臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

必要型創業(necessity entrepreneurship)是指個人對於所處環境處於弱勢，例如失業、低收入、家庭困境等，缺乏其他謀生選擇的情況下而尋求創業成為生存的唯一選擇。國內學術界尚未有系統地討論這個議題，因此本研究目的在於分析臺灣必要型餐飲創業者的創業動機、創業歷程，以及歷程中所需要的資源與協助。文獻回顧包含創業動機理論、創業歷程、和必要型創業概念。研究者以「信扶專案」為個案，透過參與觀察和深度訪談餐飲業創業者以及創業輔導者，所得資料再以主題分析法進行創業者歷程的解構再建構。重要的研究發現為：
一、必要型餐飲創業者創業的推力因素有家庭照護問題、中年轉業失業，為了生存被迫創業；拉力因素則是對未來生活的盼望。
二、必要型餐飲創業者需要專業顧問的密切協助，因此本研究提出必要型創業與輔導歷程模型涵蓋四階段：對象確認、創業前置期、貸款資金動撥、創業轉換期。前置期最重要的是建立信任關係、貸款資金階段主要協助信用不佳的必要型創業者獲得貸款資金、轉換期的輔導重心都在為了降低創業者未來風險做準備。
受訪者流失為主要的研究限制，未來研究可以針對不同業別必要型創業者進行研究。

Necessity entrepreneurship means that individuals were underprivileged and no other employment opportunities were available to them, then necessity entrepreneurs only make sufficient money to survive. The research purpose was to explore necessity entrepreneurs’ the motives, the entrepreneurial process, and the resources and assistance they need. A case study strategy was applied to collect data from restaurateurs who were necessity entrepreneurs and their consultants who were supported by a private program using participative observation and in-depth interview. After thematic analysis, several results were found as follows:
1.The push factors were serious financial problems due to single-parent unemployed at middle age, and / or heavy family constraints. Their hope for a bright future was a pull factor to start a restaurant business. And professional consultant was found imperative to necessity entrepreneurs.
2.The proposed four-staged model of necessity entrepreneurial accompanied with consultancy : identifying the applicants in need , building trust between the entrepreneur and the consultant, learning loaning plan, professional knowledge and skill of restaurant operation, and operating the restaurant on his/her own.
The research implication and limitation were also discussed.

第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景 1
第二節 研究動機與目的 2
第三節 研究流程 4

第貳章 文獻回顧 6
第一節 創業動機理論 6
第二節 創業歷程模式 10
第三節 必要型創業概念定義與相關研究 17

第參章 研究設計 36
第一節 個案研究法 36
第二節 個案介紹 37
第三節 深度訪談與問題設計 43
第四節 資料分析方法 48
第五節 研究品質的掌握 50
第六節 研究倫理 52

第肆章 研究分析與結果 53
第一節 受訪家長創業的動機與創業成果 53
第二節 受訪創業輔導者之輔導角色 69
第三節 創業輔導歷程 76

第伍章 結論與研究限制 100
第一節 研究結論 100
第二節 研究意涵 101
第三節 研究限制與後續建議 106

引用文獻 107

王天祥(2014)。從信扶至協創，創業脫貧方案成效與反思－以高雄某兒童福利機構為例。社會工作實務與研究學刊，1，19-45。

王嘉州、王怡雯(2011)。微型創業鳳凰政策之過程評估：屏東縣個案分析。中國行政評論，18(2)，145-178。

朱沛(2007)。創業現象的分類與特殊類型創業理論的發展。創業管理研究，2(3)，21-50。

岑淑筱、陳川正、楊承浩(2017)。弱勢族群的微型創業－以單親婦女為例。輔仁管理評論，24(1)，21-46。

李培芬(2008)。創業鳳凰--打造女性創業新未來。臺灣勞工季刊，11，112-115。

周大堯、李羿佩(2017)。發展性社會工作於弱勢家庭微型創業服務之運用--以財團法人臺灣兒童暨家庭扶助基金會創業扶家方案為例。社區發展季刊，157，361-371。

林佩璇(2000)。個案研究及其在教育研究上的應用。載於國立中正大學教育學研究所(主編)，質的研究方法(239-263頁)。高雄：麗文。

林金定、嚴嘉楓、陳美花(2005)。質性研究方法：訪談模式與實施步驟分析。身心障礙研究，3(2)，122-136。

林家五、黃國隆、鄭伯壎(2004)。從認同到開創：創業家的動態釋意歷程。中山管理評論，12(2)，337-397。

施鴻基(2016，4月21日)。青年創業95％倒閉 桃市青年局挨轟。聯合新聞網。取自http://udn.com/news/story/7269/1643303

財團法人中國信託慈善基金會(2016)。2016年信扶專案服務手冊。臺北市：作者。

財團法人中國信託慈善基金會(2016)。2016年信扶專案輔導簡介。臺北市：作者。

高明瑞、蔡依倫(2009)。鑲嵌的社會創新歷程︰制度革新觀點。創業管理研究，4(4)，107-134。

高淑清(2001)。在美華人留學生太太的生活世界—詮釋與反思。本土心理學研究，16，225-285。

高淑清(2008)。質性研究的18堂課。高雄︰麗文文化事業。

梁福鎮(2013)。教育行政學︰理論與實務。臺北市︰五南文化。

陳雅玲、吳佩旻、翁禎霞(2016，10月9日)。創業貸款還不出成呆帳 縣市叫停。聯合新聞網。取自http://udn.com/news/story/7241/2012083

溫世頌(2006)。心理學詞典。臺北市︰三民。

經濟部中小企業處(2015)。2015中小企業白皮書。臺北市：作者。

劉常勇、莊立民、李信興(2008)。創業動態研究追蹤之理論、方法與展望。創業管理研究，3(1)，1-27。

劉常勇、溫肇東、謝如梅(2011年6月)。台灣創業現況調查與政策意涵：
全球創業觀察觀點。以口頭形式發表於2011第14屆科際整合管理研討會，東吳大學城中校區。

劉常勇、謝如梅(2006)。創業管理研究之回顧與展望：理論與模式探討。創業管理研究，1(1)，1-43。

蔡敦浩、林韶怡、利尚仁(2010)。行動導向的創業歷程︰以複雜調適系統觀點再現創業經驗。管理學報，27(1)，57-73。

戴華、甘偵蓉、鄭育萍(2010)。人文社會科學與研究倫理審查：執行研究倫理治理架構計畫的考察與反思。人文社會科學簡訊，12 (1)，10-18。

謝叔琪、吳秀照(2013)。單親婦女微型創業的困境與突破--以臺中市基督教青年會創業脫貧方案為例。社區發展，143，173-183。

Acs, Z. J., & Amorós, J. E. (2008). Entrepreneurship and competitiveness dynamics in Latin America. Small Business Economics, 31(3), 305-322.

Adizes, I. (1988). Corporate Lifecycles. New Jersey, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Amorós, J. E., & Bosma, N. (2014). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2013 Global Report:Fifteen years of assessing entrepreneurship across the globe. Retrieved from https://www.spiritslovenia.si/resources/files/doc/publikacije/GEM_Global_Report_2013.pdf

Angulo-Guerrero, M. J., Pérez-Moreno, S., & Abad-Guerrero, I. M. (2017). How economic freedom affects opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship in the OECD countries. Journal Of Business Research, 73, 30-37.

Arcs, Z. J., Arenius, P., Hay, M., & Minniti, M. (2004). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2004 Executive Report. Retrieved from https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2004-global-report

Block, E. L. (1997). Life-Cycle impacts on the incremental information content of earnings and cash flow measures. Journal of Financial Statement Analysis, 4(1), 40-56.

Block, J. H., & Wagner, M. (2007). Opportunity recognition and exploitation by necessity and opportunity entrepreneurs: Empirical evidence from earnings equations. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, 2007(1), 1-6.

Block, J. H., Kohn, K., Miller, D., & Ullrich, K. (2015). Necessity entrepreneurship and competitive strategy. Small Business Economics, 44(1), 37-54.

Block, J., & Sandner, P. (2009). Necessity and opportunity entrepreneurs and their duration in self-employment: Evidence from German micro data. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, 9(2), 117-137.

Chaganti, R. (1986). Management in women-owned enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 24(4), 18-29.

Christian, H. (2015). Does the presence of a formal business plan increase formal financial support? Empirical evidence from the PSED II on the signalling and mimetic nature of formal business planning. Applied Economics Letters, 22(9), 673-678.

Davidsson, P. (2005). Paul D. Reynolds: Entrepreneurship research innovator, coordinator, and disseminator. Small Business Economics, 24(4), 351-358.

Deli, F. (2011). Opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship: Local unemployment and the small firm effect. Journal of Management Policy & Practice, 12(4), 38-57.

Dollingers, M. J. (2003). Entrepreneurship: Strategies and Resources (3th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Dubini, P., (1989). The influence of motivations and environment on business start-ups: Some hints for public policies. Journal of Business Venturing, 4(1), 11-26.

Dyer, G. W. Jr., & Wilkins, A. (1991). Better stories, not better constructs, to generate better theory: A rejoinder to Eisenhardt. Academy of Management Review, 16(3), 613-619.

Eijdenberg, E. L., & Masurel, E. (2013). Entrepreneurial motivation in a least developed country: Push factors and pull factors among MSEs in UGANDA. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 21(1), 19-43.

Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550.

Gartner, W. B. (1985). A conceptual framework for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation. Academy of Management Review, 10(4), 696-707.

Ghosh, B., & Kwan, W. (1996, June). An analysis of key success factors of SMEs: a comparative study of Singapore/Malaysia and Australia/New Zealand. Paper presented at the 41st ICSB World Conference, Stockholm, Sweden.

Gilad, B., & Levine, P. (1986). A Behavioral Model of entrepreneurial supply. Journal of Small Business Management, 24(4), 45-53.

Gillham, B. (2000). Case study research methods. New York, NY: Continuum.

Greenberger, D. B., & Sexton, D. L. (1988). An interactive model of new venture initiation. Journal of Small Business Management, 26(3), 1-7.

Hechavarria, D. M., Matthews, C. H., & Reynolds, P. D. (2016). Does start-up financing influence start-up speed? Evidence from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics. Small Business Economics, 46(1), 137-167.

Herbert, T. T.(1976). Dimensions of organizational behavior. New York, NY: Collier Macmillan.

Holt, D. H. (1992). Entrepreneurship: New Venture Creation. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Hughes, K. D. (2003). Pushed or Pulled? Women’s Entry into Self-Employment and Small Business Ownership. Gender, Work & Organization, 10(4), 433-454.

Islam, S. (2012). Pull and push factors towards small entrepreneurship development in Bangladesh. Journal of Research in International Business Management, 2(3), 65-72.

Kameliia, P. (2012). Part-Time entrepreneurship and financial constraints: Evidence from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics. Small Business Economics, 39(2), 473-493.

Langevang, T., Namatovu, R., & Dawa, S. (2012). Beyond necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship: Motivations and aspirations of young entrepreneurs in Uganda. International Development Planning Review, 34(4), 339-459.

Larroulet, C., & Couyoumdjian, J. P. (2009). Entrepreneurship and growth: A Latin American paradox? The Independent Review, 14(1), 81-99.

Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2004). What should we do about motivation theory? Six recommendations for the twenty-first century. Academy of Management Review, 29(3), 388–403.

Margolis, D. N. (2014). By Choice and by Necessity: Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment in the Developing World. European Journal Of Development Research, 26(4), 419-436.

Masurel, E., Nijkamp, P., & Vindigni, G. (2004). Breeding places for ethnic entrepreneurs: A comparative marketing approach. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 16(1), 77–86.

Maxwell, J. A. (2004). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

McClelland, D. C. (1961). The Achieving Society. New York, NY: Van Nostrand.

Namatovu, R., Balunywa, W., Kyejjusa, S., & Dawa, S. (2010). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: GEM Uganda 2010 Executive Report. Kampala, Uganda: Makerere University Business School.

Orhan, M., & Scott, D. (2001). Why women enter into entrepreneurship? An explanatory model. Women in Management Review, 16(5), 232-243.

Parker, S. C., & Belghitar, Y. (2006). What Happens to nascent entrepreneurs? An econometric analysis of the PSED. Small Business Economics, 27, 81-101.

Ramos-Rodríguez, A. R., Martínez-Fierro, S., Medina-Garrido, J. A., & Ruiz-Navarro, J. (2015). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor versus Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics: Comparing their intellectual structures. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(3), 571-597.

Reynolds, P. D. (2007). New firm creation in the United States: A PSED I Overview. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 3(1), 1-150.

Reynolds, P. D. (2011). Informal and early formal financial support in the business creation process: Exploration with PSED II data set. Journal of Small Business Management, 49(1), 21-54.

Reynolds, P. D., & Curtin, R. T. (2008). Business Creation in the United States: Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics II Initial Assessment. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 4(3), 155-307.

Reynolds, P. D., Camp, S. M., Bygrave, W. D., Autio, E., & Hay, E. (2001). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2001 Executive Report. Kansas City, MO: Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership.

Reynolds, P. D., Carter, N. M., Gartner, W. B., & Greene, P. G. (2004). The Prevalence of Nascent Entrepreneurs in the United States: Evidence from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics. Small Business Economics, 23(4), 263-284.

Reynolds, P., Bosma, N., Autio, E., Hunt, S., De Bono, N., & Servais, I. (2005). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Data collection design and implementation 1998–2003. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 205–231.

Robichaud, Y., LeBrasseur, R., & Nagarajan, K. V. (2010). Necessity and opportunity-driven entrepreneurs in CANADA: An investigation into their characteristics and an appraisal of the role of gender. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 11(1), 59-80.

Ruane, M., & Claret, M. (2010). Nene and her businesses: Entrepreneurship by necessity. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 14, 75-80.

Rubach, M. J., Bradley, D., & Kluck, N. (2015). Necessity entrepreneurship: A Latin American study. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 19, 126-139.

Runka, J. C., & Young, J. E. (1987). A venture capital model of the development process for new ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 2(2), 167-184.

Sahasranamam, S., & Sud, M. (2016). Opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship: A comparative study of India and China. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 22(1), 21-40.

Sardy, M., & Alon, I. (2004). Exploring the differences between franchisee entrepreneurs and nascent entrepreneurs. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 3(4), 403-418.

Schjoedt, L., & Shaver, K. G. (2007). Deciding on an entrepreneurial career: A test of the pull and push hypotheses using the panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics data1. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(5), 733-752.

Schramm, W. (1971). Notes on case studies of instructional media projects. Stanford University Instruction for Communication Research Report, California. Retrieved from http://eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED092145.pdf

Seidman, I. E. (1998). Interviewing as qualitative research：A guide for researchers in education and social sciences. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.

Serviere, L. (2010). Forced to entrepreneurship: Modeling the factors behind necessity entrepreneurship. Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 22(1), 37-53.

Shane, S., Locke, E. A., & Collins, C. J. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human Resource Management Review, 13, 257-279.

Timmons, J. A. (1999). New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century. Boston , MA: McGraw-Hill.

Van Manen, M.(1997). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. New York, NY: Routledge

Van Stel A., Carree, M., & Thurik, R. (2005). The effect of entrepreneurial activity on national economic growth. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 311-321.

Wong, P. K., Ho, Y. P., & Autio, E. (2005). Entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth: Evidence from GEM data. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 335-350.

Yin, R. K. (1994). Case study research: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.