府: (2019/10/2)http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-07/20/content_5211996.htm(最後點閱時間:2019年10月2日)
張仙平,美國自動駕駛法規立法趨勢,拓墣產業研究所: https://www.topology.com.tw/DataContent/report/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E9%A7%95%E9%A7%9B%E6%B3%95%E8%A6%8F%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E8%B6%A8%E5%8B%A2/14533/ (最後點閱時間:2019年6月24日)。
飛行記錄器,維基百科:https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C%E7%B4%80%E9%8C%84%E5%84%80(最後點閱時間:2019年9月5日)
北京市交通委员会、北京市公安局公安交通管理局、北京市经济和信息化局关于印发《北京市自动驾驶车辆测试道路管理办法(试行)》的通知,北京市交通委員會: http://jtw.beijing.gov.cn/xxgk/zxgkxx1/201912/t20191231_1549892.html (最後點閱時間:2019年10月2日)
北京市要求:自动驾驶车辆需在五环外选择测试道路,凤凰网财经,http://finance.ifeng.com/c/7pj99arvbGQ(最後點閱時間:2019年10月1日)
無人計程車載客,新加坡上路,科技新報: https://technews.tw/2016/08/25/nutonomy-self-driving-taxi/(最後點閱時間:2019年10月17日)
Lyft、Waymo 鳳凰城合推自駕載客,中時電子報: https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20190509000282-260203?chdtv(最後點閱時間:2019年10月17日)
英文論文集
Hans P. Moravec, The Stanford Cart and the CMU Rover, in AUTONOMOUS ROBOT VEHICLES 407, (Ingemar J. Cox & Gordon T. Wilfong ed., 1990).
Christian M. Theissen, The New German Bill on Automated Vehicles – and the Resulting Liability Changes, in INTERNATIONALES STUTTGARTER SYMPOSIUM: AUTOMOBIL- UND MOTORENTECHNIK 437, (Michael Bargende, Hans-Christian Reuss & Jochen Wiedemann ed., 2018).
Patrick Lin, Why Ethics Matters for Autonomous Cars, in AUTONOMES FAHREN 69 (Markus Maurer, J. Christian Gerdes, Barbara Lenz, Hermann Winner ed., 2015).
英文期刊
Chasel Lee, Grabbing the Wheel Early: Moving Forward on Cybersecurity and Privacy Protections for Driverless Cars, 69 FED. COMM. L. J. 25 (2017).
Emma Poole, Navigating Driverless Cars, 6/2014 WIPO MAG. 11 (2014).
Spencer A. Mathews, When Rubber Meets the Road: Balancing Innovation and Public Safety in the Regulation of Self-Driving Cars, 61 B.C. L. REV. 295 (2020).
Jessica S. Brodsky, Autonomous Vehicle Regulation: How an Uncertain Legal Landscape May Hit the Brakes on Self-Driving Cars, 31 BERKELEY TECH. L. J. 851 (2016).
Jean-François Bonnefon, Azim Shariff & Iyad Rahwan, The Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles, 352 SCIENCE 1573 (2016).
Christoph, Luetge, The German Ethics Code for Automated and Connected Driving, 30 PHILOS. & TECHNOL. 547 (2017).
Michael Mattioli, Autonomy in the Age of Autonomous Vehicles, 24 B.U. J. SCI. & TECH. L. 277 (2018).
William J. Kohler & Alex Colbert-Taylor, Current Law and Potential Legal Issues Pertaining to Automated, Autonomous and Connected Vehicles, 31 SANTA CLARA HIGH TECH. L. J. 99 (2015).
Dorothy J. Glancy, Robert W. Peterson & Kyle F. Graham, A Look at the Legal Environment for Driverless Vehicles, 69 LEGAL RES. DIG. 3 (2016).
Emilio Longoria, Invisible, but Not Transparent: An Analysis of the Data Privacy Issues That Could Be Implicated by the Widespread Use of Connected Vehicles, 28 ALB. L.J. SCI. & TECH. 1 (2017).
Jesse Krompier, Safety First: The Case for Mandatory Data Sharing as a Federal Safety Standard, 2017 J. oF L., TECH. & POL’Y 439 (2017).
Benjamin L. Bollinger, The Security and Privacy in Your Car Act: Will It Actually Protect You?, 18 N. CAROLINA J. OF L. & TECH. 214 (2017).
Aída Ponce Del Castillo, A Law on Robotics and Artificial Intelligence in the EU?, 2 FORESIGHT BRIEF 1 (2017).
Samuel D. Warren & Louis D. Brandeis, The Right to Privacy, 4 HARV. L. REV. 193 (1890).
其他英文參考文獻
40+ Corporations Working On Autonomous Vehicles, CB INSIGHTS, https://www.cbinsights.com/research/autonomous-driverless-vehicles-corporations-list/ (last visited: Jun. 23,2020).
20 Largest Robotics Investments During 1st Half Of 2019, THE ROBOT REPORT, https://www.therobotreport.com/20-largest-robotics-investments-half-of-2019/ (last visited: Jun. 23, 2020).
Lyft to Offer Waymo Self-Driving Taxis in Suburban Phoenix, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, https://www.wsj.com/articles/lyft-to-offer-waymo-self-driving-taxis-in-suburban-phoenix-11557259648 (last visited: Jun. 23,2020).
Autonomous Vehicles: US Legal and Regulatory Landscape, DENTONS, https://www.dentons.com/en/insights/guides-reports-and-whitepapers/2019/july/31/autonomous-vehicles-us-legal-and-regulatory-landscape (last visited: Jun. 23,2020).
Optimus Ride Launches New York State’s First Commercial Self-Driving Vehicle System at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, OPTIMUS RIDE, https://www.optimusride.com/press/optimus-ride-launches-new-york-states-first-commercial-self-driving-vehicle-system-at-the-brooklyn-navy-yard (last visited: Jun. 23,2020).
Aarian Marshall& Alex Davies, Uber’s Self-Driving Car Didn’t Know Pedestrians Could Jaywalk, WIRED, https://www.wired.com/story/ubers-self-driving-car-didnt-know-pedestrians-could-jaywalk/ (last visited: Jun. 23, 2020).
Tom Vanderbilt, Autonomous Cars Through the Ages, WIRED, https://www.wired.com/2012/02/autonomous-vehicle-history/ (last visited: Apr. 20, 2020).
Who We Are, EUROPEAN AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, https://www.acea.be/about-acea/who-we-are (last visited: Aug. 28, 2019).
SAE International Releases Updated Visual Chart for Its “Levels of Driving Automation” Standard for Self-Driving Vehicles, SAE INTERNATIONAL, https://www.sae.org/news/press-room/2018/12/sae-international-releases-updated-visual-chart-for-its-%E2%80%9Clevels-of-driving-automation%E2%80%9D-standard-for-self-driving-vehicles (last visited Apr. 21, 2020).
Autonomous Vehicles | Self-Driving Vehicles Enacted Legislation, NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF STATE LEGISLATURES, https://www.ncsl.org/research/transportation/autonomous-vehicles-self-driving-vehicles-enacted-legislation.aspx (last visited: Apr. 23, 2020).
2019 Autonomous Vehicles Readiness Index, KPMG INTERNATIONAL, 5-6, https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/xx/pdf/2019/02/2019-autonomous-vehicles-readiness-index.pdf (last visited: Apr. 23, 2020).
Automotive Cyber Security: An IET/KTN Thought Leadership Review of Risk Perspectives for Connected Vehicles, THE INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, 12, https://www.theiet.org/media/2309/iet-automotive-cyber-security-tlr-lr-1.pdf (last visited: May 2, 2019).
About Dadss, DRIVER ALCOHOL DETECTION FOR SAFETY, https://www.dadss.org/ (last visited: May 2, 2019).
Ron Amadeo, Google Patents Ad-Powered Taxi Service that Would Offer Free Rides to Shoppers, ARS TECHNICA, https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/01/google-patents-ad-powered-taxi-service-that-would-offer-free-rides-to-shoppers/ (last visited: May 2, 2019).
Chelsey Colbert, Privacy Under the Hood: Towards an International Data Privacy
Framework for Autonomous Vehicles, STANFORD LAW SCHOOL CONFERENCES, 4-7, https://conferences.law.stanford.edu/werobot/wp-content/uploads/sites/47/2018/02/Privacy-Under-the-Hood-Towards-an-International-Data-Privacy-Framework-for-Autonomous-Vehicles.pdf (last visited: May 12, 2019).
Chris Bouchard, Infotainment vs. Telematics Systems: What is the Difference?, DATAONE SOFTWARE, https://vin.dataonesoftware.com/vin_basics_blog/vehicle-infotainment-vs-telematics-systems-what-is-the-difference (last visited: May 26, 2019).
Connected Cars will Send 25 Gigabytes of Data to the Cloud Every Hour, QUARTZ, https://qz.com/344466/connected-cars-will-send-25-gigabytes-of-data-to-the-cloud-every-hour/ (last visited: May 26, 2019 ).
FIA Reveals What Data is Being Tracked and How the Public Reacts to Connected Cars, FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DE L’AUTOMOBILE, https://www.fia.com/news/fia-reveals-what-data-being-tracked-and-how-public-reacts-connected-cars (last visited Oct. 7, 2019).
Maria Cristina Gaeta, The Issue of Data Protection in The Internet of Things with Particular Regard to Self-Driving Cars, DIRITTO MERCATO TECNOLOGIA, https://www.dimt.it/aree-scientifiche/rivista/the-issue-of-data-protection-in-the-internet-of-things-with-particular-regard-to-self-driving-cars/ (last visited Jun. 25, 2020).
Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) Service, FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION, https://www.fcc.gov/wireless/bureau-divisions/mobility-division/dedicated-short-range-communications-dsrc-service (last visited: May. 27, 2019).
Automated Driving Systems, NAT'L HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMIN., https://www.nhtsa.gov/vehicle-manufacturers/automated-driving-systems/ (last visited: Jun. 7, 2019 ).
Data for Automated Vehicle Integration (DAVI), U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, https://www.transportation.gov/av/data/ (last visited: Jun. 7, 2019).
Bill Covington, Elliott Okantey, Samuel Kim, Isaac Prevost & Jillian Stanphill, Legislating Autonomous Vehicles in Washington: An Analysis of Current Autonomous Vehicle Law with Recommendations for Washington, UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF LAW, 21, https://wstc.wa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/2018-0717-BP7-UWFullReportAVLawScan.pdf/ (last visited: Jun. 23, 2019).
Key Points on Automotive Privacy Principles, ALLIANCE OF AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS, https://autoalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Privacy_Principles_Key_Points_May_2018.pdf(last visited: Jun. 23, 2019).
Declaration of Amsterdam on Cooperation in the Field of Connected and Automated Driving, COUNCIL OF THE EUR. UNION, https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/ba7ab6e2a0e14e39baa77f5b76f59d14/2016-04-08-declaration-of-amsterdam---final1400661.pdf (last visited: Aug. 12, 2019).
Connected Car Report 2016: Opportunities, Risk, and Turmoil on the Road to Autonomous Vehicles, STRATEGY&, https://www.strategyand.pwc.com/gx/en/insights/2016/connected-car-2016/connected-car-report-2016.pdf(last visited: Aug. 13, 2019).
C-ITS Platform Final Report Phase II, C-ITS PLATFORM, https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/2017-09-c-its-platform-final-report.pdf (last visited: Aug. 20, 2019).
Daniel Workman, Car Exports by Country, WORLD'S TOP EXPORTS, http://www.worldstopexports.com/car-exports-country/ (last visited: Aug. 29, 2019).
Automated and Connected Driving, FEDERAL MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT AND DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE, https://www.bmvi.de/EN/Topics/Digital-Matters/Automated-Connected-Driving/automated-and-connected-driving.html (last visited: Sep. 2, 2019).
ACEA Principle of Data Protection in relation to Connected Vehicle and Service, EUROPEAN AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, https://www.acea.be/uploads/publications/ACEA_Principles_of_Data_Protection.pdf (last visited: Aug. 28, 2019).
Who We Are, EUROPEAN AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, https://www.acea.be/about-acea/who-we-are (last visited: Aug. 28, 2019).
ACEA Position Paper: Access to Vehicle Data for Third-Party Services, EUROPEAN AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, https://www.acea.be/uploads/publications/ACEA_Position_Paper_Access_to_vehicle_data_for_third-party_services.pdf (last visited: Aug. 28, 2019).
Singapore Develops Provisional National Standards to Guide Development of Fully Autonomous Vehicles, ENTERPRISE SINGAPORE, https://www.enterprisesg.gov.sg/esghome/media-centre/media-releases/2019/january/singapore-develops-provisional-national-standards-to-guide-development-of-fully-autonomous-vehicles (last visited: Sep. 25, 2019).
Daniel Symonds, Waymo Releases Self-Driving Data Set to Research Community, AUTOMOTIVE TESTING TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, https://www.automotivetestingtechnologyinternational.com/news/waymo-releases-self-driving-data-set-to-research-community.html (last visited: Oct. 25, 2019).
Autonomous Vehicles Testing with a Driver, STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES, https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/vehicle-industry-services/autonomous-vehicles/testing-autonomous-vehicles-with-a-driver/ (last visited: Oct. 25, 2019).
U.S. GOV’T ACCOUNTABILITY OFF., GAO-12-903, MOBILE DEVICE LOCATION DATA: ADDITIONAL FEDERAL ACTION COULD HELP PROTECT CONSUMER PRIVACy 7(2012).
EUR. DATA PROTECTION SUPERVISOR, GUIDELINES ON THE PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA PROCESSED BY MOBILE APPLICATIONS PROVIDED BY EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS 8-9(2016).
EUR. DATA PROTECTION SUPERVISOR, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, ROBOTICS, PRIVACY AND DATA PROTECTION: ROOM DOCUMENT FOR THE 38TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS(2016).
EUR. PARL., Report with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics(2015/2103(INL)(Jan. 1,2017).
Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, 01248/07/EN, WP 136, Opinion 4/2007 on the concept of personal data 6-7 (2017).
連結至畢業學校之論文網頁點我開啟連結
註: 此連結為研究生畢業學校所提供,不一定有電子全文可供下載,若連結有誤,請點選上方之〝勘誤回報〞功能,我們會盡快修正,謝謝!
QRCODE
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
無相關期刊