臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

The Phan Si Pan uplift area of NW Vietnam is a part of the Archean to Paleoproterozoic Yangtze Block (SW China) that was displaced along the Ailaoshan-Red River fault shear zone and adjacent structures (i.e., Song Da zone). This area is of particular interest because it experienced a number of Phanerozoic crustal building events, including the Emeishan large igneous province, the India-Eurasia collision, and Ailaoshan – Red River Fault displacement. In the Phan Si Pan uplift area, there are at least three different geochronological complexes, including (1) Late Permian, (2) Eocene, and (3) Early Oligocene.
(1) The Late Permian silicic plutonic and volcanic rocks are correlated with the Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP). The silicic rocks of the Phan Si Pan uplift area, and Tu Le basin are ferroan alkalic and have zircon CA-ID-TIMS weighted-mean ages of 256.3 ± 0.4 Ma to 257.3 ± 0.1 Ma for granite and 257.1 ± 0.6 Ma to 257.9 ± 0.3 Ma for rhyolite. The high precision CA-ID-TIMS of Phan Si Pan – Tu Le silicic rocks suggest that Emeishan lavas erupted over a period of ~6 million years with plutonism ending shortly thereafter. Granitic rocks from Phan Si Pan uplift and Tu Le basin have variable ISr values ranging between 0.70214 and 0.70357 that could be the result of significant fractional crystallization (i.e., highly depleted Sr) or mobility of Rb, and εNd(t) values are broadly chondritic (εNd(t) = 0 ± 1). Zircon εHf(t) values range from +3.3 to +8.8 suggesting the granitic rocks of Phan Si Pan uplift and Tu Le basin are derived from a mantle source. Reported fractional crystallization modeling suggests the Phan Si Pan – Tu Le silicic rocks can be produce from Emeishan high-Ti basaltic rocks.
(2) The Ban Xeo granite is ferroan (A-type), alkalic, and yielded a zircon weighted-mean 206Pb/238U age of 49 ± 0.9 Ma. The major and trace element compositions of the Ban Xeo granite are similar to the spatially associated Late Permian Muong Hum granites. The εNd(t) values (-2.5 to -1.4), 87Sr/86Sr initial ratios (0.70793, 0.70989, and 0.75341), and zircon εHf(t) values (-1.1 to +3.0) indicate that the Ban Xeo granite is likely derived by differentiation of a mafic parental magma that had EMII-like mantle source characteristics.
(3) The younger Ye Yen Sun (YYS) granite is magnesian, alkali-calcic to calc-alkalic, and yielded zircon U-Pb weighted-mean ages of 35.3 ± 0.5 to 34.1 ± 0.4 Ma. The YYS granites have 87Sr/86Sr initial ratios of 0.70636 to 0.70860, εNd(t) values from -8.7 to -2.6, and zircon εHf(t) values from -9.3 to +0.6 which indicate a crustal origin. The YYS dioritic rocks range from syeno-diorite to granodiorite, and have similar Sr (87Sr/86Sr = 0.70627) and εNd(t) (-3.8) values as the YYS granites. However, the zircon Hf isotopes (εHf(t) = +0.3 to +3.2) of the syeno-diorite are slightly more chondritic than the granites and indicates that the parental magma was likely derived from a mantle source. Rhyolite–MELTS modeling results show that the YYS granites were likely generated by fractionation of a parental magma similar in composition to the granodiorite. Furthermore, the YYS syeno-diorites may be representative of a cumulate rock that developed during the early stages of emplacement or crystallization. The parental magma of YYS igneous rocks likely formed by partial melting of mafic Mesoproterozoic juvenile rocks (lower crust/uppermost mantle) by heat from the upwelling lithospheric mantle during a period of crustal relaxation. The formation of the Ban Xeo granites and Ye Yen Sun igneous rocks are likely related to lateral melt migration along the eastern edge of the India-Asia collision zone. It is possible that repeated episodes of Cenozoic magmatism was pivotal in the development and initiation of fault movement of the Ailaoshan-Red River shear zone.

Contents
Acknowledgement i
Abstract iii
Contents v
List of Figures xi
List of Tables xv
Abbreviations xvi
Related publications xvii

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 General geology background of South China Block and Southeast Asia 2
1.3 Emeishan large igneous province 6
1.4 Ailaoshan–Red River fault shear zone 8
1.5 Research gap and purpose of the study 9

CHAPTER 2. GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 12
2.1 Introduction 12
2.2. Bedrock geology of Phan Si Pan uplift and Tu Le basin 12
2.3. PSP uplift and Tu Le basin 16
2.4. Sample locations 17

CHAPTER 3. METHODS 20
3.1 Major and trace elemental analysis 20
3.2 Sr-Nd isotope analysis 21
3.3 In situ Zircon U-Pb age dating by LA-ICP-MS 21
3.4 In situ zircon Lu-Hf isotope analysis 22
3.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy-Electron probe micro-analyzer (SEM-EPMA) 23
3.6 In situ Zircon U-Pb age dating by CA-ID-TIMS 24

CHAPTER 4. PETROGRAPHY 26
4.1 Introduction 26
4.2. First group: Muong Hum, Nam Xe-Tam Duong, Phu Sa Phin, and Tu Le Complexes 27
4.2.1. Muong Hum granites 27
4.2.2. Phu Sa Phin 27
4.2.3. Nam Xe – Tam Duong (Phan Si Pan granitoid) 28
4.2.4 Tu Le rhyolites 28
4.3. Second group: Ban Xeo granites 35
4.4. Third group: Ye Yen Sun Pluton 37
4.4.1 Ye Yen Sun’s dioritic rocks 37
4.4.2. Ye Yen Sun’s granites 39

CHAPTER 5. MINERAL CHEMISTRY 41
5.1 Introduction 41
5.2 Permian Granitoids 43
5.2.1 Muong Hum Granitoid 43
5.2.2 The Phu Sa Phin Granitoid 43
5.2.3 Nam Xe-Tam Duong Granitoid (Phan Si Pan granitod) 44
5.2.4 Tu Le Rhyolites 45
5.3 Ban Xeo Granites 46
5.4 Ye Yen Sun Pluton 47
5.4.1 Diorite 47
5.4.2 Granitic rocks 48
5.5 Implication of the Mineral chemistry 49
5.5.1 Pressure estimations from calcic amphiboles 50
5.5.3 Magma condition estimations from biotite chemistry 52

CHAPTER 6. ZIRCON GEOCHRONOLOGY 56
6.1 Introduction 56
6.2 Zircon U-Pb analysis of Muong Hum, Nam Xe-Tam Duong, Phu Sa Phin and Tu Le granitic rocks 57
6.2.1 Results from laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) method 57
6.2.2 Results from chemical abrasion ion dilution chemical abrasion isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-ID-TIMS) 60
6.3 Zircon U-Pb analysis of Ban Xeo granites (Muong Hum complex) 65
6.4 Zircon U-Pb analysis of Ye Yen Sun pluton 68

CHAPTER 7. GEOCHEMISTRY 71
7.1. Introduction 71
7.2 Permian granitic rocks 73
7.2.1 Muong Hum granites 73
7.2.2. Phu Sa Phin granites (Phan Si Pan granitoid) 74
7.2.3. Nam Xe – Tam Duong granitic rocks (Phan Si Pan granitoid) 76
7.2.4 Tu Le Rhyolites 77
7.3. Ban Xeo granites 83
7.4. Ye Yen Sun igneous rocks 84
7.4.1. Ye Yen Sun granites 84
7.4.2. Ye Yen Sun dioritic rocks 86

CHAPTER 8. TEMPORAL CORRELATION AND PETROGENESIS OF THE PERMIAN PHAN SI PAN - TU LE GRANITIC ROCKS 93
8.1 Introduction 93
8.2 Emplacement ages of the Phan Si Pan Uplift and Tu Le basin granitic rocks 94
8.3 Petrogenesis of the Permian Phan Si Pan Uplift and Tu Le basin granitic rocks 97
8.4 Ancient location of Phan Si Pan – Tu Le region 101

CHAPTER 9. THE TEMPORAL CORRELATION AND PETROGENEGIS OF THE BAN XEO GRANITE 106
9.1. Introduction 106
9.2 Emplacement age of the Ban Xeo granites and correlation to regional magmatism 106
9.3 Petrogenesis and magma source of the Ban Xeo granites 110

CHAPTER 10. THE TEMPORAL CORRELATION AND PETROGENEGIS OF THE YE YEN SUN IGNEOUS ROCKS 114
10.1 Introduction 114
10.2 Emplacement age of the Ye Yen Sun igneous rocks and correlation to regional magmatism 115
10.3 Petrogenesis and magma source of the Ye Ye Sun igneous rocks 116
10.3.1 Ye Ye Sun dioritic rocks 116
10.3.2 Ye Ye Sun granites 117

CHAPTER 11. RELATION OF THE MAGMATISM IN PHAN SI PAN UPLIFT AND TU LE BASIN TO THE CRUSTAL EVOLUTION OF THE SOUTH CHINA BLOCK 122
11.1 Introduction 122
11.2 Inherited U-Pb ages of the Ye Yen Sun syeno-diorites and their relation to the recycling of the regional crust 123
11.3 Relation of the Cenozoic magmatism in Northwestern Vietnam and the tectonic evolution of the South China Block 124

CHAPTER 12. CONCLUSION 130

CHAPTER 13. OUTSTANDING PROBLEM AND RECOMMEND FOR FUTURE STUDIES 132

REFERENCES 134
APPENDIX 156
APPENDIX A: SAMPLE’S LOCATIONS 156
APPENDIX B: MINERAL CHEMISTRY 158
APPENDIX C: ZIRCON U-Pb GEOCHRONOLOGY ANALYSES 201
APPENDIX D: WHOLE ROCK CHEMICAL ANALYSES 229
APPENDIX E: ZIRCON Hf ISOTOPIC ANALYSES 243
APPENDIX F: FRACTION CRYSTALLIZATION MODELS 251

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