跳到主要內容

臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

(44.220.184.63) 您好!臺灣時間:2024/10/08 19:51
字體大小: 字級放大   字級縮小   預設字形  
回查詢結果 :::

詳目顯示

: 
twitterline
研究生:張智堯
研究生(外文):Jhih-Yao Jhang
論文名稱:綠島珊瑚礁遊憩衝擊減緩評估方案建構及經濟效益探討
論文名稱(外文):Establishing evaluation framework of recreational impact reduction program for coral reef ecosystem and economic benefit in Green Island, Taiwan
指導教授:李俊鴻李俊鴻引用關係
指導教授(外文):Chun-Hung Lee
口試委員:陳韻如陳意玲
口試委員(外文):Yun-Ju ChenI-Ling Chen
口試日期:2020-01-09
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立東華大學
系所名稱:自然資源與環境學系
學門:環境保護學門
學類:環境資源學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2020
畢業學年度:108
語文別:中文
論文頁數:184
中文關鍵詞:綠島珊瑚礁遊憩衝擊選擇實驗法願付價值永續觀光
外文關鍵詞:Green IslandCoral reefRecreational impactChoice ExperimentWillingness to paySustainable tourism
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:2
  • 點閱點閱:609
  • 評分評分:
  • 下載下載:113
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:1
綠島自1990年開放觀光以來,島上的海洋觀光遊憩活動便逐漸日益興盛,每年吸引30~40萬的遊客人數前來朝聖,由於蘊藏豐富的珊瑚礁等海洋資源,使得浮潛(水)活動成為綠島主要的遊憩活動。然而為了追求經濟利益,滿足大量的遊客需求,在沒有適當規範的產業活動以及不當的遊客旅遊行為影響之下,使得綠島珊瑚礁生態受到不同種類、不同程度的遊憩衝擊現象,造成當地珊瑚礁生態資源日趨下降。鑒於綠島地區珊瑚礁自然資源日趨惡化,為了達到永續海洋與島嶼觀光的發展目標,擬定適當的珊瑚礁遊程管理策略尤為重要。因此本研究以綠島的浮潛(水)客為研究對象,並利用選擇實驗法(Choice Experiment, CE)建立出綠島珊瑚礁遊憩衝擊減緩方案之評估模型,並將「行前環境教育簡報」、「設立專職海洋保育警察制度」、「到潛水點的方式」、「每團浮潛(水)客人數限制」、「珊瑚礁監測基金」等五項屬性納入評估的模型之中,並藉由面訪問卷的形式評估不同受訪者的旅遊行為及社會經濟背景對於珊瑚礁遊憩衝擊減緩方案的偏好及願付價值,最後將研究結果呈現給當地的利益相關者,使在地的管理者可以研擬合適的珊瑚礁遊程規範;同時也可以讓在地業者設計出符合遊客偏好的經營管理模式,以落實永續的海洋島嶼觀光之理念。
本研究的實證結果顯示:(1)建立的綠島珊瑚礁遊憩衝擊減緩方案之評估模型擁有良好的配適度,在條件羅吉特(Conditional Logit, CL)與隨機參數羅吉特(Random Parameters Logit, RPL)模型的評估結果中得知,受訪者對於納入評估模型中的五項屬性皆有顯著性的偏好,相較於維持現況的珊瑚礁遊程則有顯著性的不偏好。 (2)CL與RPL兩模型對於各項屬性變數在效用水準與趨勢走向方面幾乎一致,顯示本研究的評估模型是具有高度的實際效用性。 (3)根據RPL模型所估計出的非價格屬性之邊際願付價值由高至低依序為:「設立專職海洋保育警察制度」(440.4 NT/人/次)、「每團浮潛(水)客的人數限制以1位導潛配額6位浮潛客或是4位潛水客」(362.2 NT/人/次)、「強制規範行前環境教育簡報」(291.8 NT/人/次)、「以船潛為主流的方式到達潛水點」(132.2 NT/人/次)。 (4)根據潛在類別模型(Latent Class Model, LCM)與獨立樣本T檢定的結果,發現不同特徵因子的遊客群體對於不同的遊程減緩方案具有顯著的異質性偏好。 (5)利用評估模型的實證結果進行歸納,並建構出適合各個群體異質性偏好的管理方案,分別為:「遊憩體驗方案」、「安全治理方案」、「整合式管理方案」。
Since Green Island opened for sightseeing in 1990s, it has attracted 300,000 to 400,000 tourists each year. Snorkeling and SCUBA diving are the main recreational activity in Green Island due to its abundant resources of coral reefs. However, lacking of the properly recreational activity regulation and improper tourist behavior, the local coral reef ecological resources have been declining. In order to achieve the development goals for sustainable marine tourism and island tourism, it is particularly important to develop appropriate management strategies of coral reef recreational activities. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate snorkeling and SCUBA divers' preferences for willingness to pay of coral reef ecosystem under recreational impact reduction program in Green Island. Choice experiment method has used in this study. The data in this research were collected by on-site face-to-face to test the preference of coral reef management. In this research evaluation model, coral reefs management attributes including "Environmental education presentation"; "Marine conservation police"; "The way to the Diving Spot"; "Number of Snorkelers or SCUBA divers per group"; "Monitoring fund of coral reef".
The empirical results showed that: (1) The evaluation model of recreational impact reduction program for coral reef ecosystem in Green Island had goodness of fit. In the evaluation results of the Conditional Logit (CL) and Random Parameters Logit (RPL), respondents significantly disliked current coral reef management, but had significant preferences for all five attributes included in the assessment model. (2) The attribute variables are consistent in terms of efficiency and trend in CL and RPL. It shows that the evaluation model is highly practical. (3) The value of the marginal willingness to pay for non-price attributes estimated in order from high to low is: "Marine conservation police" (440.4 NT/person/time); "Number of Snorkelers or SCUBA divers per group" (362.2NT/person/time); "Environmental education presentation" (291.8 NT/person/time); "The way to the Diving Spot" (132.2 NT/person/time) (4) According to the results of Latent Class Model (LCM) and independent sample T test, different characteristic factors of tourist groups have significant heterogeneous preferences for different management programs. (5) Use the empirical results of the evaluation model to summarize and construct management programs that suit the heterogeneous preferences of each group, namely: "Recreation experience program"; "Security improvement program"; "Integrated management program".
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究區域 4
第三節 研究流程 8
第二章 文獻回顧 11
第一節 珊瑚礁簡介 11
第二節 永續觀光發展 17
第三節 遊憩(潛水)活動對珊瑚礁生態系統的影響 21
第四節 綠島珊瑚礁遊憩現況探討 32
第三章 研究方法 45
第一節 研究方法 45
第二節 專家訪談內容 76
第三節 綠島珊瑚礁遊憩衝擊減緩方案屬性層級設計 82
第四節 研究問卷設計 96
第四章 實證分析與結果 103
第一節 抽樣設計與變數定義 103
第二節 敘述統計 113
第三節 綠島珊瑚礁遊憩管理方案之效用函數估計結果 119
第四節 綠島珊瑚礁遊憩衝擊減緩評估方案探討 131
第五章 結論與建議 139
第一節 結論 140
第二節 建議 144
一、中文部分
方力行(1989)。珊瑚學-兼論台灣的珊瑚資源。台北市:黎明文化事業股份有限公司。
王芸琪(2007)。綠島永續發展的觀光政策之研究-以顧客導向的觀點。國立東華大學公共行政研究所碩士論文。
王柏鈞(2009)。影響個人超額教育因素之探討:考慮選擇性偏誤的模型。東吳大學經濟學系碩士論文。
朱紀燕(2003)。台灣地區個人捐贈的所得稅誘因之實證分析。國立政治大學財政研究所碩士論文。
江慧卿(2005)。綠島發展生態旅遊之遊憩資源價值評估。國立東華大學公共行政研究所碩士論文。
何立德、王鑫(2002)。台灣的珊瑚礁。新北市:遠足文化事業股份有限公司。
吳忠君(1997)。多項羅吉特模型設定誤差檢定方法之比較-蒙第卡羅模擬分析。國立中央大學產業經濟研究所碩士論文。
吳運全(2002)。環境態度與遊憩體驗關係之研究-以綠島為生態旅遊例。國立體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。
宋秉明(1996)。綠島發展生態觀光之規劃。戶外遊憩研究,9(4),31-40。
宋秉明(2000)。永續觀光發展的原則與方向。觀光研究學報,6(2),1-14。
李昱叡、許義雄(2006)。台灣海洋運動發展理念與願景。大專體育雙月刊,83,93-100。
李晨光(2005)。珊瑚礁生態旅遊與保育策略之經濟分析。國立臺北大學自然資源與環境管理研究所碩士論文。
李莉莉(2002)。綠島觀光衝擊之探討。國立東華大學觀光暨遊憩管理研究所碩士論文。
李銘輝、郭建興(2000)。觀光遊憩資源規劃。台北:揚智文化。
周美玲(2005)。購屋者外部資訊搜尋管道選擇行為與搜尋期間之探討。住宅學報,14(2),16-18。
林士彥、林卓民、李俊彥(2007)。應用多項羅吉特模型分析消費支出與服務品質之研究-以溫泉區旅館爲例。戶外遊憩研究,20(2),39-57。
林秉毅(2016)。水肺潛水遊憩涉入及場所依戀之研究。休閒觀光與運動健康學報, 6(2),1-25。
林政德、李俊鴻、何宇睿(2017)。生態旅遊多重屬性之模式建構及其價值探討: 以花蓮慕谷慕魚為例。觀光休閒學報,23(1),1-31。
林高正(2007)。海峽兩岸休閒水肺潛水運動發展現況分析與探討研究背景與動機。國立體育大學碩士論文。
林惠玲、陳正倉(2016)。現代統計學修訂版。台北:雙葉書廊有限公司,338-340。
邵廣昭(1998)。海洋生態學。台北:明文書局股份有限公司。
倪進誠(2003)。台灣的離島。台北縣:遠足文化事業有限公司。
張崑雄(1983)。蘭嶼綠島海洋生物及景觀資源之調查分析。中央研究院動物所第九號專刊,69。
教育部(2007)。海洋教育政策白皮書。台北市:教育部。
郭育真(2004)。台灣北部內河藍色公路之營運與消費者滿意度和願付價格之研究。台灣海洋大學應用經濟研究所碩士論文,12-28。
郭岱宜(2001)。生態旅遊-21世紀旅遊新主張。台北:揚智文化。
陳水源(1988)。遊客遊憩需求與遊憩體驗之探討。戶外遊憩研究,1(3),25-51。
陳延季(2004)。觀光遊憩產業的投入與產出分析-以綠島爲例。社會科教育研究,9,217-234。
陳思倫、郭柏村(1995)。觀音山風景區居民對觀光開發影響認知之研究。觀光研究學報,1(2),48-58。
陳肇堯、陳應仁(2004)。遊客之遊憩區選擇行為分析。生物與休閒事業研究,2(1),67-96。
黃琬倫(2005)。綠島生態維護稅願付價格之探討-條件評估法之應用。國立台灣大學建築與城鄉研究所碩士論文,1-117。
黃德蓉(2016)。水肺潛水對珊瑚礁衝擊之研究。國立臺中教育大學永續觀光暨遊憩管理碩士學位學程碩士論文。
黃興倬、李坤瑄、洪和田、陳明輝(2009)。綠島大型海洋無脊椎動物調查與保育規劃建議。國家公園學報,19(2),47-69。
葉寶文(2001)。風險性之行為決策分析與其願付價值之研究。東吳大學經濟學系博士論文,52-57。
趙世民、蘇焉(2000)。海中的熱帶雨林-珊瑚礁。台中市:國立自然科學博物館。
趙美霞、余克服、張喬民(2006)。珊瑚礁區的生物多樣性及其生態功能。生態學報,26(1),186-194。
趙瑞華(2002)。我國海域遊憩活動管理制度之研究。國立中央警察大學水上警察研究所。
蔡慧敏(2000)。海島永續發展議題。永續台灣簡訊,2(2),33-37。
蕭代基,鄭蕙燕,吳珮瑛,錢玉蘭,溫麗琪(2002)。環境保護之成本效益分析-理論、方法與應用。台北市:俊傑書局股份有限公司。
戴昌鳳(2002)。氣候變遷、珊瑚白化與珊瑚礁的未來。全球變遷通訊雜誌,35,25-33。
戴昌鳳(2009)。珊瑚與珊瑚礁。墾丁國家公園管理處。
戴昌鳳(2011)。台灣珊瑚礁地(上)台灣本島篇。台北市:天下遠見出版股份有限公司。
謝志堅(2007)。休閒性水肺潛水員於墾丁國家公園珊瑚礁環境影響之研究。國立高雄海洋科技大學漁業生產與管理研究所碩士論文。
羅力(2010)。休閒水肺潛水者動機及行為研究-以台灣東北角龍洞灣為例。國立台灣海洋大學海洋事務與資源管理研究所碩士論文。
鐘讚明(1991)。多項羅吉特模型設定誤差的模擬分析-蒙地卡羅的應用。國立中央大學產業經濟研究所碩士論文。

二、英文部分
Aas, Ø., Haider, W., & Hunt, L. (2000). Angler responses to potential harvest regulations in a Norwegian sport fishery: a conjoint-based choice modeling approach. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 20(4), 940-950.
Adamowicz, W., Boxall, P., Williams, M., & Louviere, J. (1998). Stated preference approaches for measuring passive use values: choice experiments and contingent valuation. American journal of agricultural economics, 80(1), 64-75.
Adamowicz, W., Louviere, J., & Williams, M. (1994). Combining revealed and stated preference methods for valuing environmental amenities. Journal of environmental economics and management, 26(3), 271-292.
Alberini, A. (1995). Optimal designs for discrete choice contingent valuation surveys: Single-bound, double-bound, and bivariate models. Journal of Environmental Economics and management, 28(3), 287-306.
Andersson, J. E. (2007). The recreational cost of coral bleaching - a stated and revealed preference study of international tourists. Ecological Economics, 62(3-4), 704-715.
Arico, S., & Salpin, C. (2005). Bioprospecting of genetic resources in the deep seabed: Scientific, legal and policy aspects. Yokohama, Japan: United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies, 72.
Arin, T., & Kramer, R. A. (2002). Divers’ willingness to pay to visit marine sanctuaries: An exploratory study. Ocean & Coastal Management, 45(2-3), 171-183.
Asafu-Adjaye, J., & Tapsuwan, S. (2008). A contingent valuation study of scuba diving benefits: Case study in Mu Ko Similan Marine National Park, Thailand. Tourism Management, 29(6), 1122-1130.
Barker, N. H. (2003). Ecological and socio-economic impacts of dive and snorkel tourism in St. Lucia, West Indies. Ph.D. Thesis, University of York, UK, 220.
Barker, N. H., & Roberts, C. M. (2004). Scuba diver behaviour and the management of diving impacts on coral reefs. Biological Conservation, 120(4), 481-489.
Bateman, I. J., Carson, R. T., Day, B., Hanemann, M., Hanley, N., Hett, T., & Sugden, R. (2002). Economic valuation with stated preference techniques: A manual. Economic valuation with stated preference techniques: a manual.
Belle, N., & Bramwell, B. (2005). Climate change and small island tourism: Policy maker and industry perspectives in Barbados. Journal of travel research, 44(1), 32-41.
Beller, W., d'Ayala, P., & Hein, P. (1990). Sustainable development and environmental management of small islands. Man and the Biosphere Series (UNESCO).
Bennett, J., & Adamowicz, V. (2001). Some fundamentals of environmental choice modelling. The choice modelling approach to environmental valuation, 37-69.
Beriatos, E., & Papageorgiou, M. (2011). Maritime and coastal spatial planning: the case of Greece and the Mediterranean. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 150, 3-17.
Birkeland, C. (1997a). Life and Death of Coral reefs. Chapman and Hall, New York, 536.
Birkeland, C. (1997b). Disposable income in Asia – A new and powerful external pressure against sustainability of coral reef resources on Pacific Islands. Reef Encounter, 22, 9-13.
Birol, E., Karousakis, K., & Koundouri, P. (2006). Using a choice experiment to account for preference heterogeneity in wetland attributes: The case of Cheimaditida wetland in Greece. Ecological economics, 60(1), 145-156.
Boxall, P. C., & Adamowicz, W. L. (2002). Understanding heterogeneous preferences in random utility models: a latent class approach. Environmental and resource economics, 23(4), 421-446.
Boyle, K. J., & Bishop, R. C. (1988). Welfare measurements using contingent valuation: a comparison of techniques. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70(1), 20-28.
Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (2014). The “critical turn” and its implications for sustainable tourism research. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(1), 1–8.
Brougham, J. & Butler R. (1981). "A Segmentation Analysis of Resident Attitudes to the Social Impact of Tourism," Annals of Tourism Research, 8:569-589.
Brown, B. E. (1997). Disturbances to reefs in recent times. Life and death of coral reefs, 354-379.
Bullock, S. D., & Lawson, S. R. (2008). Managing the “Commons” on Cadillac Mountain: A Stated Choice Analysis of Acadia National Park Visitors Preferences. Leisure Sciences, 30(1), 71-86.
Camp, E., & Fraser, D. (2012). Influence of conservation education dive briefings as a management tool on the timing and nature of recreational SCUBA diving impacts on coral reefs. Ocean & Coastal Management, 61, 30-37.
Can, Ö., & Alp, E. (2012). Valuation of environmental improvements in a specially protected marine area: A choice experiment approach in Göcek Bay, Turkey. Science of the Total Environment, 439, 291-298.
Carte, B. K. (1996). Biomedical potential of marine natural products. Bioscience, 46(4), 271-286.
Case, A. J. (1994). An exploration of the relationships among United Staes tourists’ preference for ecotourism activity, environmental setting and psychological experiences in Dominica. Unpublished doctor’s thesis. The Pennsylvania State University.
Casey, J. F., Brown, C., & Schuhmann, P. (2010). Are tourists willing to pay additional fees to protect corals in Mexico? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(4), 557-573.
Cerda, C., Ponce, A., & Zappi, M. (2013). Using choice experiments to understand public demand for the conservation of nature: A case study in a protected area of Chile. Journal for Nature Conservation, 21(3), 143-153.
Cesar, H. (1996). Economic Analysis of Indonesian Coral Reefs. The World Bank.
Cesar, H., Burke, L., & Pet-Soede, L. (2003). The economics of worldwide coral reef degradation. Cesar environmental economics consulting (CEEC).
Chaminuka, P., Groeneveld, R. A., Selomane, A. O., & Van Ierland, E. C. (2012). Tourist preferences for ecotourism in rural communities adjacent to Kruger National Park: A choice experiment approach. Tourism management, 33(1), 168-176.
Chan-Halbrendt, C., Lin, T., Yang, F., & Sisior, G. (2010). Hawaiian residents’ preferences for Miconia control program attributes using conjoint choice experiment and latent class analysis. Environmental management, 45(2), 250-260.
Choi, A. S., Ritchie, B. W., Papandrea, F., & Bennett, J. (2010). Economic valuation of cultural heritage sites: A choice modeling approach. Tourism Management, 31(2), 213-220.
Craig, R. K. (2008). Coral Reefs, Fishing, and Tourism: Tensions in U.S. Ocean Law and Policy Reform. Stanford Environmental Law Journal, 27(1), 3-41.
Cripps, G., & Harris, A. (2009). Community creation and management of the Velondriake marine protected area. Blue Ventures Conservation Report, 114.
Davis, D., & Tisdell, C. (1995). Recreational scuba-diving and carrying capacity in marine protected areas. Ocean & Coastal Management, 26(1), 19-40.
Depondt, F., & Green, E. (2006). Diving user fees and the financial sustainability of marine protected areas: Opportunities and impediments. Ocean & Coastal Management, 49(3-4), 188-202.
Diakomihalis, M. N. (2007). Greek maritime tourism: evolution, structures and prospects. Research in Transportation Economics, 21, 419-455.
Dimmock, K., & Musa, G. (2015). Scuba diving tourism system: a framework for collaborative management and sustainability. Marine Policy, 54, 52-58.
Dimmock, K., & Musa, G. (Eds.). (2013). Scuba diving tourism. Abingdon: Routledge.
Dogru, T., & Bulut, U. (2018). Is tourism an engine for economic recovery? Theory and empirical evidence. Tourism Management, 67, 425-434.
Dogru, T., & Sirakaya-Turk, E. (2017). Engines of tourism's growth: An examination of efficacy of shift-share regression analysis in South Carolina. Tourism Management, 58, 205-214.
Dubinsky, Z. (1990). Ecosystems of the World. Coral reefs, 25, 49-73.
Eakin, C. M., McManus, J. W., Spalding, M. D., & Jameson, S. C. (1997). Coral reef status around the world: where are we and where do we go from here. In Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium (Vol. 1, 277-282).
Foster, V., Bateman, I. J., & Harley, D. (1997). Real and hypothetical willingness to pay for environmental preservation: A non‐experimental comparison. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 48(1‐3), 123-137.
Garrod, B., Gössling, S. (2008). New Frontiers in Marine Tourism: Diving experiences, management and sustainability.
Gill, D. A. (2014). The economic value of reef fishes to the fishing and dive tourism industries in the Caribbean (Doctoral dissertation, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados).
Gill, D. A., Schuhmann, P. W., & Oxenford, H. A. (2015). Recreational diver preferences for reef fish attributes: Economic implications of future change. Ecological Economics, 111, 48-57.
Goffredo, S., Pensa, F., Neri, P., Orlandi, A., Gagliardi, M., Velardi, A., et al. (2010). Unite research with what citizens do for fun: “recreational monitoring” of marine biodiversity. Ecological Applications, 20(8), 2170-2187.
Goffredo, S., Piccinetti, C., & Zaccanti, F. (2004). Volunteers in Marine Conservation Monitoring: A Study of the Distribution of Seahorses Carried Out in Collaboration with Recreational Scuba Divers. Conservation Biology, 18(6), 1492-1503.
Gomez, E. D., Alcala, A. C., Yap, H. T., Alcala, L. C., & Alino, P. M. (1997). Reef management in developing countries: The Philippines as a case study. In Proc. 8th Int. Coral Reef Symp (Vol. 1, 123-128).
Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2015). Inter-market variability in CO2 emission-intensities in tourism: Implications for destination marketing and carbon management. Tourism Management, 46, 203-212.
Grafeld, S., Oleson, K., Barnes, M., Peng, M., Chan, C., & Weijerman, M. (2016). Divers willingness to pay for improved coral reef conditions in Guam: An untapped source of funding for management and conservation? Ecological Economics, 128, 202-213.
Greene, W. H., & Hensher, D. A. (2003). A latent class model for discrete choice analysis: contrasts with mixed logit. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 37(8), 681-698.
Hache, J. D. (1987). The island question: Problems and prospects. Ekistics, 88-92.
Hammerton, Z. (2017). Determining the variables that influence SCUBA diving impacts in eastern Australian marine parks. Ocean & Coastal Management, 142, 209-217.
Hammerton, Z., & Bucher, D. (2015). Levels of intervention–reducing SCUBA-diver impact within subtropical marine protected areas. Journal of Ecotourism, 14(1), 3-20.
Hanley, N., Mourato, S., & Wright, R. E. (2001). Choice Modelling Approaches: A Superior Alternative for Environmental Valuation? Journal of Economic Surveys, 15(3), 435-462.
Hanley, N., Wright, R. E., & Adamowicz, V. (1998). Using choice experiments to value the environment. Environmental and resource economics, 11(3-4), 413-428.
Harriott, V. J., Davis, D. C., & Banks, S. A. (1997). Recreational diving and its impact in marine protected areas in Eastern Australia. Ambio, 26(3), 173-179.
Harvey, M. R. (1990). The relationship between children's experiences with vegetation on school grounds and their environmental attitudes. The journal of environmental education, 21(2), 9-15.
Hasler, H., & Ott, J. A. (2008). Diving down the reefs? Intensive diving tourism threatens the reefs of the northern Red Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(10), 1788-1794.
Hatcher, B. G. (1997). Coral reef ecosystems: How much greater is the whole than the sum of the parts? Coral Reefs, 16(1), 77-91.
Hausman, J., & McFadden, D. (1984). Specification tests for the multinomial logit model. Econometrica 52(5), 1219-1240.
Hawkins, J. P., & Roberts, C. M. (1994). The growth of coastal tourism in the red sea: Present and future effects on coral reefs. Ambio, 23(8), 503-508.
Hawkins, J. P., Roberts, C. M., Hof, T. V., Meyer, K. D., Tratalos, J., & Aldam, C. (1999). Effects of Recreational Scuba Diving on Caribbean Coral and Fish Communities. Conservation Biology, 13(4), 888-897.
Hawkins, J. P., Roberts, C. M., Kooistra, D., Buchan, K., & White, S. (2005). Sustainability of scuba diving tourism on coral reefs of Saba. Coastal Management, 33(4), 373-387.
Hearne, R. R., & Salinas, Z. M. (2002). The use of choice experiments in the analysis of tourist preferences for ecotourism development in Costa Rica. Journal of environmental management, 65(2), 153-163.
Hensher, D. A., Rose, J. M., & Greene, W. H. (2005). Applied choice analysis: a primer. Cambridge University Press.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (1999). Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world's coral reefs. Marine and freshwater research, 50(8), 839-866.
Honey, M., & Krantz, D. (2007). Global trends in coastal tourism. Center on Ecotourism and Sustainable Development.
Hooten, A. J., & Hatziolos, M. E. (1995). Sustainable financing mechanisms for coral reef conservation: proceedings of a workshop. The World Bank, 21.
Ince, T., & Bowen, D. (2011). Consumer satisfaction and services: Insights from dive tourism. The Service Industries Journal, 31(11), 1769-1792.
Jennings, S., & Polunin, N. V. (1996). Impacts of fishing on tropical reef ecosystems. Ambio, 25(1), 44-49.
Jobstvogt, N., Hanley, N., Hynes, S., Kenter, J., & Witte, U. (2014). Twenty thousand sterling under the sea: Estimating the value of protecting deep-sea biodiversity. Ecological Economics, 97, 10-19.
Johnson, R. M., Orme, B., Huber, J., & Pinnell, J. (2005). Testing adaptive choice-based conjoint designs. Sawtooth Softw. Res. Pap. Ser, 1-14.
Juutinen, A., Mitani, Y., Mäntymaa, E., Shoji, Y., Siikamäki, P., & Svento, R. (2011). Combining ecological and recreational aspects in national park management: A choice experiment application. Ecological economics, 70(6), 1231-1239.
Khadaroo, J., & Seetanah, B. (2007). Transport infrastructure and tourism development. Annals of tourism research, 34(4), 1021-1032.
Khai, H. V., & Yabe, M. (2015). Consumer preferences for agricultural products considering the value of biodiversity conservation in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Journal for nature conservation, 25, 62-71.
Kinghorn, N., & Willis, K. (2008). Valuing the components of an archaeological site: An application of Choice Experiment to Vindolanda, Hadrian's Wall. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 9(2), 117-124.
Krinsky, I., & Robb, A. L. (1986). On approximating the statistical properties of elasticities. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 715-719.
Lamb, J. B., True, J. D., Piromvaragorn, S., & Willis, B. L. (2014). Scuba diving damage and intensity of tourist activities increases coral disease prevalence. Biological Conservation, 178, 88-96.
Lancaster, K. (1966). A new approach to consumer theory. Journal of Political Economy, 74(2), 132-157.
Lankford, S. V., & Howard, D. R. (1994). Developing a tourism impact attitude scale. Annals of tourism research, 21(1), 121-139.
Lee, S., Rodriguez, L., & Sar, S. (2012). The influence of logo design on country image and willingness to visit: A study of country logos for tourism. Public Relations Review, 38(4), 584-591.
Leujak, W., & Ormond, R. F. (2008). Reef walking on Red Sea reef flats – Quantifying impacts and identifying motives. Ocean & Coastal Management, 51(11), 755-762.
Lim, C. C., & Cooper, C. (2009). Beyond sustainability: optimising island tourism development. International journal of tourism research, 11(1), 89-103.
Lindgren, A., Palmlund, J., Wate, I., & Gössling, S. (2008). Environmental management and education: the case of PADI. New frontiers in marine tourism, 115-136.
Louviere, J. J., & Hensher, D. A. (1982). On the design and analysis of simulated choice or allocation experiments in travel choice modelling. Transportation research record, 890(1), 11-17.
Louviere, J. J., & Woodworth, G. (1983). Design and analysis of simulated consumer choice or allocation experiments: an approach based on aggregate data. Journal of marketing research, 350-367.
Louviere, J. J., Hensher, D. A., Swait, J. D., & Adamowicz, W. (2000). Stated choice methods: Analysis and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Louviere, J., & Timmermans, H. (1990). Stated preference and choice models applied to recreation research: a review. Leisure Sciences, 12(1), 9-32.
Lucrezi, S., & Saayman, M. (2017). Sustainable scuba diving tourism and resource use: Perspectives and experiences of operators in Mozambique and Italy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 168, 632-644.
Lucrezi, S., Saayman, M., & Merwe, P. V. (2013). Managing diving impacts on reef ecosystems: Analysis of putative influences of motivations, marine life preferences and experience on divers environmental perceptions. Ocean & Coastal Management, 76, 52-63.
Manning, R. E. & Freimund, W. A. (2004). Use of visual research methods to measure standards of quality for parks and outdoor recreation. Journal of Leisure Research, 36(4), 557-579.
Manski, C. F. (1977). The structure of random utility models. Theory and decision, 8(3), 229-254.
Marre, J. B., Brander, L., Thebaud, O., Boncoeur, J., Pascoe, S., Coglan, L., & Pascal, N. (2015). Non-market use and non-use values for preserving ecosystem services over time: A choice experiment application to coral reef ecosystems in New Caledonia. Ocean & Coastal Management, 105, 1-14.
Mathieson, A. & Wall G. (1982). "Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts." London: Longman.
Maxwell, S., Ehrlich, H., Speer, L., & Chandler, W. (2005). Medicines from the deep: the importance of protecting the High Seas from bottom trawling. Natural Resources Defense Council issue paper, 1-14.
McFadden, D., & Train, K. (2000). Mixed MNL models for discrete response. Journal of applied Econometrics, 15(5), 447-470.
McFadden, D. (1974). Conditional Logit Analysis of Qualitative Choice Behaviour. In: Zarembka, P. (Ed.), Frontiers of Econometrics. Academic Press, London, 105-142.
Medio, D., Ormond, R. F. G., & Pearson, M. (1997). Effect of briefings on rates of damage to corals by scuba divers. Biological Conservation, 79(1), 91-95.
Mieczkowski, Z. (1995). Environmental issues of tourism and recreation. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.
Moberg, F., & Folke, C. (1999). Ecological goods and services of coral reef ecosystems. Ecological Economics, 29(2), 215-233.
Moore, S. A., & Polley, A. (2007). Defining indicators and standards for tourism impacts in protected areas: Cape Range National Park, Australia. Environmental Management, 39(3), 291-300.
Morrison, M. (2000). Aggregation biases in stated preference studies. Australian Economic Papers, 39(2), 215-230.
Morrison, M. D., Blamey, R. K., Bennett, J. W., & Louviere, J. J. (1997). A Comparison of Stated Preference Techniques for Estimating Environmental Values. University College. Canberra: The University of New South Wales.
Musa, G. (2002). Sipadan: A SCUBA-diving paradise: An analysis of tourism impact, diver satisfaction and tourism management. Tourism Geographies, 4(2), 195-209.
Nemeth, R. S., & Nowlis, J. S. (2001). Monitoring the effects of land development on the near-shore reef environment of St. Thomas, USVI. Bulletin of Marine Science, 69(2), 759-775.
Newman, C., C. D. Buesching, & D. W. Macdonald. (2003). Validating mammal monitoring methods and assessing the performance of volunteers in wildlife conservation: “Sed quis custodiet ipsos custodies?” Biological Conservation 113(2), 189-197.
NOAA, (2010a). Blue Star Participant Handbook: Promoting Responsible Diving and Snorkelling in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.
Nunes, P. A., & De Blaeij, A. T. (2005). Economic assessment of marine quality benefits: applying the use of non-market valuation methods. In Marine Resource Damage Assessment, 135-163.
Ong, T. F., & Musa, G. (2012). Examining the influences of experience, personality and attitude on SCUBA divers' underwater behaviour: A structural equation model. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1521-1534.
Orams, M. (1999). The economic benefits of whale watching in Vava'u, the Kingdom of Tonga. Massey University, Centre for Tourism Research.
Page, S., & Connell, J. (2006). Tourism: A modern synthesis. Cengage Learning EMEA.
Pan, S. Y., Gao, M., Kim, H., Shah, K. J., Pei, S. L., & Chiang, P. C. (2018). Advances and challenges in sustainable tourism toward a green economy. Science of the Total Environment, 635, 452-469.
Papageorgiou, M. (2016). Coastal and marine tourism: A challenging factor in Marine Spatial Planning. Ocean & Coastal Management, 129, 44-48.
Pattengill-Semmens, C. V., & Semmens, B. X. (2003). Conservation and management applications of the reef volunteer fish monitoring program. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 81(1-3), 43-50.
Paulay, G. (1997). Diversity and Distribution of Reef Organisms. Life and Death of Coral Reefs, 298-353.
Pearce, D., & Moran, D. (1994). The economic value of biodiversity. Earthscan, London, UK., 172.
Peters, H., & Hawkins, J. P. (2009). Access to marine parks: A comparative study in willingness to pay. Ocean & Coastal Management, 52(3-4), 219-228.
Pickering, C. M., & Hill, W. (2007). Impacts of recreation and tourism on plant biodiversity and vegetation in protected areas in Australia. Journal of environmental management, 85(4), 791-800.
Poonian, C., Davis, P. Z., & McNaughton, C. K. (2010). Impacts of Recreational Divers on Palauan Coral Reefs and Options for Management. Pacific Science, 64(4), 557-565.
Ransom, K. P., & Mangi, S. C. (2010). Valuing recreational benefits of coral reefs: The case of Mombasa Marine National Park and Reserve, Kenya. Environmental management, 45(1), 145-154.
Revelt, D., & Train, K. (1998). Mixed logit with repeated choices: households' choices of appliance efficiency level. Review of economics and statistics, 80(4), 647-657.
Roberts, L., & Harriott, V. J. (1994). Recreational scuba diving and its potential for environmental impact in a marine reserve. Recent advances in marine science and technology, 94, 695-704.
Rolfe, J., & Windle, J. (2012). Testing benefit transfer of reef protection values between local case studies: The Great Barrier Reef in Australia. Ecological Economics, 81, 60-69.
Rouphael, A. B., & Inglis, G. J. (1997). Impacts of recreational scuba diving at sites with different reef topographies. Biological Conservation, 82(3), 329-336.
Rouphael, A. B., & Inglis, G. J. (2001). “Take only photographs and leave only footprints”? An experimental study of the impacts of underwater photographers on coral reef dive sites. Biological Conservation, 100(3), 281-287.
Royle S. A. (2001). A Geography of Islands: Small Island Insularity. Routledge: London; New York.
Rudd, M. A. (2009). National values for regional aquatic species at risk in Canada. Endangered Species Research, 6(3), 239-249.
Ryan, M., & Skåtun, D. (2004). Modelling non-demanders in choice experiments. Health economics, 13(4), 397-402.
Saphier, A. D., & Hoffmann, T. C. (2005). Forecasting models to quantify three anthropogenic stresses on coral reefs from marine recreation: Anchor damage, diver contact and copper emission from antifouling paint. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 51(5-7), 590-598.
Scheyvens, R., & Momsen, J. (2008). Tourism in small island states: From vulnerability to strengths. Journal of sustainable tourism, 16(5), 491-510.
Schleyer, M. H., & Tomalin, B. J. (2000). Damage on South African coral reefs and an assessment of their sustainable diving capacity using a fisheries approach. Bulletin of Marine Science, 67(3), 1025-1042.
Schuhmann, P. W., Casey, J. F., Horrocks, J. A., & Oxenford, H. A. (2013). Recreational SCUBA divers' willingness to pay for marine biodiversity in Barbados. Journal of environmental management, 121, 29-36.
Seenprachawong, U. (2003). Economic valuation of coral reefs at Phi Phi Islands, Thailand. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues, 3(1), 104-114.
Sorice, M. G., Oh, C. O., & Ditton, R. B. (2007). Managing scuba divers to meet ecological goals for coral reef conservation. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 36(4), 316-323.
Spurgeon, J. P., & Lindahl, U. (2000). Economics of Coral Restoration. In Collected Essays on the Economics of Coral Reefs. Edited by Herman S. J. Cesar, 125-136.
Swait, J. (1994). A structural equation model of latent segmentation and product choice for cross-sectional revealed preference choice data. Journal of retailing and consumer services, 1(2), 77-89.
Tallis, H., Kareiva, P., Marvier, M., & Chang, A. (2008). An ecosystem services framework to support both practical conservation and economic development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(28), 9457-9464.
Thur, S. M. (2010). User fees as sustainable financing mechanisms for marine protected areas: An application to the Bonaire National Marine Park. Marine Policy, 34(1), 63-69.
Thurstone, L. L. (1927). A law of comparative judgment. Psychological review, 34(4), 273-286.
Townsend, C. (2000). The effects of environmental education on the behaviour of SCUBA divers: a case study from the British Virgin Islands. Unpublished master’s thesis. The University of Greenwich. London, England, 116.
Toyoshima, J., & Nadaoka, K. (2015). Importance of environmental briefing and buoyancy control on reducing negative impacts of SCUBA diving on coral reefs. Ocean & Coastal Management, 116, 20-26.
Train, K. E. (1998). Recreation demand models with taste differences over people. Land economics, 74(2), 230-239.
Train, K. E. (2009). Discrete choice methods with simulation. Cambridge university press.
Tseng, W. W. C., Hsu, S. H., & Chen, C. C. (2015). Estimating the willingness to pay to protect coral reefs from potential damage caused by climate change - The evidence from Taiwan. Marine pollution bulletin, 101(2), 556-565.
UNEP. (2006). Marine and Coastal Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Synthesis Report Based on the Findings of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. UN Environment Programme, Nairobi.
UNWTO (2016). Tourism and the sustainable development goals.
UNWTO (2018). Tourism Highlights 2018 Edition International Tourism Trends 2017.
Uyarra, M. C., & Côté, I. M. (2007). The quest for cryptic creatures: impacts of species-focused recreational diving on corals. Biological Conservation, 136(1), 77-84.
Uyarra, M. C., Watkinson, A. R., & Côté, I. M. (2009). Managing Dive Tourism for the Sustainable Use of Coral Reefs: Validating Diver Perceptions of Attractive Site Features. Environmental Management, 43(1), 1-16.
Veron, J. E. N., & Veron, J. E. N. (1986). Corals of Australia and the Indo-pacific (pp. 26-43). Sydney: Angus & Robertson.
Wallmo, K., & Lew, D. K. (2011). Valuing improvements to threatened and endangered marine species: An application of stated preference choice experiments. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(7), 1793-1801.
Walters, R. D. M., & Samways, M. J. (2001). Sustainable dive ecotourism on a South African coral reef. Biodiversity & Conservation, 10(12), 2167-2179.
Wattage, P., Glenn, H., Mardle, S., Rensburg, T. V., Grehan, A., & Foley, N. (2011). Economic value of conserving deep-sea corals in Irish waters: A choice experiment study on marine protected areas. Fisheries Research, 107(1-3), 59-67.
Wattage, P., Mardle, S., & Pascoe, S. (2005). Evaluation of the importance of fisheries management objectives using choice-experiments. Ecological Economics, 55(1), 85-95.
White, A. T., & Vogt, H. P. (2000). Philippine coral reefs under threat: lessons learned after 25 years of community-based reef conservation. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40(6), 537-550.
Whitehead, M. (2007). Spaces of sustainability: Geographical perspectives on the sustainable society.
Wilson, J. Q. (1995). Political organizations (Vol. 46). Princeton University Press.
Worachananant, S., Carter, R. W., Hockings, M., & Reopanichkul, P. (2008). Managing the impacts of SCUBA divers on Thailand's coral reefs. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(6), 645-663.
WTTC (2016). Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2016: World. Report prepared by the authority on World Travel & Tourism. London, U.K.
Zakai, D., & Chadwick-Furman, N. E. (2002). Impacts of intensive recreational diving on reef corals at Eilat, northern Red Sea. Biological Conservation, 105(2), 179-187.

三、網業部分
Deloitte Access Economics. (2017). The economic, social and icon value of the Great Barrier Reef. Retrieved 7 07, 2017, from https://www2.deloitte.com/au/en/misc/search.html#qr=great%20barrier%20reef
中華民國交通部觀光局。行政資訊系統。觀光統計。觀光統計圖表。取自http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/public/public.aspx?no=315
台東縣政府-縣政統計資訊網。人口統計資料。綠島鄉人口統計,至108年12月底。取自http://www.taitung.gov.tw/statistics/News.aspx?n=624F98642E38DF4C&sms=69CA9940FDCD788E
交通部觀光局東部海岸國家風景區管理處。政府資訊公開。遊客人數統計。全區及各據點歷年每月統計總表-歷年截至107年6月。取自http://serving.eastcoastnsa.gov.tw/Portal/Content.aspx?lang=0&p=004030101&u=Business&type=1
行政院農業委員會漁業署。資源保育區。各保護區資料。台東縣-綠島漁業資源保育區。取自https://www.fa.gov.tw/cht/ResourceConservationData/content.aspx?id=15&chk=142363fb-0ae9-4a2f-9993-c10bdf61f05e¶m=pn%3d2
行政院農業委員會漁業署。漁業資源。台灣的海洋保護區。我國海洋保護區保護等級分類系統。取自https://www.fa.gov.tw/cht/TaiwanOceansProtectionAreas/content.aspx?id=6&chk=db96a8d8-09e4-47e4-9364-5076fe339134¶m=pn%3d2
全國法規資料庫。取自https://law.moj.gov.tw/Index.aspx
中華民國內政部營建署。海岸管理法。取自https://www.cpami.gov.tw/component/content/article/18451%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E6%B3%95.html
台灣珊瑚礁學會。珊瑚礁總體檢。取自http://taiwanesecoralreefsociety.blogspot.com/search/label/%E7%8F%8A%E7%91%9A%E7%A4%81%E7%B8%BD%E9%AB%94%E6%AA%A2
台灣環境資訊協會。海洋海岸守護。珊瑚礁體檢成果。2016綠島珊瑚礁體檢成果。取自
https://teia.tw/zh-hant/seawatch/event/9172/report/11233
台灣環境資訊協會。海洋海岸守護。珊瑚礁體檢成果。2018綠島珊瑚礁體檢成果。取自
https://teia.tw/zh-hant/seawatch/event/15195/report/16418
台灣國家公園。下載專區。成果報告。海洋國公園管理處成果報告。綠島漁業生物及漁撈活動調查。取自https://np.cpami.gov.tw/filesys/dl/type1/61/dongsha_05.pdf
連結至畢業學校之論文網頁點我開啟連結
註: 此連結為研究生畢業學校所提供,不一定有電子全文可供下載,若連結有誤,請點選上方之〝勘誤回報〞功能,我們會盡快修正,謝謝!
QRCODE
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
無相關期刊