臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

全球製造業供應鏈從單一製造生產端層面擴展至現今從供應商到製造商再到最終客戶的連結並整合物流、資訊流與金流等各種商業面向。全球製造供應鏈同時涉及跨國之間許多相關實體業務，這使得整合過程被視為一項複雜的任務，例如許多製造商都仰賴海上物流作為不同國家之間採購行為的主要運輸方式，但國際海上運輸存在多方實體文件傳遞與行政程序複雜性，容易造成產品運送資訊難以追蹤，缺乏即時訊息共享，同時涉及供應鏈的參與者多使用不兼容系統平台，導致訊息信任度降低與供應鏈流程可見度低落。
區塊鏈新興技術的出現將提供改善供應鏈資訊可見性的解決方案，本研究藉由其去中心化帳本、不可篡改、可追溯、公開透明、加密貨幣特性重塑全球製造供應鏈流程。本研究同時利用企業流程標準模型以及斐氏網路朔模方法重新設計、驗證、與優化流程步驟，並同時消除潛在流程死鎖以強化流程安全性。安全且不存在死鎖的流程將可以減少後續執行智能合約所花費的燃料(運算成本)，能夠有效地降低成本。本研究最後以乙太坊區塊鏈與智能合約技術為基礎，發展出一套去中心化平台，並以國際海運流程為案例整合全球製造供應鏈中的貨物擁有權、製造過程、運送紀錄等相關資訊，同時發展去中心化加密貨幣簡化全球製造供應鏈中涉及的金融交易流程，提高整體物流效率。

The global manufacturing supply chain starts from manufacturers and expands to include suppliers and final customers on a global scale level, integrating all aspects of material, information and financial flow. It also involves many related physical businesses interactions among multinational corporations across the globe, making the integration of process ingtegration a complex task. For example, maritime logistics is a major delivery method of the global supply chain for importing and exporting goods across different countries. However, supply chain inefficiencies like the lack of real-time information sharing and the obstruction of product tracking due to the complexity of administrative procedures remain a challenging issue. Participants involved in the supply chain processes mostly use incompatible system platforms, resulting in reduced trust of information and low visibility of supply chain processes.
The emergence of blockchain technology will provide novel solutions to improve the visibility of supply chain and redesign the global manufacturing supply chain process by using the features of decentralized data storage, non-tamperable database, traceability, openness, and cryptocurrency. Using the BPMN (business process model notation) and Petri net modeling methods, this study aims to redesign, verify, and and optimize the global manufacturing supply chian process while eliminate the process deadlock to enhance the security. The secured and deadlock free process can further reduce the GAS (cost of operation) of execting smart contracts. This research develops a decentralized application (DAPP) platform based on ethereum blockchain and smart contract. The DAPP integrates relevant information regarding goods such as ownership, manufacturing process, shipping and delivery across a global manufacturing supply chain. The DAPP also utilizes decentralized cryptocurrency to simplify the financial transaction processes involved in the global manufacturing supply chain and improve efficiency in overall logistics process.

摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 III
圖目錄 V
表目錄 IX
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 研究架構 3
第二章 文獻探討 4
2.1 區塊鏈(Blockchain) 4
2.1.1 密碼學介紹 4
2.1.2 區塊鏈之非對稱密碼學技術 5
2.1.3 區塊結構之區塊本體 6
2.1.4 區塊資料儲存Markle技術 7
2.1.5 區塊鏈結構之鏈結介紹 8
2.1.6 區塊鏈共識概論 12
2.1.7 區塊鏈類型 9
2.1.8 區塊鏈發展趨勢 10
2.2 智能合約(Smart Contract)概論 11
2.2.1 以太坊(Ethereum)介紹 12
2.2.2 智能合約與以太坊的交互 13
2.2.3 以太坊實作智能合約：Solidity語言 14
2.3 去中心化應用程式(Decentralized Application, DAPP) 15
2.3.1 DAPP與傳統中心化應用程式的差異 16
2.4 區塊鏈金融交易之加密貨幣錢包介紹 17
2.4.1 加密錢包概論分析以Metamask為例 18
2.5 基於區塊鏈技術之國際製造供應鏈流程探討 19
2.5.1 現今全球國際製造供應鏈面臨的挑戰與問題 19
2.5.2 基於區塊鏈技術改善全球製造供應鏈 20
2.5.3 區塊鏈重塑全球製造供應鏈流程 20
2.5.4 流程的缺陷性 26
第三章 研究方法與系統架構 28
3.1 BPMN業務流程 28
3.1.1 BPMN四種元素詳細介紹 29
3.2 斐氏網路(Petri-Net)概論 31
3.2.1斐氏網路的特質 33
3.3 BPMN映射斐氏網路模型技術概論 33
3.4 斐氏網路模型驗證 39
3.5 斐氏網路模型縮減技術概論 40
3.6 Solidity模組編譯規則 42
3.7 環境建立 42
3.7.1 Ganache安裝與解釋 43
3.7.2 Metamask安裝與解釋 44
3.7.3 Node.js安裝與解釋 46
3.7.4 Truffle安裝與解釋 47
3.7.5 Web3.js安裝與解釋 51
3.8 系統架構 52
第四章 個案研究分析 54
4.1 智能合約建構 54
4.1.1 縮減與融合規則優化PN模型 54
4.1.2 買方流程智能合約設計分析 58
4.1.3 供應商流程智能合約設計分析 61
4.1.4 3PL智能合約設計分析 65
4.1.5 進出口海關智能合約設計分析 74
4.2 去中心化應用程式案例設計 76
4.3 去中心化應用程式案例展示 78
4.3.1 去中心化應用程式案例之軟體測試 80
4.3.2 全球供應鏈中買方、供應商、第三方物流商與海關完整互動流程DAPP功能實作(Use Case.1) 82
4.3.3 供應商提前與延後交貨功能實作展示(Use Case.2) 101
4.3.4 買方跨鏈確認產品履歷功能實作展示(Use Case.3) 105
4.3.5 特殊狀況功能實作展示(Use Case.4) 111
第五章 效益分析與結論 117
5.1 流程效益分析 117
5.2 智能合約GAS花費效率分析 119
5.3 結論與未來研究方向 120
參考文獻 122

[1] 王詩清, "Reconsidering on Issues of Supply Chain Managements," 供應鏈管理, 2008.
[2] BPI. (2017). Competitive Gain in the Ocean Supply Chain". Available: http://www.bpinetwork.org/competitive-gain-ocean-supply-chain-infographic
[3] L. Carlozo, "What is blockchain?Here's a Primer on the Potentially Transformative Digital Ledger Technology," Journal of Accounting, vol. 224(1), no. 1, p. 29, 2017.
[4] C. Tardi. (2019). What Is Genesis Block? Available: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/genesis-block.asp
[5] S. Nakamoto, "Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system," Technical report, Manubot2019.
[6] R. Mardisalu. (2017). Introduction to Cryptography. Available: https://thebestvpn.com/cryptography/
[7] R. L. Rivest, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman, "A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems," Commun, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 120-126, 1978.
[8] 李玄, 區塊鍊基礎功. 臺北市: CBA亞洲區塊鏈學院有限公司, 2020.
[9] R. C. Merkle, "A digital signature based on a conventional encryption function," in Conference on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques, 1987, vol. 293, pp. 369-378: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
[10] M. Szydlo, "Merkle tree traversal in log space and time," in International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, 2004, vol. 3027, pp. 541-554: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
[11] V. Buterin. (2015). On Public and Private Blockchains. Available: https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/08/07/on-public-and-private-blockchains/
[12] C. Cachin, "Architecture of the hyperledger blockchain fabric," in Workshop on distributed cryptocurrencies and consensus ledgers, 2016, vol. 310, p. 4.
[13] Z. Zheng, S. Xie, H. Dai, X. Chen, and H. Wang, "An overview of blockchain technology: Architecture, consensus, and future trends," in 2017 IEEE international congress on big data (BigData congress), 2017, pp. 557-564: IEEE.
[14] H. Jones. (2016). Broker ICAP says first to use blockchain for trading data. Available: https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-icap-markets-blockchain-idUKKCN0WH2J7
[15] E. Shaffer. (2017). Walmart, IBM provide blockchain update. Available: https://www.meatpoultry.com/articles/16484-walmart-ibm-provide-blockchain-update
[16] N. Hackius and M. Petersen, "Blockchain in logistics and supply chain: trick or treat?," in Digitalization in Supply Chain Management and Logistics: Smart and Digital Solutions for an Industry 4.0 Environment. Proceedings of the Hamburg International Conference of Logistics (HICL), Vol. 23, 2017, pp. 3-18: Berlin: epubli GmbH.
[17] IOTA. (2020). The Backbone of IoT. Available: https://www.iotatoken.com/
[18] 蔡亮, 李啟雷, and 梁秀波, 企業級區塊鏈技術開發實戰. 台北市: 碁峰資訊有限股份公司, 2018.
[19] N. Szabo, "Smart contracts: building blocks for digital markets," 1996.
[20] Haya Hasana, Esra AlHadhramia, Alia AlDhaheria, Khaled Salaha, and R. Jayaramanb, "Smart contract-based approach for efficient shipment management," Computers & Industrial Engineering, vol. 136, pp. 149-159, 2019.
[21] K. N. Griggs, O. Ossipova, C. P. Kohlios, A. N. Baccarini, E. A. Howson, and T. Hayajneh, "Healthcare blockchain system using smart contracts for secure automated remote patient monitoring," J Med Syst, vol. 42, no. 7, p. 130, 2018.
[22] V. Buterin, "A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform," white paper, 2014.
[23] libertex. (2018). What is Ethereum and how does it work? Available: https://libertex.org/blog/what-ethereum-and-how-it-works-beginners-guide
[24] S. Hoi. (2018). 區塊鏈 Blockchain – 共識機制之權益證明 Proof-Of-Stake. Available: https://www.samsonhoi.com/386/blockchain-proof-of-stake
[25] P. Vasin. (2014). Blackcoin’s proof-of-stake protocol v2. Available: https://blackcoin.co/blackcoinpos-protocol-v2-whitepaper.pdf.
[26] S. King and S. Nadal, "Ppcoin: Peer-to-peer crypto-currency with proof-of-stake," Self-Published Paper, vol. 19, 2012.
[27] K. Wu, Y. Ma, G. Huang, and X. Liu, "A first look at blockchain‐based decentralized applications," 2019.
[28] J. J. Bambara and P. R. Allen, Blockchain. McGraw-Hill Education, 2018.
[29] L. Albert. (2018). Ethereum Dapp初心者之路(1): 簡介Dapp(Decentralized Application). Available: https://medium.com/@ksin751119/ethereum-dapp%E5%88%9D%E5%BF%83%E8%80%85%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF-1-%E7%B0%A1%E4%BB%8Bdapp-decentralized-application-cf12ce581f90
[30] 台灣金融科技股份有限公司. (2018). 如何保護您的MetaMask以太坊錢包. Available: https://meethub.bnext.com.tw/%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%82%A8%E7%9A%84metamask%E4%BB%A5%E5%A4%AA%E5%9D%8A%E9%8C%A2%E5%8C%85/
[31] GEODIS, "Supply Chain Worldwide Survey," 2017
[32] F. a. Sullivan, "汽車業務物聯網成長洞察," 2018.
[33] IBM, "Digitally Perfecting the Supply Chain," A Frost & Sullivan White Paper 2019.
[34] 蔡詹民, "利用區塊鏈智能合約重塑國際物流與供應鏈金融模式之研究," 碩士, 運輸科學系, 國立臺灣海洋大學, 基隆市, 2019.
[35] Magal and Word, "Integrated Business Processes with ERP Systems," 2011.
[36] P. Jain, " Improving the process of container shipping using blockchain " 2018.
[37] O.M.G. (2005). BPMN Graphical Elements. Available: https://www.omg.org/bpmn/Samples/Elements/Core_BPMN_Elements.htm
[38] 張文琦, "RFID為基之模組化彈性製造系統單元控制器之設計與發展," 碩士, 工業工程與管理系所, 國立臺北科技大學, 台北市, 2006.
[39] K.-F. Chang and D.-C. Gong, "裴氏網基本理論探討," Journal of the Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineers, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 63-83, 1999.
[40] L. García-Bañuelos, A. Ponomarev, M. Dumas, and I. Weber, "Optimized execution of business processes on blockchain," in International Conference on Business Process Management, 2017, pp. 130-146: Springer.
[41] R. M. Dijkman, M. Dumas, and C. Ouyang, "Formal semantics and analysis of BPMN process models using Petri nets," 2007.
[42] W. Hu, Z. Fan, and Y. Gao, "Research on Smart Contract Optimization Method on Blockchain," in IT Professional, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 33-38, 2019.
[43] F. Dicesare, G. Harhalakis, J.-M. Proth, M. Silva, and F. Vernadat, Practice of Petri Nets in Manufacturing. 1993.
[44] 蔡緣, 國際貿易實務. 台北市: 華泰文化事業股份有限公司, 2009.